贵州台江凯里生物群中遗迹化石（Gordia）与水母状化石（Pararotadiscus）的关系及其意义

贵州台江凯里生物群中的遗迹化石Gordia marina Emmons常被保存在水母状化石Pararotadiscus guizhouensis Zhao and Zhu盘体的上下，构成凯里生物群生态特色之一。笔者认为，G．marina可能系蠕形类造迹动物在层面或近层面觅食或吞食富含有机物的沉积物所形成。生活于清澈陆棚环境一定水域的P.guizhouensis，由于突发性快速沉积事件的发生，改变了海水的物化条件，而被“毒死”，并随沉积物安静地沉落于弱氧化-还原环境的海底。在较为缓慢的腐烂过程中，营食沉积物的G．marina造迹生物觅食于P.guizhouensis盘体上下富含有机物的沉积物中。随着沉积物的增厚，P．guizhouensis生物尸体周围的微环境还原性增强，腐烂过程很快被终止，P．guizhouensis生物软体得以保存，浅层或层面觅食性造迹生物亦随即离去，留下其生活活动的潜穴。同时通过研究，还认为G．molassicd(Heer)与G．marina为同义名，可能为G．marina造迹生物的幼体。     

滦河三角洲潮坪环境现代生物遗迹组合及其分布特征*

现代生物遗迹的特点、分布和组合特征及其与沉积环境、沉积物性质的关系,对遗迹化石及古环境研究具有重要的实证价值,但现代生物遗迹研究起步较晚,国内研究成果较少。文中论述了滦河三角洲潮坪环境中现代生物遗迹的组成、组合与分布特征,并分析了遗迹组合与沉积环境的关系。研究表明: (1)层面遗迹以节肢动物、环节动物、腹足动物的爬行迹和拖迹为主; 层内遗迹包括垂直或高角度倾斜于层面的潜穴、平行于层面的潜穴,以居住迹为主,丰度高,类型多样。(2)建立了3种生物遗迹组合: 遗迹组合I以Y形和垂直管状潜穴为特征,局部丰度较高,表层潜穴和层面拖迹不发育,造迹生物主要为沙蚕和螃蟹,沉积物底层具有砂含量较高、水动力强、有机质含量低的特点,显示其出现于三角洲潮坪砂质沉积环境;遗迹组合Ⅱ以各种形态的层内潜穴和大量的层面爬行拖迹为特征,层内潜穴包括垂直管状、J形、U形、Y形和分枝形潜穴,丰度高,造迹生物主要是沙蚕和螃蟹,层面遗迹常见爬行拖迹和足辙迹,造迹生物主要为沙蚕、螃蟹、扁玉螺、寄居蟹,沉积物底层具有高泥质含量、高含水率和高有机质含量的特点,形成于三角洲潮坪中低潮区;遗迹组合Ⅲ以与层面近似垂直和与层面近似平行的层内潜穴以及大量的层面运动迹为特征,与层面近似垂直的潜穴包括垂直管状、J形、U形、Y形和复杂分枝形潜穴,造迹生物主要是螃蟹、泥甲虫及其幼虫, 与层面平行的表层潜穴主要是蝼蛄、泥甲虫及其幼虫营造的,层面上的运动迹常见为螃蟹足辙迹和鸟类足迹,沉积物底层具泥质含量高、含水率低、有机质含量高、底质固结程度较高的特点,产生于三角洲潮坪高潮区。(3)基于对遗迹组合和分布特征及其与底层性质和沉积环境关系的分析,建立了三角洲潮坪生物遗迹组合的沉积环境分布模式。该研究成果既可作为古代三角洲潮坪沉积环境的判识依据,也可为相似遗迹化石组合的沉积环境恢复提供佐证。     

河南登封中寒武世徐庄组遗迹化石及其沉积环境

河南登封的中寒武世徐庄组中，采获丰富的遗迹化石，共有１０个遗迹属，１４个遗迹种，对其均作了系统描述。还讨论了ＣｒｕｚｉａｎａｂａｒｂａｔａＳｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ—ＲｕｓｏｐｈｙｃｕｓｒａｍｅｌｌｅｎｓｉｓＬｅｇｇ遣迹群落在国内外的地理和地质分布，以及遗迹化石所反映的沉积环境。     

黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积中的生物遗迹*

沉积物中的生物遗迹记录是生物与环境相互作用的结果,是沉积环境、气候及生态环境的良好指示标志。文中主要研究了黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积物中的生物遗迹及其造迹者的组成与分布特点,即：（1）近岸边滩：几乎无植被,以层面上的生物觅食迹为主,其造迹生物主要有鸟类、长泥甲虫（鞘翅目长泥甲科）和隐翅虫（鞘翅目隐翅虫科）等;（2）远岸边滩：有大量植物根出现,大多数生物遗迹是层内U形、Y形和W形潜穴以及层面上的F形、Y形爬行迹和觅食迹,其主要造迹生物为蝼蛄（直翅目蝼蛄科）、蟋蟀、狼蛛和蠕虫类等;（3）泛滥平原：出现大量植物根,以层内J形、漏斗形等的生物居住迹和进食迹为主,主要造迹生物为蝼蛄、蟋蟀、田鼠、蚁狮和狼蛛等。基于沉积物粒度分析、总有机碳测定、菌落平板计数法等手段分析得知,研究区现代生物遗迹的深度随沉积物中微生物群落数量的增加及植物根长度的增长而增加,而丰度和分异度随沉积物粒度的递减及总有机碳含量的增加而增大。该成果一方面能为研究区黄河边滩上生物成因的沉积构造提供新资料,另一方面也能为地史时期河流沉积环境的研究乃至古地理、古生态环境重建提供生物遗迹学方面的科学依据。     

秦岭核桃坝石炭系深水相遗迹化石,沉积环境和古地理分析

研究剖面位于陕西凤县核桃坝，构造上属秦岭造山带的商丹缝合带。核桃坝剖面下部为浅海陆棚相粉砂岩、泥灰岩和灰岩；中、上部以重力流沉积为主。在中部浊积岩中产遗迹化石：Ｎｅｒｅｉｔｅｓ ｆｅｎｇｘｉａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｉｃｈｎｏｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．，Ａｃａｎｔｈｏｒｈａｐｈｅ ｃｆ． Ａ． ｉｎｃｅｒｔａ Ｋｓｉａｚｋｉｅｗｉｃｚ，Ｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｔｅｓ ｉｃｈｎｏｓｐ．，Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ ｉｃｈｎｏｓｐ．等。其     

河南鲁山寒武系第二统辛集组风暴沉积及其相关的遗迹化石*

河南鲁山寒武系第二统辛集组为一套风暴作用影响下的含磷和海绿石的碎屑岩沉积,主要由中厚层石英砂岩及极薄层泥岩与砂岩互层组成。遗迹化石发育在交错层理砂岩以及极薄层泥岩与薄层砂岩互层的层面上。Skolithos sp. 属于风暴衰减期的Skolithos遗迹相机会种(r-选择)遗迹化石,它们以短小的垂直居住潜穴及低遗迹分异度和丰度为特征。Palaeophycus tubularis,P. striatus,Taenidum sp.,Gordia marina,Planolites montanus,P. beverleyensis等属于风暴间歇期的Cruziana遗迹相均衡种(K-选择)遗迹化石,以水平进食、觅食潜穴为主,遗迹分异度和丰度中等。早寒武世风暴衰减期,频繁的风暴事件不利于研究区机会种遗迹化石的保存,同时风暴间歇期持续时间短、风暴停息期不发育,造成均衡类生物殖居窗口期短暂,亦不利于对沉积底质的连续殖居。这种特殊的风暴沉积以及早寒武世造迹生物较差的掘穴能力,导致研究区遗迹化石种类及数量远不及寒武纪以后的风暴沉积。     

我国遗迹化石研究的新进展

遗迹化石学近年来在国际上取得显著的成绩,特别是把遗迹化石作为古生态学的一个部分用来解释沉积环境,研究造迹生物的活动习性同环境条件的关系,使遗迹化石的研究同古生物学、地层学、沉积岩石学和古生态学都发生密切的联系。生物遗迹在沉积物中形成的生物扰动和生物     

河南鲁山寒武系第二统辛集组风暴沉积及其相关的遗迹化石

河南鲁山寒武系第二统辛集组为一套风暴作用影响下的含磷和海绿石的碎屑岩沉积,主要由中厚层石英砂岩及极薄层泥岩与砂岩互层组成。遗迹化石发育在交错层理砂岩以及极薄层泥岩与薄层砂岩互层的层面上。Skolithos sp.属于风暴衰减期的Skolithos遗迹相机会种(r-选择)遗迹化石,它们以短小的垂直居住潜穴及低遗迹分异度和丰度为特征。Palaeophycus tubularis,P.striatus,Taenidum sp.,Gordia marina,Planolites montanus,P.beverleyensis等属于风暴间歇期的Cruziana遗迹相均衡种(K-选择)遗迹化石,以水平进食、觅食潜穴为主,遗迹分异度和丰度中等。早寒武世风暴衰减期,频繁的风暴事件不利于研究区机会种遗迹化石的保存,同时风暴间歇期持续时间短、风暴停息期不发育,造成均衡类生物殖居窗口期短暂,亦不利于对沉积底质的连续殖居。这种特殊的风暴沉积以及早寒武世造迹生物较差的掘穴能力,导致研究区遗迹化石种类及数量远不及寒武纪以后的风暴沉积。     

生物扰动和遗迹组构的描述与分析

运用生物扰动指数和遗迹组构组分图解方法对塔里木盆地塔中地区上泥盆统东河塘组河口沉积中遗迹化石和生物扰动构造进行了描述和分析,从中发现两类遗迹组构,其中Ｔｈａｌａｓｓｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ遗迹组构发育在纯净砂岩中,与河口湾潮汐沙坝有关;Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｐａｌａｅｏｐｈｙｃｕｓ遗这组构发育在砂、泥互层沉积中,与河口湾潮坪有关。     

山东山旺中新世硅藻页岩中的遗迹化石

山东山旺中新世湖相沉积硅藻页岩下部，首次发现无脊椎动物潜穴遗迹化石。本文描述了这一新遗迹属及新遗迹种，定名为硅藻山旺迹讨论了遗迹动物的行为习性和沉积环境。该遗迹化石保存为全浮雕，为觅食迹。新遗迹特征为平直和销弯曲的管状潜穴。潜穴一般可不分枝或二分枝，二分枝时两侧枝近相互平行延伸，潜穴直径２－２．５ｍｍ，沿长度粗细变化不大，估计潜穴动物身体粗细与潜穴相适应，推测可能是由湖生的寡毛动物蠕虫类所形成。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段深水重力流沉积类型

以鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段取芯段为主要研究对象,以详细的岩芯观察为基础,以Z43井为例,研究鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段深水重力流沉积类型及其特征。研究结果表明,研究区主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积、低密度浊流沉积及混合事件层三种沉积类型。砂质碎屑流沉积整体呈块状,岩性为中—细砂岩,内部可见多个接触面,为多套砂质碎屑流沉积垂向叠置形成。低密度浊流沉积中大部分为中—薄层的正粒序砂岩垂向叠置而成,部分泥质含量较高,表现出砂泥互层的特征。混合事件层主要由下部干净的块状细砂岩与上部富含变形泥岩撕裂屑的砂质泥岩或泥质砂岩成对组合形成,其成因为浊流流动过程中侵蚀泥质基底,黏土物质或泥质碎屑的混入导致浊流向泥质碎屑流转化,最终形成下部浊流沉积上部泥质碎屑流沉积的混合事件层。相近位置不同深度不同类型的深水重力流沉积垂向叠置,指示了复杂多变的重力流流体演化过程。对重力流沉积类型的准确认识,能进一步促进对深水重力流流体转化过程的理解,明确深水重力流沉积分布,为鄂尔多斯盆地深水重力流沉积及常规与非常规油气勘探与开发提供理论指导。     

Discovery of Trace Fossils from the Sinian-Cambrian Boundary Beds in Eastern Yunnan and Their Significance for Global Correlation

There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian-Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.     

Discovery of Trace Fossils from the Sinian—Cambrian Boundary Beds in Eastern Yunnan and Their Significance for Global Correlation1

Abstract There are abundant and highly varied trace fossils in the Sinian—Cambrian boundary beds in eastern Yunnan. Collections from 27 sections and their study give altogether 45 ichnogenera and 87 ichnospecies. Among them, 2 ichnogenera and 7 ichnospecies are new, and 31 known ichnogenera and 38 known ichnospecies first found in the region. According to their order of appearance in the boundary beds and their assemblage features, the trace fossils in the Sinian—Cambrian boundary beds in the region may fall into 4 trace fossil assemblage zones in ascending order. In the paper they are correlated with those in the equivalent horizons abroad and their geological significance is discussed preliminarily.     

河南东濮凹陷古近系沙三中亚段重力流沉积与伴生遗迹化石组合

基于对东濮凹陷97口钻井岩心的详细观察和分析,在古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段湖相沉积中识别出滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流共4种类型的重力流沉积。各种类型沉积的主要判识特征如下: (1)滑动沉积以保留部分原始沉积构造、层内准同生小型断裂构造及较大角度的地层倾角(陡倾构造)发育、伴生Skolithos-Palaeophycus遗迹组合或Planolites-Taenidium遗迹组合为主要特征; (2)滑塌沉积以砂岩层顶、底面均与暗色泥岩呈突变接触以及岩层内部发育各种同生软沉积物变形构造(如包卷层理、火焰状构造、泄水构造、液化脉和各种撕裂屑等)为主要鉴别特征;(3)碎屑流沉积以砂岩呈块状构造、顶部发育漂浮砾石、底部泥岩撕裂屑发育并可见“泥包砾”现象、砂岩顶、底面均与暗色泥岩突变接触为特征;滑塌沉积和碎屑流沉积序列的上部常常伴生Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon遗迹组合; (4)浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为主要特征,浊积砂体下部见正粒序层理,底面见有冲刷痕、不规则槽模、重荷模等沉积构造,中上部发育深湖沉积中常见的Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus遗迹组合。综合分析上述各种重力流沉积特征和伴生遗迹化石组合所体现的水深变化规律,认为遗迹化石组合随着湖水深度的增加呈分带性,与重力流沉积随水深增加而出现的滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流沉积序列具有明显的一致性,且伴随重力流沉积而产生的生物扰动作用是增强的。因此,生物扰动构造(遗迹化石)的研究不仅对湖相沉积中储集层物性的分析具有重要意义,而且针对重力流沉积类型的判识还能提供重要的生物遗迹学信息。     

Gravity flow deposits associating with ichnoassemblages within the middle Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag,Henan Province

Based on the observation and analyses of 97 exploratory well cores in Dongpu sag,four types of gravity flow(including sliding,slumping,debris flow and turbidity current)deposits in lacustrine facies have been recognized within the middle Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Their main identification marks are outlined as follows: (1)the sliding deposits are characterized by the partial preservation of primary sedimentary structures,the development of small penecontemporaneous fracture or fault in sandstone beds,and steep dip of strata,with Skolithos-Palaeophycus ichnoassemblage and/or Planolites-Taenidium ichnoassemblage,which commonly occurred in the shore and shallow lake environments. (2)General characteristics of slumping deposits mainly are the abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,and development of all kinds of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformation structures such as convolution bedding,flame structure,water-escape structure,liquefied vein and tearing debris. (3)The sandy debris flow deposits are mainly marked by the massive sandstone,abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,as well as developing floating gravels near the top of sandstone beds and tearing mudstone debris in the bottom of sandstone beds,sometimes with occurring the mud-coated intraclasts. Meanwhile,slumping and sandy debris flow deposits commonly associated with the Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon ichnoassemblage produced in semi-deep water lake environment. (4)The turbidity deposit is mainly indicated by the complete or incomplete Bouma sequences,normal-graded bedding,and all kinds of sole marks such as scour marks,irregular flute casts and load casts,and the Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus ichnoassemblage frequently occurred in the middle to upper parts of the turbidite beds that formed in deep-water lake environment. After comprehensive analyses of above four types of gravity flow deposits and water-depth variation reflected by different ichnoassemblages,it can be considered that ichnoassemblage changes appear a zonation with the depth of the lake,which is consistent with variations in gravity flow deposits from sliding-slumping-debris flows to turbidity currents,and the bioturbation generated with gravity flow deposits is enhanced. Therefore,the research of bioturbation structures(ichnofossils)is not only of great significance to study the physical property of sandstone reservoir in lacustrine deposits,but also to provide important ichnological information for discerning various types of gravity flow deposits.     

Trace fossil assemblages in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation (Middle Jurassic), Patcham Island,Kachchh, Western India

The Middle Jurassic rocks of the Kaladongar Formation well exposed in the Kaladongar Hill range of the Patcham Island and Kuar Bet of the Northern Kachchh comprises of ∼450 m thick sequence of mixed siliciclasticcarbonate sediments intercalated with shales. These Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments show wide variation in textural and mineralogical composition and represent genetically related six rock types: micritic sandstone, allochemic sandstone, sandy allochemic limestone, micrtic mudrock, sandy micrite and muddy micrite; which are highly bioturbated and show behaviourally diverse groups of trace fossils. Total 34 ichnogenera are identified, which includes, Arenicolites, Asterosoma, Beaconites, Bergaueria, Chondrites, Cochlichnus, Dactylophycus, Daedalus, Didymaulichnus, Diplocraterion, Gordia, Gyrochorte, Gyrolithes, Ichnocumulus, Laevicyclus, Lockeia, Margaritichnus, Monocraterion, Nereites, Ophiomorpha, Palaeophycus, Phoebichnus, Phycodes, Pilichnus, Planolites, Plug Shaped Form, Protovirgularia, Rhizocorallium, Scolicia, Skolithos, Taenidium, Teichichnus, Thalassinoides and Walcottia. These trace fossils are classified into six morphological groups namely, circular and elliptical structures; simple structures; branched structures; rosette structures; spreiten structures; and winding and meandering structures. These trace fossils are further group into eight assemblages which occurred together into mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments, include, Asterosoma assemblage, Gyrochorte assemblage, Rhizocorallium assemblage, Thalassinoides assemblage, Planolites-Palaeophycus assemblage, Phycodes assemblage, Ophiomorpha assemblage and Skolithos assemblage. The recurring pattern of these assemblages through the sequence displays the development of Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies and at places the mixed Skolithos-Cruziana ichnofacies which suggest a low wave and current energy conditions with intervening period of high wave and current energy conditions and an intermediate period of stressful environments, respectively. Sedimentological and ichnological data suggest that the deposition of the mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Kaladongar Formation took place in the foreshore to offshore environment under fluctuating wave and current energy condition.     

从孢粉化石证据论冀北后城组的时代

主要分布于冀北地区的后城组是一套以河流相红色砂砾岩为主的地层,此前在不同地点的该岩组中曾发现中侏罗世晚期的叶肢介、瓣鳃类和爬行动物化石和晚侏罗世的介形类和孢粉等化石。新近在蔚县后城组发现的孢粉组合与此前在宣化堰家沟、万全渔儿山西侧后城组晚侏罗世孢粉化石组合面貌具有明显的差异,时代属中侏罗世。孢粉化石证据说明冀北的后城组系—套中—晚侏罗世沉积。     

滑塌型深水重力流沉积特征及沉积模式:以渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段为例*

综合运用钻井岩心、测录井等资料,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等方法,对渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积类型及其沉积特征、沉积模式展开研究。研究表明,临南洼陷沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型。滑塌沉积以包卷层理、液化砂岩脉、阶梯状小断层、变形岩层与未变形岩层叠置为典型特征。碎屑流沉积中砂质碎屑流沉积分布较广,以突变的底部接触面、块状层理、泥岩撕裂屑、土黄色泥砾、突变或不规则的上接触面为典型识别标志。浊流沉积则以正粒序层理、底部冲刷面和槽模、薄层砂泥互层、不完整的鲍马序列为典型识别标志。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,流体被稀释逐渐转化成浊流。滑塌型深水重力流沉积整体分为近源沉积、中部沉积和远源沉积3个部分: 近源沉积主要发育具变形构造的滑塌沉积和厚层块状砂质碎屑流沉积;中部沉积主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积;远源沉积以薄层浊流沉积为主。     

湖相重力流沉积特征及沉积模式

应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。