桥梁减隔震技术的应用现状与发展趋势

近几十年桥梁减隔震技术在很多国家得到了广泛应用,已成为提高强震区桥梁抗震能力的重要手段。本文简要介绍了现有的桥梁减隔震装置,归纳了国内外经受过地震考验的多座隔震桥梁的抗震性能和震害表现,特别分析了2008年汶川大地震和2011年东日本大地震中的隔震桥梁及支座的抗震性能。根据减隔震桥梁的震害特征,总结了减隔震设计和应用是需注意的问题,包括减隔震设计方案选择、设计方法与构造要求、临近断层的设计挑战、减隔震装置耐久性等。最后展望了桥梁减隔震技术与理论的未来发展趋势,以促进对减隔震技术在桥梁工程领域的应用和发展。     

减隔震技术在桥梁结构中的应用

首先对减隔震技术的概念、原理等作了一定的介绍,并通过与传统的利用结构自身强度抵抗地震作用方法的比较,说明了减隔震技术在减小结构的地震反应、工程造价方面的优越性.在对几座典型的减隔震桥梁介绍基础上,表明了减隔震技术在一些桥梁结构抗震设计或加固中的应用情况与所取得的良好的抗震性能.阐述了目前减隔震技术研究的情况及今后需要进一步研究的问题,为我国从事相关工作的工程人员和研究人员提供一点参考.     

桥梁震害的历史回顾(上)

地震是社会发展不可忽视的重大风险,桥梁作为交通的咽喉,其在地震中的表现严重影响着灾害救援以及震后经济快速复苏。减轻甚至消除桥梁震害是工程师和学者的共同目标,也是当前桥梁抗震研究的核心出发点。梳理桥梁震害有助于加深对结构本身抗震的理解,同时可以了解桥梁抗震领域研究趋势和规范发展的脉络。作者以上世纪末为时间节点,分上、下两篇总结了有较大意义的数次历史地震桥梁震害情况,本文为上篇。至上世纪末期历次震后调查的经验表明:桥梁抗震设计的重要基础之一是地震危险性分析和设防;工程上需努力增强现有老旧桥梁的抗震能力,重视抗震概念设计、细部设计和减隔震设计;未来的研究重要方向是理清沙土液化、地基失效和近断层效应的影响,以及减隔震设计向(半)主动控制的发展。     

跨海桥梁抗震设计研究发展综述

国内外特别是我国近些年跨海桥梁建设发展迅速,鉴于1995年日本Kobe地震中存在跨海桥梁损伤的案例,如东神户大桥和明石海峡大桥(地震时未完工),因此跨海桥梁的地震安全问题显得尤为重要。目前,桥梁抗震问题的研究与总结主要集中于陆上桥梁,针对跨海桥梁的抗震设计方法与研究相对较少。归纳了世界范围内经受地震考验的跨海桥梁的震害表现,通过分析国内外不同历史时期几座典型跨海桥梁的抗震设计和减隔震技术的应用,总结了跨海桥梁抗震技术的发展与主要成果。     

强震下拱式体系桥梁震害特征及抗震研究

以汶川地震中拱式体系桥梁震害为主线,总结主拱圈、横向连接系和其它附属构件及减隔震设计拱桥的破坏情况,对国内外拱桥的震害特征及原因进行了剖析。以目前应用数量占优的钢管混凝土肋拱桥为具体背景,对拱式体系桥梁的抗震理论、抗震试验和减隔震设计进行了评述。分析认为拱式体系桥梁竖向和纵桥向抗震存在一定的安全储备,但横桥向存在明显的抗震薄弱环节。针对钢管混凝土肋拱桥横桥向振动及倒塌特点,就目前在拱式体系桥梁中引入防屈曲支撑代替横撑以形成耗能减震结构提出了建议及具体可行设计方式。     

减隔震技术在连续梁桥中的应用

介绍了桥梁减隔震技术的基本原理,系统地归纳了目前常用的减隔震装置的隔震机理和力学模型。以外砂河大桥为实际工程背景,进行了采用减隔震技术的桥梁的有限元分析,介绍了下部结构的强度验算方法,研究了高阻尼橡胶支座和粘滞阻尼器对该桥引桥减隔震的效果。隔震装置采用非线性弹簧单元模拟,利用非线性动力时程分析,在该桥采用了高阻尼橡胶支座后研究其地震响应,然后与引入阻尼器后结构的地震响应进行了比较。分析表明:把桥梁结构和隔震装置作为整体结构考虑时,可达到很好的减隔震效果,使内力分配合理,并且减小结构的相对位移。     

中美日桥梁减隔震设计规范的比较研究

为推动国内桥梁减隔震技术发展和促进相关规范完善,对中国、日本、美国等减隔震设计规范的发展历程、抗震设防目标、抗震设计和分析方法、构造措施及细节等进行对比分析,介绍了减隔震装置(支座)的性能要求和特性试验和原型试验技术要点。认为宜进一步在设计规范中细化设计方法、分析方法及构造措施要求等,重视减隔震装置性能检测及原型试验,增强抗震设计规范和技术标准之间的协调性。     

桥梁抗震研究的近期进展

近期在智利圣地亚哥召开的第16届世界地震工程大会汇集了世界地震工程领域最新研究成果,有关桥梁抗震研究方面的论文就有90多篇,主要涉及大跨度桥梁的抗震设计、基于地震可恢复性的桥梁减震隔震措施、桥墩的抗震性能研究、桥梁的碰撞与接触问题、桥梁的地震反应分析等方面的内容。本文就这些方面的内容进行分类汇总和介绍,并谈了几点体会。很显然,桥梁抗震研究的发展趋势也会与整个地震工程界倡导的可恢复性的抗震设计理念同步,在可方便替换"保险丝"构件、摇摆自复位体系、更有效的减震隔震措施等方面有所推进。从大会报告的内容看,减隔震装置和桥墩自复位体系都是当前桥梁抗震研究的热点课题,如果将两者同时用于桥梁体系,进行优化设计,会有更好的抗震效果。     

钢阻尼滑板支座体系在常规桥梁中应用探索

目前中小跨径装配式组合梁桥的支座形式多采用普通板式支座,其抗震效果不够理想。为了很好的满足桥梁结构抗震设计要求,同时又具有良好的经济性,本文在已有减隔震体系的基础上,提出一种新型减隔震体系,即钢阻尼滑板支座体系,该体系具有经济性和减隔震性能良好的优点。并对一实际工程的中小跨径桥梁进行了理论验证,结果表明钢阻尼滑板支座体系减隔震效果良好,可以较好的满足桥梁结构抗震设计要求,具有广阔的运用价值。     

桥梁减震性能研究

针对当前桥梁延性抗震及减、隔震设计的研究现状，阐述了在桥梁减、隔震设计中存在的问题，并采用编制的有限元非线性动力分析程序，对设置橡胶支座的一座简支梁桥的抗震性能进行了分析，检验了减、隔震支座的减震效果，比较了普通延性抗城和普通板式橡胶支座，铅芯橡胶支座的减震特点对减、隔震桥梁的延性地震响应特性进行了初步的探讨。     

Probabilistic performance‐based optimum design of seismic isolation for a California high‐speed rail prototype bridge

Previous comparison studies on seismic isolation have demonstrated its beneficial and detrimental effects on the structural performance of high‐speed rail bridges during earthquakes. Striking a balance between these 2 competing effects requires proper tuning of the controlling design parameters in the design of the seismic isolation system. This results in a challenging problem for practical design in performance‐based engineering, particularly when the uncertainty in seismic loading needs to be explicitly accounted for. This problem can be tackled using a novel probabilistic performance‐based optimum seismic design (PPBOSD) framework, which has been previously proposed as an extension of the performance‐based earthquake engineering methodology. For this purpose, a parametric probabilistic demand hazard analysis is performed over a grid in the seismic isolator parameter space, using high‐throughput cloud‐computing resources, for a California high‐speed rail (CHSR) prototype bridge. The derived probabilistic structural demand hazard results conditional on a seismic hazard level and unconditional, i.e., accounting for all seismic hazard levels, are used to define 2 families of risk features, respectively. Various risk features are explored as functions of the key isolator parameters and are used to construct probabilistic objective and constraint functions in defining well‐posed optimization problems. These optimization problems are solved using a grid‐based, brute‐force approach as an application of the PPBOSD framework, seeking optimum seismic isolator parameters for the CHSR prototype bridge. This research shows the promising use of seismic isolation for CHSR bridges, as well as the potential of the versatile PPBOSD framework in solving probabilistic performance‐based real‐world design problems.     

地震作用下曲线梁桥双向碰撞作用影响分析

碰撞作用直接影响到桥梁不同构件的地震响应,是桥梁抗震研究中一直关注的问题。针对地震作用下曲线梁桥因主梁面内转动而发生主梁与切向桥台和径向挡块碰撞的现象,以1座3跨预应力混凝土连续梁桥为例,采用非线性时程分析方法,对曲线连续梁桥的双向碰撞作用影响进行研究,并分析了不同减撞措施的效果。结果表明:考虑双向碰撞作用后,下部结构响应有明显增加,主梁转动现象变得复杂,曲线梁桥地震响应分析中应通过建立精细化模型来考虑主梁双向碰撞作用的影响;在切向桥台处设置限位拉锁装置能起到较好的减轻双向碰撞作用的影响,以及采用减隔震设计后,减撞效果更明显,桥梁抗震性能明显改善,但合理减撞措施设计参数应结合曲线梁桥约束体系及结构设计参数进行体系分析确定。     

Study of the seismic performance of expansion double spherical seismic isolation bearings for continuous girder bridges

The development of an expansion double spherical seismic isolation (DSSI) bearing by modifying the fixed DSSI bearing is described in this paper.The expansion DSSI bearing is characterized by its good ...     

板式支座与铅芯支座连续梁桥振动台试验对比分析

通过对分别采用板式支座和铅芯支座的2座3跨连续梁桥模型进行振动台试验,对比分析了这2类桥梁的动力特性、破坏过程及2种支座对连续梁桥地震反应的影响。研究结果表明：地震波特性对桥梁结构的地震反应有较大影响,在对桥梁结构进行抗震设计时,需选择合理的地震动输入;在地震强度较小时,板式支座的滑动能够起到一定的隔震效果,铅芯支座的隔震性能能得到较好的发挥;在地震强度较大时,铅芯支座的隔震性能不能得到很好的发挥,采用铅芯支座的桥梁地震反应不一定小于普通桥梁;通过合理的设计,2类桥梁都完全可以实现大震不倒的设防目标。     

Effects of seismic isolation on the seismic response of a California high‐speed rail prototype bridge with soil‐structure and track‐structure interactions

With the launch of the high‐speed train project in California, the seismic risk is a crucial concern to the stakeholders. To investigate the seismic behavior of future California High‐Speed Rail (CHSR) bridge structures, a 3D nonlinear finite‐element model of a CHSR prototype bridge is developed. Soil‐structure and track‐structure interactions are accounted for in this comprehensive numerical model used to simulate the seismic response of the bridge and track system. This paper focuses on examining potential benefits and possible drawbacks of the a priori promising application of seismic isolation in CHSR bridges. Nonlinear time history analyses are performed for this prototype bridge subjected to two bidirectional horizontal historical earthquake ground motions each scaled to two different seismic hazard levels. The effect of seismic isolation on the seismic performance of the bridge is investigated through a detailed comparison of the seismic response of the bridge with and without seismic isolation. It is found that seismic isolation significantly reduces the deck acceleration and the force demand in the bridge substructure (i.e., piers and foundations), especially for high‐intensity earthquakes. However, seismic isolation increases the deck displacement (relative to the pile cap) and the stresses in the rails. These findings imply that seismic isolation can be promisingly applied to CHSR bridges with due consideration of balancing its beneficial and detrimental effects through using appropriate isolators design. The optimum seismic isolator properties can be sought by solving a performance‐based optimum seismic design problem using the nonlinear finite‐element model presented herein. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparative study between China and U.S. on seismic design philosophy and practice of a long span arch bridge

This paper presents the first of a series of case studies on the seismic design of long span bridges （cable-stayed bridges, suspension bridges and arch bridges） under a cooperative research project on seismic behavior and design of highway bridges between the State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, University at Buffalo. The objective of this series of case studies is to examine the differences and similarities on the seismic design practice of long span bridges in China and the U.S., to identify research needs and to develop design guidelines beneficial to bridge engineers in both countries. Unlike short to medium span bridges, long span bridges are not included in most seismic design specifications, mainly because they are location dependent and structurally unique. In this paper, an available model of a steel tied half through arch bridge with a main span of 550m in China is discussed. Analysis is focused on comparisons of the seismic responses due to different ground motions. Seismic design criteria and seismic performance requirements for long span bridges in both countries were first introduced and compared, and then three near field earthquake records with large vertical components were selected as the excitations to examine the seismic behavior and seismic vulnerability of the bridge. Results show that （1） the selected near field ground motions cause larger responses to key components （critical sections） of the bridge （such as arch rib ends） with a maximum increase of more than twice those caused by the site specific ground motions; （2） piers, longitudinal girders and arch crowns are more vulnerable to vertical motions, especially their axial forces; and （3） large vertical components of near field ground motions may not significantly affect the bridge＇s internal forces provided that their peak acceleration spectra ordinates only appear at periods of less than 0.2s. However, they may have more influence on the longitudinal displacements of sliding bearings due to their large displacement spectra ordinates at the fundamental period of the bridge.     

Effect of vehicle bridge interaction on seismic response and fragility of bridges

This study focuses on understanding and evaluating the effect of vehicle bridge interaction (VBI) on the response and fragility of bridges subjected to earthquakes. A comprehensive study on the effect of VBI on bridge seismic performance is conducted, providing metamodels for seismic response and fragility estimates for bridges in the presence of various types of vehicles. For this purpose, the performance of multispan simply supported concrete girder bridges with varying design and geometric parameters is assessed with 3 different types of stationary trucks placed atop them. To delineate the effects of VBI and additional truck mass, the trucks are modeled in 2 different ways—with additional masses and suspension springs (ie, with VBI) and using additional masses only (without VBI). The results provide insight on VBI effects, such as the fact that when bridge and vehicle mode shapes are in‐phase, the component responses increase and vice versa; additionally, the presence of a heavy axle near a bent increases component responses. Sensitivity analyses are also performed to determine the bridge parameters that significantly alter the component responses in the presence of vehicles. Furthermore, differences in component responses and fragilities highlight that modeling vehicles with additional masses alone is not sufficient to model the effect of truck presence on the seismic response of bridges. Finally, this study concludes that depending on the characteristics of the bridge and the vehicle, presence of a vehicle atop the bridge during an earthquake may be either beneficial or detrimental to bridge performance.     

Shaking table tests of a reinforced concrete bridge pier with a low-cost sliding pendulum system

After the occurrence of various destructive earthquakes in Japan, extensive efforts have been made to improve the seismic performance of bridges. Although improvements to the ductile capacities of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers have been developed over the past few decades, seismic resilience has not been adequately ensured. Simple ductile structures are not robust and exhibit a certain level of damage under extremely strong earthquakes, leading to large residual displacements and higher repair costs, which incur in societies with less-effective disaster response and recovery measures. To ensure the seismic resilience of bridges, it is necessary to continue developing the seismic design methodology of RC bridges by exploring new concepts while avoiding the use of expensive materials. Therefore, to maximize the postevent operability, a novel RC bridge pier with a low-cost sliding pendulum system is proposed. The seismic force is reduced as the upper component moves along a concave sliding surface atop the lower component of the RC bridge pier. No replaceable seismic devices are included to lengthen the natural period; only conventional concrete and steel are used to achieve low-cost design solutions. The seismic performance was evaluated through unidirectional shaking table tests. The experimental results demonstrated a reduction in the shear force transmitted to the substructure, and the residual displacement decreased by establishing an adequate radius of the sliding surface. Finally, a nonlinear dynamic analysis was performed to estimate the seismic response of the proposed RC bridge pier.     

多年冻土区桥梁的地震反应

首先研究了冻土区桥梁的抗震计算方法,对波动法和惯性力法的计算结果进行厂对比分析。对比结果表明惯性力法的计算结果偏大,但当基岩的剪切波速很大时,两种方法的结果接近。然后,采用波动法对季节性冻土区和多年冻土区桥梁结构进行了地震反应分析,研究了冻土层的变化对桥梁结构地震反应的影响,得到了不同冻土厚度、不同墩高时桥墩地震内力分布的规律。计算结果表明,冻土层的存在对桥梁的地震反应具有显著影响,桥墩的地震反应在冬夏两季具有显著区别。     

Seismic isolation of cable‐stayed bridges for near‐field ground motions

This study examines the efficacy of using seismic isolation to favorably influence the seismic response of cable‐stayed bridges subjected to near‐field earthquake ground motions. In near‐field earthquake ground motions, large amplitude spectral accelerations can occur at long periods where many cable‐stayed bridges have significant structural response modes. This combination of factors can result in large tower accelerations and base shears. In this study, lead–rubber bearing seismic isolators were modeled for three cable‐stayed bridges, and three cases of isolation were examined for each bridge. The nine isolated bridge configurations, plus three non‐isolated configurations as references, were subjected to near‐field earthquake ground motions using three‐dimensional time‐history analyses. Introduction of a small amount of isolation is shown to be very beneficial in reducing seismic accelerations and forces while at the same time producing only a modest increase in the structural displacements. There is a low marginal benefit to continue to increase the amount of isolation by further lengthening the period of the structure because structural forces and accelerations reduce at a diminishing rate whereas structural displacements increase substantially. In virtually all cases the base shears in the isolated bridges were reduced by at least 50several instances by up to 80individual near‐field records showed large variability from one record to the next, with coefficients of variation about the mean as large as 50assessing the characteristics of near‐field ground motion for use in isolation design of cable‐stayed bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.