大跨度拱桥抗震概念设计方法

由于定量分析中存在诸多的不确定性因素,大跨度拱桥需要重视抗震概念设计。给出了国内外大跨度拱桥的典型震害并进行了成因分析。从工程场地选择、合理的桥梁结构体系和布置方案等方面探讨了大跨度拱桥抗震概念设计的总体要求。从采用高强材料、提高整体延性、设置赘余构件与设置多道抗震防线方面给出了大跨度拱桥避免地震脆性破坏的设计原则。基于雅鲁藏布江大桥,提出了主要构件与次要构件的划分方法及设计原则,阐述了拱肋选材、主梁布置、横撑及辅助墩的概念设计,给出了应用减隔震技术、具有多道抗震防线及结构分层次延性破坏的抗震概念设计方法。     

桥梁减隔震技术的应用现状与发展趋势

近几十年桥梁减隔震技术在很多国家得到了广泛应用,已成为提高强震区桥梁抗震能力的重要手段。本文简要介绍了现有的桥梁减隔震装置,归纳了国内外经受过地震考验的多座隔震桥梁的抗震性能和震害表现,特别分析了2008年汶川大地震和2011年东日本大地震中的隔震桥梁及支座的抗震性能。根据减隔震桥梁的震害特征,总结了减隔震设计和应用是需注意的问题,包括减隔震设计方案选择、设计方法与构造要求、临近断层的设计挑战、减隔震装置耐久性等。最后展望了桥梁减隔震技术与理论的未来发展趋势,以促进对减隔震技术在桥梁工程领域的应用和发展。     

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥非线性抗震性能研究

基于OpenSees平台建立钢管混凝土拱桥动力分析模型,并与Midas Civil模型结果进行比对。通过一条强震记录下的IDA分析,得到钢管混凝土拱桥拱肋横桥向非线性地震性能,比较拱肋采用弹性梁单元和纤维梁单元两种模型的拱脚弯矩时程曲线和拱顶位移时程曲线,分析拱肋关键截面屈服机理,绘制它们的曲率IDA曲线和拱顶位移IDA曲线。研究结果表明:横桥向在强震作用下拱脚和拱顶不一定先屈服,而是在拱肋截面突变或有集中质量连接处,在设计时需重点考虑;随着地震动增大,先是与横撑连接处拱肋首先屈服,然后是拱脚和拱顶位置,最后向整个拱肋扩展,拱肋非线性性能良好,仍有一定的抗震储备能力。     

5跨连续中承式钢管混凝土拱桥抗震性能分析

钢管混凝土拱桥由于桥型优美在城市桥梁中得到广泛应用,对某正在设计的5跨连续巾承式钢管混凝土拱桥进行了动力特性和抗震性能分析,根据该桥的结构特点,建立了’该桥的空间有限元分析模型,计算桥梁的自振特性,基于反应谱方法计算了该桥在横向、纵向水平地震反应,计算结果表明：该桥拱肋的面外刚度相对较小,在桥梁振动中首先出现拱肋的面外振动;桥梁的竖向振动表现为拱肋与桥面的整体竖向振动,其基频明显比拱肋面外振动大;主拱肋的轴力由横桥向地震动控制,其他内力由纵桥向地震动控制;地震作用对弯矩的影响较大,故主拱的内力计算应考虑地震力的影响;在设计计算中除常规关键点应作为控制点外,内外拱连接处也应作为控制点。计算结果已为该桥的抗震设计提供了参考。     

减隔震桥梁设计方法及抗震性能研究综述

桥梁作为交通系统中的生命线工程,其抗震性能问题尤为重要。桥梁减隔震技术主要通过减隔震装置来降低结构的地震损伤,目前已发展成为提高强震区桥梁抗震能力的重要措施。为促进减隔震技术在中国桥梁工程领域的进一步发展,首先总结减隔震桥梁的设计方法,归纳其地震反应和震害情况,对采用不同减隔震装置桥梁的非线性动力性能、减隔震效果、地震随机响应、易损性及性能优化方法等研究情况进行梳理;其次,概述减隔震技术在斜交桥、曲线桥及铁路桥梁中的应用情况与研究进展,并介绍新型韧性抗震设计理念在桥梁工程领域中的应用情况和发展前景;最后,总结减隔震桥梁的试验研究情况,指出目前减隔震桥梁研究中的不足和发展趋势。     

铁路连续梁拱组合桥基于摩擦摆支座的减隔震研究

研究了铁路连续梁拱组合体系桥梁的支座减、隔震设计.针对该桥梁的特点提出了摩擦摆支座减、隔震设计的原则与方法;建立全桥计算模型,采用非线性时程分析方法重点分析了摩擦摆支座的减、隔震效果.结果表明,采用摩擦摆支座可以显著地减小结构顺桥向的最大地震弯矩及拱顶变形,横桥向的减、隔震效果受输入地震动的影响很大.     

钢阻尼滑板支座体系在常规桥梁中应用探索

目前中小跨径装配式组合梁桥的支座形式多采用普通板式支座,其抗震效果不够理想。为了很好的满足桥梁结构抗震设计要求,同时又具有良好的经济性,本文在已有减隔震体系的基础上,提出一种新型减隔震体系,即钢阻尼滑板支座体系,该体系具有经济性和减隔震性能良好的优点。并对一实际工程的中小跨径桥梁进行了理论验证,结果表明钢阻尼滑板支座体系减隔震效果良好,可以较好的满足桥梁结构抗震设计要求,具有广阔的运用价值。     

大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥抗震性能指标研究

高轴压比钢管混凝土墩柱的试验结果对钢管混凝土拱肋具有较大的借鉴意义。为明确大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的抗震性能指标,研究了高轴比钢管混凝土构件的破坏过程及延性性能。以弯矩作为性能指标将高轴压比钢管混凝土构件的试验破坏过程分为轻微损伤、有限损伤与严重损伤3个阶段,结合钢管混凝土截面性能状态的数值分析,探讨了高轴压比钢管混凝土构件的破坏机理。结果表明:高轴压比钢管混凝土构件具有一定的可用延性;提出了以计算等效屈服弯矩作为抗震性能指标,适当利用延性和实现钢管混凝土拱桥的有限损伤抗震设计,并给出了与有限损伤相关的截面性能状态及参数。研究成果弥补了规范在此方面的不足,可供高烈度地震区大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥抗震设计时参考。     

桥梁震害的历史回顾(上)

地震是社会发展不可忽视的重大风险,桥梁作为交通的咽喉,其在地震中的表现严重影响着灾害救援以及震后经济快速复苏。减轻甚至消除桥梁震害是工程师和学者的共同目标,也是当前桥梁抗震研究的核心出发点。梳理桥梁震害有助于加深对结构本身抗震的理解,同时可以了解桥梁抗震领域研究趋势和规范发展的脉络。作者以上世纪末为时间节点,分上、下两篇总结了有较大意义的数次历史地震桥梁震害情况,本文为上篇。至上世纪末期历次震后调查的经验表明:桥梁抗震设计的重要基础之一是地震危险性分析和设防;工程上需努力增强现有老旧桥梁的抗震能力,重视抗震概念设计、细部设计和减隔震设计;未来的研究重要方向是理清沙土液化、地基失效和近断层效应的影响,以及减隔震设计向(半)主动控制的发展。     

新西海桥的非线性地震响应分析

本文讨论了日本第一座公路钢管混凝土拱桥——主跨230m的新西海桥的非线性地震响应特性。采用三维有限元计算模型,用纤维单元法考虑钢管混凝土的材料非线性,用P-δ效应考虑几何非线性,讨论了在纵桥向地震作用、横桥向地震作用以及纵、横桥两方向同时作用情况下该桥的非线性地震响应特性和抗震性能。计算表明,在纵桥向地震作用时轴力的作用显著,拱脚附近产生的内力较大;而横桥向地震作用时轴力和面外弯矩作用显著,拱脚以及拱肋与桥面连接附近产生的内力较大;横向地震响应远大于纵向地震响应;应考虑纵、横桥向地震力共同作用的影响。     

Seismic performance evaluation of steel arch bridges against major earthquakes. Part 2: simplified verification procedure

The performance‐based philosophy has been accepted as a more reasonable design concept for engineering structures. For this purpose, capacity evaluation and demand prediction procedures for civil engineering structures under earthquake excitations are of great significance. This work presents a displacement‐based seismic performance verification procedure including capacity and seismic demand predictions for steel arch bridges and investigates its applicability. Pushover analyses is employed as a basis in this method to investigate the structure's behaviors. A failure criterion for steel members accounting for the effect of local buckling is involved and an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom (ESDOF) system with a simplified bilinear hysteretic model formulated using pushover analyses results is introduced to estimate the displacement capacity and maximum demand of steel arch bridges under major earthquakes. To check the accuracy of the proposed method, seismic capacities and demands from multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) time‐history analyses with Level‐II design earthquake record inputs modeling major earthquakes are used as benchmarks for comparison. By a case study, it is clarified that the proposed prediction procedure can give accurate estimations of displacement capacities and demands of the steel arch bridge in the transverse direction, while insufficient for the longitudinal direction, which confirms the conclusion drawn in other structure types about the applicability of pushover analyses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近断层地震动下设置BRB的双向减隔震桥梁地震反应

在近断层地震动下桥梁结构将发生较大反应,减隔震设计是减轻地震损伤的重要手段。提出了在桥梁双柱墩横桥向设置防屈曲支撑(BRB),在纵桥向设置铅芯橡胶支座(LRB)的双向减隔震体系。利用Midas Civil软件建立3种不同减隔震方式的桥梁结构模型:LRB仅单向,LRB双向与LRB联合BRB,运用非线性时程分析方法计算了桥墩反应(墩顶侧移角、残余位移角和曲率延性)、LRB支座变形和BRB的耗能特性等。结果表明:在近断层地震动输入下联合设置LRB和BRB的双向减隔震桥梁减震效果明显,相比其它2种方式,能有效降低墩柱的塑性变形及起到保护桥墩的作用。在横桥向,桥墩最大侧移角、残余位移角和最大曲率延性系数都显著降低。     

既有大跨度混凝土拱桥震害机理分析

以汶川地震中遭到严重破坏的金花大桥作为工程实例,基于现场震害调查资料和数值分析来研究金花大桥地震破坏机理。现场震害调查发现,金花大桥震害主要集中在主拱肋和拱上立柱,表现为混凝土开裂和拱上立柱环向裂缝等。数值分析结果表明,在地震荷载作用下主拱肋的拱脚截面抗弯能力比地震需求小,会出现弯曲破坏,拱顶截面抗震能力满足抗震需求;8#拱上立柱在柱底会发生弯曲开裂。数值分析结果与震害调查具有一致性,可为大跨度拱桥抗震设计提供参考。     

Seismic performance evaluation of steel arch bridges against major earthquakes. Part 1: dynamic analysis approach

In this study the inelastic behavior of steel arch bridges subjected to strong ground motions from major earthquakes is investigated by dynamic analyses of a typical steel arch bridge using a three‐dimensional (3D) analytical model, since checking seismic performance against severe earthquakes is not usually performed when designing such kinds of bridge. The bridge considered is an upper‐deck steel arch bridge having a reinforced concrete (RC) deck, steel I‐section girders and steel arch ribs. The input ground motions are accelerograms which are modified ground motions based on the records from the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu earthquake. Both the longitudinal and transverse dynamic characteristics of the bridge are studied by investigation of time‐history responses of the main parameters. It is found that seismic responses are small when subjected to the longitudinal excitation, but significantly large under the transverse ground motion due to plasticization formed in some segments such as arch rib ends and side pier bases where axial force levels are very high. Finally, a seismic performance evaluation method based on the response strain index is proposed for such steel bridge structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式研究

地震动输入是大跨度桥梁地震反应分析的重要一环。从明确大跨度拱桥的临界跨度入手,探讨了大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式中的行波效应、三向输入及其地震动选取问题。基于某大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥,建立了有限元分析模型,考查了行波效应及三向地震动输入对拱关键截面内力、减隔震支座位移及粘滞阻尼器冲程的影响。结果表明:给出的大跨度拱桥临界跨度确定方法合理,行波效应对拱顶轴力有重要影响,不考虑三向地震动同时作用会明显低估大跨度拱桥的地震反应。确定大跨度拱桥地震动输入模式时需考虑行波效应与三向地震动同时输入。     

基于IDA的方钢管混凝土框架-SPSW核心筒结构地震易损性研究

为研究方钢管混凝土框架-钢板剪力墙（SPSW）核心筒结构在不同强度地震下破坏概率,使用拉杆模型作为钢板剪力墙等效模型,与已有试验对比验证各参数有效性。以地震动峰值加速度（PGA）作为地震动强度参数,按照场地条件等要求选择11条地震动记录。以结构最大层间位移角作为损伤指标,对一典型方钢管混凝土框架-钢板剪力墙核心筒结构进行增量动力分析（IDA）,得到IDA曲线簇。基于增量动力分析进行易损性分析,得到易损性曲线,并计算结构的抗倒塌储备系数。结果表明:8度多遇地震作用下,此结构处于正常使用状态。8度设防地震作用下,处于修复后可使用状态。8度罕遇地震作用下,处于生命安全状态。表明该结构具有良好的抗震性能,满足规范中“小震不坏”、“中震可修”和“大震不倒”的抗震设防目标。该结构抗倒塌储备系数大于规范建议值,具有较好的抗倒塌能力。     

Shake-table tests and numerical simulation of an innovative isolation system for highway bridges

Damage investigation of small to medium-span highway bridges in Wenchuan earthquake revealed that typical damage of these bridges included: sliding between laminated-rubber bearings and bridge girders, concrete shear keys failure, excessive girder displacements and even span collapse. However, the bearing sliding could actually act as a seismic isolation for piers, and hence, damage to piers for these bridges was minor during the earthquake. Based on this concept, an innovative solation system for highway bridges with laminated-rubber bearings is developed. The system is comprised of typical laminated-rubber bearings and steel dampers. Bearing sliding is allowed during an earthquake to limit the seismic forces transmitting to piers, and steel dampers are applied to restrict the bearing displacements through hysteretic energy dissipation. As a major part of this research, a quarter-scale, two-span bridge model was constructed and tested on the shake tables to evaluate the performance of this isolation system. The bridge model was subjected to a Northridge and an artificial ground motion in transverse direction. Moreover, numerical analyses were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of the bridge model. Besides the test bridge model, a benchmark model with the superstructure fixed to the substructure in transverse direction was also included in the numerical analyses. Both the experimental and the numerical results showed high effectiveness of this proposed isolation system in the bridge model. The system was found to effectively control the pier-girder relative displacements, and simultaneously, protect the piers from severe damage. Numerical analyses also validated that the existing finite element methods are adequate to estimate the seismic response of bridges with this isolation system.