基于重磁资料研究贵州省深部构造特征

贵州省在大地构造位置上属于羌塘—扬子—华南板块下的扬子陆块,受不同构造旋回期的发展演化控制,早期地质构造被掩盖,而研究深部构造有利于构造单元划分、成矿作用等研究.本文利用区域重磁资料,结合其他地质资料,利用优选向上延拓分离不同尺度重磁异常,并对不同尺度重磁异常进行归一化总水平导数垂向导数处理,提取线性构造信息,分析区内主要断裂构造特征,进行定性分析;根据分离出的大尺度重磁异常反演研究区莫霍面、居里面起伏特征,莫霍面起伏介于34～46 km之间,总体上具有西高东低的特征;居里面深度介于22～28.5 km之间,西部以坳陷区为主,东部以隆起区为主,以区内两条深大断裂为界,深部构造具有南北分带、东西分块的特征,反映出贵州省上扬子地块与江南造山带两个三级构造分区的深部构造特征差异.     

利用重、磁资料研究五台——恒山地区构造格局

五台恒山地区是我国重要的银、锰、金及多金属成矿区.区内矿产与中生代岩体分布具有密切关系.而中生代岩体主要受断裂构造控制.因此,利用重、磁资料研究五台恒山地区的断裂构造、岩体分布及构造单元,为进一步划分成矿远景区提供地球物理依据.利用归一化总水平导数垂向导数(NVDR_THDR)技术推断研究区断裂分布,共划分断裂23条.其中一级断裂6条.二级断裂17条;利用剩余异常研究岩体的分布特征,共推断隐伏岩体34处。主要分布在五台山、恒山及灵丘一带:根据断裂和岩体的分布特征及重、磁异常场的分区特征,结合相关的地质资料,将研究区划分为11个构造区,主体走向为NE和NNE向.研究表明.NE向断裂对构造单元的展布和岩体分布起主要控制作用,并且岩体主要分布于五台山中部NE、NW及近EW向断裂的交汇处.同时位于不同构造单元的分界处.     

基于CSAMT和3D重磁地球物理模型综合解译相山石洞地区深部地质结构

本文利用CSAMT方法对相山石洞地区进行了深部地质结构探测.并尝试借助于先进的专业软件平台Oasis montaj对研究区已有的重磁数据生成3D重磁地球物理模型,从重磁模型中切取与实测CSAMT剖面大小、位置一致的密度切片和磁化率切片.将实测CSAMT剖面与密度切片和磁化率切片共同应用于解译石洞地区的深部地质结构.研究结果表明:CSAMT法较清晰的划分出了该地区的主要岩层的组间界面,刻画出了岩性界面的起伏形态,且与重磁资料共同识别出了3条已知断裂以及推测出了1条隐伏断裂;通过充分利用已有的重磁数据,不仅可以为CSAMT的地质解译提供依据,还可以提高地球物理数据的利用率降低地质工作的勘探成本.     

南海构造格局及其演化

依据重磁资料在南海及其邻区识别出17条深大断裂和10个重磁异常区.据此并结合其他地质资料,在南海及其邻区划分出7个地质结构不同的构造单元.早白垩世南海地区曾形成过统一的基底,新生代时统一的南海基底发生肢解,这一个肢解过程经历了两个在时空上接踵发生、交叠作用的构造事件.第一个构造事件为巽他地块与华夏古陆之间古南海的萎缩、闭合和地块碰撞;第二个构造事件为南沙地块裂离华夏古陆并向巽他地块增生,且伴随新南海的持续扩张,直至中中新世.区域构造演化控制了南海沉积盆地呈"北三南三、东西两竖"格局分布,进而控制了油气富集区的分布.     

重磁对应分析技术在缅甸X区块的应用研究

缅甸X区块属于陆上低成熟勘探区块,地震采集覆盖面积较少.为了预测研究区构造特征及火山岩分布情况,研究分析该区重磁异常的同源性,利用位场数据处理中的重磁对应分析技术、最大梯度模等方法,对该区重磁资料进行了处理和认识.综合分析了研究区重力场、磁力场、重磁对应分析中相关系数的基本特征,结合研究区已有地质资料及地震解释,进行构造特征认识,并综合分析了断裂划分及圈定勘探远景区.     

利用重磁资料研究莺-琼盆地构造分界及其两侧断裂特征

莺-琼盆地(即莺歌海盆地和琼东南盆地)位于印支地块与华南大陆交汇处,该区域地质构造复杂,为南海西北走滑型和伸展型陆缘的交汇区,也是印澳-欧亚板块碰撞“挤出-逃逸构造区”和“古南海俯冲-拖曳构造区”.莺-琼盆地的北部以红河断裂带中1号断裂为界,前人对其认识比较统一,但莺-琼盆地南部由于地质和地球物理资料较少、研究程度低,以致其构造格局及分界位置不明确.通过对重、磁资料的处理,认为在莺-琼盆地分界的北段存在明显的重力异常和磁力异常梯级带,该梯级带与1号断裂位置相对应;在其南段存在明显的重力异常和磁力异常高值带,推断该高值带为一“中建凸起”,结合重、磁对应分析技术确定了该“中建凸起”的分布范围.采用重、磁异常归一化总水平导数垂向导数技术识别出控制莺-琼盆地分界两侧的断裂构造,在分界以西断裂走向主要为北北西向,分界以东主要为北东向.通过地质和地球物理综合研究认为莺-琼盆地的北段以1号断裂为界,南段以“中建凸起”为界.     

新疆准噶尔北缘覆盖区深部地质结构及其地质意义——来自综合地球物理探测的证据

本文利用准噶尔北缘覆盖区的高精度地面重磁数据开展三维约束反演,揭示出准噶尔盆地北缘浅覆盖区内三维密度结构具有横向非均匀性,纵向有向深部延伸的趋势;深部广泛分布石炭纪、泥盆纪火山岩地层等高磁性体,零散分布热液蚀变导致的热退磁的火山岩;北西向分布的低密度低磁性物质,对应无磁性的断裂破碎带.结合多尺度边缘检测方法推断得到研究区隐伏断裂体系以及火山岩地层的空间展布.对贯穿研究区的综合地球物理探测剖面进行人机交互联合反演,结果显示控制扎河坝蛇绿岩带分布的南北界深大断裂在深部构成开口向下的对称扇形构造样式,说明此蛇绿岩带所代表的古洋盆具有双向俯冲的特征;结合区域地质资料,以及岩石地球化学研究成果,认为剖面穿过的3个酸性岩体均为形成于晚石炭世后造山拉张构造环境的A型花岗岩,可能是准噶尔东北缘造山作用结束的标志.最后结合大量地质、地球化学和地球物理资料,对准噶尔东北缘区域构造演化进行了讨论,认为扎河坝—阿尔曼太古洋盆于中奥陶世开始汇聚,古洋盆向南北两侧双向俯冲,在晚志留纪-早泥盆纪洋盆闭合.     

根据重、磁资料探讨中国东部及其邻域断裂体系

对中国贺兰山－龙门山以东的中国陆、海及其邻域，在分析地球物理场特征的基础上进行断裂体系研究．基本以重、磁资料为基础，结合地质资料，重点讨论断裂构造，进而揭示出断裂体系主要分为板块边界断裂带、块体边界断裂带和块体内部断裂带．这些断裂反映出研究区＂东西成带、南北分块＂的特征。     

山东成武——曹县地区磁异常特征及铁矿预测

BIF型铁矿是发育于华北克拉通内的主要铁矿类型之一,在鲁西南多地也发育该类型铁矿.通过收集以往地质、物探、矿产等成果资料,本次研究工作优选了成武—曹县航磁异常区开展1∶2.5万高精度磁法测量,同时在磁异常重点地段辅以大比例尺重磁精测剖面来进行异常综合解译;上述测量成果查明了研究区磁异常特征和异常较高部位分布范围,即该区磁场表现为"南东、北西低;中部、西部高"的特点,同时该重、磁异常具有同源的特征,与区域上已勘查发现的单县铁矿床物探异常形态相类似.物探数据解译推断了研究区内的构造格架(NW向和NE向2条基岩断裂,分别为曹县断裂和王集断裂),圈定了泰山岩群山草峪组及古近纪地层的分布范围,前者分布于研究区北部地区,后者分布于研究区南侧和西侧地区.本次物探解译工作共圈出了4处磁异常(分别为冉堌镇磁异常、普连集磁异常、九女集磁异常、安仁集磁异常);通过对以上磁异常的对比分析和综合研究,本次研究工作共在该4处磁异常中进一步圈定了4处找矿靶区(分别为冉堌镇找矿靶区、普连集找矿靶区、九女集找矿靶区、安仁集找矿靶区).综合分析上述找矿靶区的勘查前景认为以上找矿靶区具有一定的勘查价值,其中安仁集找矿靶区的铁矿勘查前景较好.     

基于综合地球物理资料研究余下—铁炉子断裂带及邻区深部构造特征及其地质意义

通过整理、收集研究区近年来新测地球物理数据,结合钻井和地质等资料以及前人研究成果,利用新方法处理了研究区重磁数据,讨论了余下—铁炉子断裂带及邻区重磁异常特征及地质意义,推断了研究区断裂构造,结合地震和电法对研究区构造特征进行了定性和定量分析,并探讨了该断裂带对研究区的地质意义.结果表明,余下—铁炉子断裂带为近EW向复合型岩石圈断裂带,受多期构造演化和构造应力影响,其埋深较大、切割深度较大,断裂性质呈多期次性、复杂性、多样性和活动性,在渭河盆地和秦岭地块的断裂性质不一.该断裂带在渭河盆地内呈隐伏深大断裂带,断裂带及邻区深部构造稳定性较差,更新世以来深部构造仍在活动,同时结合该断裂带周围深、浅部地质构造的分异性和不稳定性说明了该区有孕育发生中小、中强地震的构造条件,推测存在中小地震发生的可能性.余下—铁炉子活动断裂带具区域性控(导)岩(矿)作用,控制了盆地南缘的形成和发展,断裂带周围及与其他断裂的交汇处附近是该区"一热两气"和矿藏等资源主要分布区.     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

山西高平地震

阐述了发生在山西高平的地震和对高平有影响的地震，分析了高平市的地震灾害，通过分析得出高平地震与晋获断裂带活动有关的结论。     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers

Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed.