深水碎屑流与浊流混合事件层类型及成因机制

同一重力流事件形成的包含碎屑流和浊流及其之间过渡流体的混合流沉积形成的沉积层称为混合事件层。混合事件层主要包含下部砂质碎屑流-上部浊流混合事件层(类型1)和下部浊流-上部泥质碎屑流混合事件层(类型2)以及泥质碎屑流和浊流频繁互层混合事件层(类型3)3种类型。类型1主要为流体转化成因,包含液化作用、沉积物破碎、流体顶部剪切侵蚀、接触面不稳定性和波浪破碎、水力跳跃、流体头部与环境水体混合和多种机制作用下的整体转化7种成因认识。类型2和类型3主要涉及流体转化及流体差异搬运和沉降过程成因,包含碎屑流覆盖浊流、碎屑流内部差异沉降、浊流侵蚀转化、浊流膨胀减速、局部沉积物垮塌和浮力转化6种成因认识。下部砂质碎屑流上部浊流混合事件层和下部浊流上部厚层富含泥质碎屑的泥质碎屑流混合事件层在沉积近端到沉积远端均有分布,多呈条带状或树枝状;下部浊流上部贫泥质碎屑的泥质碎屑流混合事件层主要在沉积远端或基底相对低部位分布,多呈环带状或牛眼状。深水重力流混合事件层的分布主要受泥质含量、颗粒粒度、水体密度等内部因素和重力流成因机制、古地形和构造活动等外部因素综合控制。深水重力流混合事件层的形成及其分布研究对于丰富和完善重力流沉积理论,指导现阶段深水重力流砂体常规和非常规油气勘探及理解自然活动规律、防灾减灾具有重要意义。现阶段对深水重力流混合事件层的多种成因及形成条件和横向分布演化规律的研究还有待进一步深入。     

湖相重力流沉积特征及沉积模式

应用深水沉积学和地震沉积学的相关理论,通过岩心观察描述、钻测井资料分析及平面沉积相编图,对下刚果盆地A区块白垩系Pointe Indienne组深水重力流的类型、沉积特征、垂向沉积组合及沉积模式进行了探讨分析,指出该地区发育砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、浊流及与重力流形成过程相关的滑动—滑塌沉积,并总结了该深水重力流的沉积模式。结果表明:砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理细砂岩为主,含大型漂浮泥砾和泥岩撕裂屑;泥质碎屑流沉积以泥级碎屑为主,含有少量的暗色泥岩碎屑和砂质团块,见“泥包砾”结构;浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为特征;滑动—滑塌沉积具有明显的剪切滑移面,可见旋转火焰构造、砂岩扭曲杂乱分布及褶皱变形层;纵向上可识别出4种类型的重力流沉积垂向组合,以多期砂质碎屑流沉积叠置和砂质碎屑流沉积与浊流沉积叠置最为常见;研究区深水重力流沉积可分为上部扇、中部扇和外部扇3部分,上部扇以主水道沉积为主;中部扇以辫状水道和溢岸沉积为主,砂体厚度较大;外部扇以朵叶体沉积和薄层浊积岩为主,砂体厚度相对较薄。     

陆相湖盆深水重力流沉积特征、砂体结构研究及油气勘探意义—以鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统长7油层组为例

结合深水重力流沉积理论、野外剖面、岩心、测井等资料的分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长7油层组重力流沉积相和砂体结构的类型、特征进行了深入分析。研究表明长7沉积期发育大面积的深水砂岩,主要发育砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流砂体,砂质碎屑流沉积以块状层理为主,单砂体厚度大,浊流沉积以粒序层理为主,砂泥互层频繁;结合重力流沉积背景下各成因砂体测井曲线形态、垂向发育厚度、垂向连续性及组合特征,将砂体垂向叠置结构划分为多期砂叠置厚层型、厚砂-薄泥互层型、厚砂-薄砂-泥互层型及薄砂-厚泥互层型四种类型,并对研究区单井砂体结构进行了聚类。实践表明,砂质碎屑流沉积区虽是油气藏有利聚集分布带,但分布面积较广,结合砂体结构特征,可进一步细化有利区划分,为致密油藏有利区的优选提供了新的研究思路。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义*

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

陆相湖盆深水重力流混合事件层沉积及沉积学意义

重力流混合事件层在陆相湖盆广泛发育,其形成和分布对理解重力流沉积演化过程及重力流沉积常规与非常规油气勘探开发意义重大.以涠西南凹陷流沙港组一段和鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段重力流沉积为研究对象,分析湖盆重力流混合事件层的沉积特征、类型、成因及沉积模式,并进一步探讨其地质意义.湖盆主要发育滑动、滑塌重力驱动块体搬运沉积和砂质碎屑流、泥质碎屑流、高密度浊流和低密度浊流等重力流流体沉积,同时广泛发育重力流混合事件层沉积.湖盆重力流混合事件层包含多层结构、双层结构和频繁互层三种大的类型;其中,双层结构的重力流混合事件层进一步根据上下两个沉积单元厚度的差异可细分为两个亚类.多层结构的混合事件层主要为流体侵蚀或砂体液化成因,多发育于混合事件层沉积近端;双层结构与频繁互层结构的混合事件层主要为流体减速膨胀、泥质碎屑流中碎屑颗粒的差异沉降成因,多发育于混合事件层沉积远端.相同沉积单元组成的沉积层在垂向上的规律叠置是岩芯中识别重力流混合事件层沉积的可靠依据;在未明确其沉积过程的情况下可能会导致沉积信息的错误解读.同时,重力流混合事件层的发育会导致重力流沉积非均质性增强,不利于常规油气的储集;但是,重力流混合事件层形成的细粒沉积物是非常规油气"甜点"区发育的优势沉积岩相组合类型.     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段沟道型重力流沉积特征研究

致密砂岩目前已成为中国油气勘探开发的重点领域。本文通过野外剖面及岩心观察、测井资料和深水重力流沉积理论对就鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7段重力流沉积特征进行了系统研究,结果表明该区发育砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及滑塌沉积3种成因类型的重力流沉积砂体。砂质碎屑流沉积由灰色、褐灰色细砂岩构成,厚度均在0.5m以上,多数大于1m,块状层理发育,具有近源分布特征;浊流沉积由灰色、深灰色粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩构成,单层厚数度从几厘米到十几厘米,具有完整或不完整的鲍马序列,呈远源分布特征;滑塌沉积在研究区发育较少。研究区长7段重力流沉积砂体横向连通性较差,纵向连通性较好,具有带状展布的特征,为沟道型(非扇型)重力流沉积体系。     

贺兰拗拉槽胡基台地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深海重力流沉积特征

结合国际上深海沉积研究最新动态,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地西侧胡基台地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组野外剖面。认为该地层块状内部无层理砂岩为砂质碎屑流沉积而不是前人认为的浊流沉积。研究区发育有垮塌沉积、颗粒流沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积等重力流沉积。该区樱桃沟组重力流沉积类型的总体分布特征是:下部发育钙屑浊流与大规模灰岩垮塌沉积,见砂质碎屑流沉积;中部主要发育陆源碎屑浊流沉积,但在其下部有较为发育的颗粒流沉积;上部发育陆源碎屑浊流沉积。其中垮塌沉积和颗粒流沉积作为对古构造的沉积响应,反映了樱桃沟期该地区的古构造地形为陡坡。     

滑塌型深水重力流沉积特征及沉积模式:以渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段为例*

综合运用钻井岩心、测录井等资料,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定和粒度分析等方法,对渤海湾盆地临南洼陷古近系沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积类型及其沉积特征、沉积模式展开研究。研究表明,临南洼陷沙三中亚段深水重力流沉积主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型。滑塌沉积以包卷层理、液化砂岩脉、阶梯状小断层、变形岩层与未变形岩层叠置为典型特征。碎屑流沉积中砂质碎屑流沉积分布较广,以突变的底部接触面、块状层理、泥岩撕裂屑、土黄色泥砾、突变或不规则的上接触面为典型识别标志。浊流沉积则以正粒序层理、底部冲刷面和槽模、薄层砂泥互层、不完整的鲍马序列为典型识别标志。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,流体被稀释逐渐转化成浊流。滑塌型深水重力流沉积整体分为近源沉积、中部沉积和远源沉积3个部分: 近源沉积主要发育具变形构造的滑塌沉积和厚层块状砂质碎屑流沉积;中部沉积主要发育砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积;远源沉积以薄层浊流沉积为主。     

鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆中部长73亚段深水砂质沉积特征及勘探前景

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7₃亚段发育大套厚层的富有机质泥页岩夹薄层粉细砂岩,深水环境的砂质岩类受到优质烃源岩的高强度源内充注,局部具有一定规模,是盆地深水勘探的重要目标.基于湖盆中部长7₃亚段的岩心、测录井、分析测试资料,结合岭页、池页水平井风险勘探实践,对长7₃亚段深水砂质岩类的沉积储层特征进行分析.结果表明：长7₃沉积期水体较深,优质烃源岩发育,湖盆西南祁秦造山带地震火山活动频发,物源供给充足,降雨量大、湖平面上升,滑塌成因与洪水成因的重力流沉积在湖盆中部广泛发育;环绕湖盆的一级坡折带控制着深水重力流的发育范围,沉积物入湖后受古地貌与沉积微相的控制,发育滑动-滑塌、砂质碎屑流、混合事件层、浊流、异重流等沉积类型,坡折带的坡脚、古沟道相对富砂,砂质碎屑流、浊流沉积是有利的储层类型;单砂体较薄,平均厚度1 m,孤立或叠置发育,空间上厚度、长度、宽度较小,较厚的块状单砂体和紧密连续叠置的薄层单砂体组合是期待钻遇的储层;高R_o、高TOC的泥页岩是砂质岩类充注油气的物质基础,高剩余压差下...     

Origin and evolution processes of hybrid event beds in the Lower Cretaceous of the Lingshan Island,Eastern China

On the basis of detailed sedimentological investigation, three types of hybrid event beds (HEBs) together with debrites and turbidites were distinguished in the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequence on the Lingshan Island in the Yellow Sea, China. HEB 1, with a total thickness of 63–80 cm and internal bipartite structures, is characterised by a basal massive sandstone sharply overlain by a muddy sandstone interval. It is interpreted to have been formed by particle rearrangement at the base of cohesive debris flows. HEB 2, with a total thickness of 10–71 cm and an internal tripartite structure, is characterised by a normal grading sandstone base, followed by muddy siltstone middle unit and capped with siltstones; the top unit of HEB 2 may in places be partly or completely eroded. The boundary between the lowest unit and the middle unit is gradual, whereas that between the middle unit and the top unit is sharp. HEB 2 may be developed by up-dip muddy substrate erosion. HEB 3, with a total thickness up to 10 cm and an internal bipartite structure, is characterised by a basal massive sandstone sharply overlain by a muddy siltstone interval. The upper unit was probably deposited by cohesive debris flow with some plant fragments and rare mud clasts. HEB 3 may be formed by the deceleration of low-density turbidity currents. The distribution of HEBs together with debrites and turbidites implies a continuous evolution process of sediment gravity flows: debris flow → hybrid flow caused by particle rearrangement → high-density turbidity current → hybrid flow caused by muddy substrate erosion → low-density turbidity current → hybrid flow caused by deceleration.     

Sustained turbidity currents and their interaction with debrite-related topography; Labuan Island, offshore NW Borneo, Malaysia

The Temburong Fm (Early Miocene), Labuan Island, offshore NW Borneo, was deposited in a lower-slope to proximal basin-floor setting, and provides an opportunity to study the deposits of sustained turbidity currents and their interaction with debrite-related topography. Two main gravity-flow facies are identified; (i) slump-derived debris-flow deposits (debrites) — characterised by ungraded silty mudstones in beds 1.5 to > 60 m thick which are rich in large (> 5 m) lithic clasts; and (ii) turbidity current deposits (turbidites) — characterised by medium-grained sandstone in beds up to 2 m thick, which contain structureless (T_a) intervals alternating with planar-parallel (T_b) and current-ripple (T_c) laminated intervals. Laterally discontinuous, cobble-mantled scours are also locally developed within turbidite beds. Based on these characteristics, these sandstones are interpreted to have been deposited by sustained turbidity currents. The cobble-mantled scours indicate either periods of intense turbidity current waxing or individual flow events. The sustained turbidity currents are interpreted to have been derived from retrogressive collapse of sand-rich mouth bars (breaching) or directly from river effluent (hyperpycnal flow). Analysis of the stratal architecture of the two facies indicates that routing of the turbidity currents was influenced by topographic relief developed at the top of the underlying debrite. In addition, turbidite beds are locally eroded at the base of an overlying debrite, possibly due to clast-related substrate ‘ploughing’ during the latter flow event. This study highlights the difficulty in constraining the origin of sustained turbidity currents in ancient sedimentary sequences. In addition, this study documents the importance large debrites may have in generating topography on submarine slopes and influencing routing of subsequent turbidity currents and the geometry of their associated deposits.     

湖相深水块状砂岩特征、成因及发育模式——以南堡凹陷东营组为例

块状砂岩因其厚度大、储层物性较好而成为深水沉积油气勘探开发中最重要的目标。沉积构造相对简单,但变化迅速且组构特征多变。为了探索不同块状砂岩的成因及其联系,建立预测性地质模型,首先将南堡凹陷东营组深水块状砂岩分为2类8种岩相和10种岩相组合,其中单期砂层顶部常含漂浮状砾石,形态多变、内外源均有。本区块状砂岩成分成熟度差,结构成熟度不稳定,粒度累积概率曲线反映了3种搬运过程:多流体改造型、三角洲前缘继承型和混杂快速冻结型。成因分析认为,块状砂岩以砂质碎屑流搬运为主,真正碎屑流和颗粒流次之,并见部分砂质滑塌成因;常与浊流、泥流、泥质滑塌沉积伴生,发育5种相序组合,其中砂质碎屑流-浊流、砂质碎屑流-泥流组合最常见。高密度流体内沉积物浓度分层与特殊的流速剖面共同控制下塑性层流与牛顿紊流间的界面控制了漂浮状砾石搬运和沉积。最后,建立了陡坡带外源型、陡坡带内源型和缓坡地内源型深水沉积过程及块状砂岩发育模式,为断陷盆地深水沉积砂岩储层的预测提供了新思路。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组湖相重力流沉积细粒岩及其油气地质意义

随着页岩油气勘探开发和相关领域研究的不断深入,细粒沉积物的搬运和沉积已成为当前沉积学研究的热点问题之一,但中国中生代湖泊环境中的泥质重力流沉积尚未引起应有的关注。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定等手段及综合研究,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世湖相泥质重力流沉积特征,探讨了其形成机制与成因分类。鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组湖相泥页岩结构类型多样,发育泥质块体流沉积、泥质碎屑流沉积、泥质浊流沉积和泥质异重流沉积等多种重力流沉积类型。按照泥质含量将重力流划分为砂质重力流、泥质重力流和混合重力流3种亚类,并根据成因将重力流划分为滑塌体、碎屑流、浊流及异重流等4种亚类;结合成因和泥质含量,将重力流沉积共划分为12种类型。滑塌岩、碎屑岩分布于三角洲前缘斜坡脚附近;浊积岩、异重岩广泛分布于三角洲斜坡至沉积中心。认为泥质沉积物可以在强水动力条件下搬运-沉积;重力流沉积细粒物质在湖相沉积中占据很大的比例;泥质重力流对泥页岩中的碎屑物质、黏土矿物及有机质的搬运和沉积起到重要作用,因而对于页岩油气的生烃、储集性能和压裂工艺研究具有重要意义。     

鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆异重流沉积新发现

水下重力流沉积作为重要的油气储层,已成为当前学术研究和油气工业共同关注的焦点.在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7~长6油层组深湖相沉积中,发现一种不同于砂质碎屑流沉积和滑塌浊积岩的重力流成因砂岩.其沉积特征为一系列向上变粗的单元(逆粒序层)和向上变细的单元(正粒序层)成对出现;每一个粒序层组合内部的泥质含量变化(高-低-高)与粒度变化一致;上部正粒序层与下部逆粒序层之间可见层内微侵蚀界面;砂岩与灰黑色纯泥岩、深灰色粉砂质泥岩互层;粉砂质泥岩层内也表现出类似的粒度变化特征.通过岩芯观察和薄片鉴定,认为该岩石组合形成于晚三叠世深湖背景下的异重流(hyperpycnal flow)沉积.其沉积产物--hyperpycnite(异重岩?)以发育逆粒序和层内微侵蚀面而区别于其它浊积岩,逆粒序代表洪水增强期的产物,上部的正粒序层为洪水衰退期的沉积,逆粒序-正粒序的成对出现代表一次洪水异重流事件沉积旋回;层内微侵蚀面是洪峰期流速足以对同期先沉淀的逆粒序沉积层侵蚀造成的.鄂尔多斯盆地延长组异重岩的发现,不仅为探索陆相湖盆环境下的异重流沉积提供了一个范例,而且对于深水砂体成因研究、储层预测和油气勘探具有理论和现实意义.     

'Linked' debrites in sand-rich turbidite systems – origin and significance

Abstract The outer parts of a number of small Late Jurassic sandy deep‐water fans in the northern North Sea are dominated by the stacked deposits of co‐genetic sandy and muddy gravity flows. Sharp‐based, structureless and dewatered sandstone beds are directly overlain by mudclast breccias that are often rich in terrestrial plant fragments and capped by thin laminated sandstones, pseudonodular siltstones and mudstones. The contacts between the clast‐rich breccias and the underlying sandstones are typically highly irregular with evidence for liquefaction and upward sand injection. The breccias contain fragments (up to metre scale) of exotic lithologies surrounded by a matrix that is extremely heterogeneous and strewn with multiphase and variably sheared sand injections and scattered coarse and very coarse sand grains (often coarser than in the immediately underlying sand bed). Markov chain analysis establishes that the breccias consistently overlie sandstones, and the character of the breccias and their external contacts rule out a post‐depositional origin via in situ liquefaction, intrastratal flowage or bed amalgamation and disruption. The breccias are interpreted as debrites that rode on a water‐rich sand bed just deposited by a co‐genetic concentrated gravity current. As such, they are referred to as ‘linked debrites’ to distinguish them from debrites emplaced in the absence of a precursor sand bed. The distinction is important, because these linked debris flows can achieve significant mobility through entrainment of both water and sediment from beneath, and they ride on a low‐friction carpet of liquefied sand. This explains the paradox presented by fan fringes in which there are common debrites, when conventional thinking might predict that deposits of low‐concentration gravity currents should be more important here. In fact, evidence for transport by low‐concentration turbidity currents is rare in these systems. Several possible mechanisms might explain the formation of linked flows, but the ultimate source of both sandy and clast‐rich flow components must be in shallower water on the basin margin (the debrites are not triggered from distal slopes). Flow partitioning may have occurred by upslope erosion and retardation of the mudclast‐charged portion of an erosional sandy density current, partial flow transformation of a precursor debris flow and/or hydraulic segregation and reconcentration of the flaky clasts and carbonaceous matter during transport. Linked debrites are not restricted to small sand‐rich fans, and similar mechanisms may be responsible for the long runout of debris flows in other systems. The recognition of a distinct class of linked debrites is of wider importance for facies prediction, reservoir heterogeneity and even carbon fluxes and sequestration on continental margins.     

河南东濮凹陷古近系沙三中亚段重力流沉积与伴生遗迹化石组合

基于对东濮凹陷97口钻井岩心的详细观察和分析,在古近系沙河街组沙三中亚段湖相沉积中识别出滑动、滑塌、碎屑流和浊流共4种类型的重力流沉积。各种类型沉积的主要判识特征如下: (1)滑动沉积以保留部分原始沉积构造、层内准同生小型断裂构造及较大角度的地层倾角(陡倾构造)发育、伴生Skolithos-Palaeophycus遗迹组合或Planolites-Taenidium遗迹组合为主要特征; (2)滑塌沉积以砂岩层顶、底面均与暗色泥岩呈突变接触以及岩层内部发育各种同生软沉积物变形构造(如包卷层理、火焰状构造、泄水构造、液化脉和各种撕裂屑等)为主要鉴别特征;(3)碎屑流沉积以砂岩呈块状构造、顶部发育漂浮砾石、底部泥岩撕裂屑发育并可见“泥包砾”现象、砂岩顶、底面均与暗色泥岩突变接触为特征;滑塌沉积和碎屑流沉积序列的上部常常伴生Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon遗迹组合; (4)浊流沉积以发育完整或不完整的鲍马序列为主要特征,浊积砂体下部见正粒序层理,底面见有冲刷痕、不规则槽模、重荷模等沉积构造,中上部发育深湖沉积中常见的Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus遗迹组合。综合分析上述各种重力流沉积特征和伴生遗迹化石组合所体现的水深变化规律,认为遗迹化石组合随着湖水深度的增加呈分带性,与重力流沉积随水深增加而出现的滑动—滑塌—碎屑流—浊流沉积序列具有明显的一致性,且伴随重力流沉积而产生的生物扰动作用是增强的。因此,生物扰动构造(遗迹化石)的研究不仅对湖相沉积中储集层物性的分析具有重要意义,而且针对重力流沉积类型的判识还能提供重要的生物遗迹学信息。     

Gravity flow deposits associating with ichnoassemblages within the middle Member 3 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongpu sag,Henan Province

Based on the observation and analyses of 97 exploratory well cores in Dongpu sag,four types of gravity flow(including sliding,slumping,debris flow and turbidity current)deposits in lacustrine facies have been recognized within the middle Member 3 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation. Their main identification marks are outlined as follows: (1)the sliding deposits are characterized by the partial preservation of primary sedimentary structures,the development of small penecontemporaneous fracture or fault in sandstone beds,and steep dip of strata,with Skolithos-Palaeophycus ichnoassemblage and/or Planolites-Taenidium ichnoassemblage,which commonly occurred in the shore and shallow lake environments. (2)General characteristics of slumping deposits mainly are the abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,and development of all kinds of penecontemporaneous soft-sediment deformation structures such as convolution bedding,flame structure,water-escape structure,liquefied vein and tearing debris. (3)The sandy debris flow deposits are mainly marked by the massive sandstone,abrupt contact between sandstone beds(top and bottom)and dark mudstone beds,as well as developing floating gravels near the top of sandstone beds and tearing mudstone debris in the bottom of sandstone beds,sometimes with occurring the mud-coated intraclasts. Meanwhile,slumping and sandy debris flow deposits commonly associated with the Mermoides-Parapaleodictyon ichnoassemblage produced in semi-deep water lake environment. (4)The turbidity deposit is mainly indicated by the complete or incomplete Bouma sequences,normal-graded bedding,and all kinds of sole marks such as scour marks,irregular flute casts and load casts,and the Semirotundichnus-Puyangichnus ichnoassemblage frequently occurred in the middle to upper parts of the turbidite beds that formed in deep-water lake environment. After comprehensive analyses of above four types of gravity flow deposits and water-depth variation reflected by different ichnoassemblages,it can be considered that ichnoassemblage changes appear a zonation with the depth of the lake,which is consistent with variations in gravity flow deposits from sliding-slumping-debris flows to turbidity currents,and the bioturbation generated with gravity flow deposits is enhanced. Therefore,the research of bioturbation structures(ichnofossils)is not only of great significance to study the physical property of sandstone reservoir in lacustrine deposits,but also to provide important ichnological information for discerning various types of gravity flow deposits.