成都地震台网对印度洋特大地震面波震级的复测--面波震级都会饱和吗

对于2004年12月26日印度洋大地震，成都地震遥测台网有宽频带数字地震记录波形没有出格，测定的面波震级为9．0。这对于通常人们认为面波震级超过8．6可能出现饱和是一个值得注意和研究的现象。     

层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波频散函数的计算

本采用层状、均匀、各向同性和完全弹性模型，在柱坐标系下，利用位移应力在各界面处连续及自由表面边界条件和无穷远处的辐射条件，得出了层状介质中轴对称柱面瑞利面波的频散函数，并进行了数值计算，取得了好的效果。对瑞利面波在工程中的应用有一定的理论指导作用。     

面波压制的Ridgelet域方法

面波压制是地震数据处理中的一个重要问题. 常规的处理方法虽然能在一定程度上压制面波，但是在处理过程中只是单一的利用面波的一种特性,例如频率域滤波中利用面波与有效信号频率之间的差别，因此难以有效地压制面波. 利用Ridgelet变换可将原始地震记录拓展到（a,τ,p）三维空间，从而可以同时利用地震记录的视速度、时间和尺度域特性差别，实现有效信号与面波的分离. 文中通过理论合成记录及实际地震记录的算例，证实了基于Ridgelet变换的面波压制方法是有效且可行的.     

地震面波产生的地震动转动分量研究

本文利用弹性波动理论对地面转动分量，即瑞利（Rayleigh)波和乐夫（Love)波产生的转动分量进行了研究，给出了相应的计算公式和计算方法，特别注意到面波的散射效应对转动分量的影响，并将这一特性引入到转动分量的求取中，使问题的解决更切合于实际，最后选取实际地震记录，利用得到的公式计算出地震面波产生的转动分量。     

多道面波分析方法及其应用研究

正浅层地表介质的剪切波速是工程抗震设计、场地地震危险性分析、场地地震效应研究等研究的重要基础。面波勘探方法是一种利用人工震源激发产生的瑞雷面波来反演地下介质弹性参数特别是剪切波速的现场原位测试方法,工作效率高且经济成本低。本文针对面波勘探中相对较新的多道面波分析方法(MASW)在地下介质剪切波速探测中的应用进行了研究。主要研究内容及取得的成果如下:(1)利用传递矩阵法(Dunkin)计算了水平层位条件下的瑞雷波相速度频散曲线,并总结     

表面多次波衰减的研究现状与进展

表面多次波是一种相干干扰，在海洋地球物理勘探中表面多次波尤为明显.本文给出了表面多次波衰减方法的研究现状的系统阐述，并分析了表面多次波衰减研究的发展趋势.表面多次波衰减主要有滤波法和波动理论方法.对于滤波法给出了广泛应用的抛物Radon变换法的实例，指出了抛物Radon 变换法存在滤波时能量泄漏的问题.同时本文分析了基于波动理论的处理优势和存在的问题，该方法可以处理任意介质的情形，但是对于数据的采集要求比较严格，另外在进行表面多次波衰减处理以前，要进行一系列的预处理，这些预处理的误差直接决定着多次波衰减的效果.最后，本文给出了表面多次波衰减的发展趋势——将滤波法和波动理论法结合来实现多次波的衰减.两类方法如何有效地结合是该类方法一个重要的研究方向.     

二维起伏地形瑞利面波速度频散特性数值模拟研究

瑞利面波在起伏地形下传播的特性不仅与介质性质有关,而且与地形起伏程度有关.目前,国内外对水平地形下瑞利面波频散特性研究较为成熟,但对起伏地形下瑞利面波的频散研究较少.由于地形影响,面波和体波是耦合在一起的,完备的理论尚在探索中.本文以水平地形瑞利面波传播理论为基础展开起伏地形下瑞利面波传播特性研究.首先应用二维有限元数值模拟方法,基于波场快照和合成地表地震记录研究了起伏地形条件下瑞利面波波场的传播特征.在此基础上,研究了起伏地形引起的波场畸变对多道瑞利面波速度频散分析的影响.研究表明:由于起伏地形对波场能量的散射和反射产生传播波的模式转换,导致起伏地形远场为瑞利面波和转换S波叠加的复杂波场,该复杂波场会影响多道瑞利面波的速度频散特征.当地形高差小于0.2个优势波长时,地形影响较小可以近似忽略;而当地形高差接近或大于面波的优势波长时,地形影响较大,在资料解释需考虑.     

十六、大尺度和小尺度的各向异性

十六、大尺度和小尺度的各向异性在过去的３０年间，各向异性介质中波的传播理论得到了发展。同时，由各种地震资料源，例如Ｐｎ波观测、长周期面波、自由振荡以及剪切波分裂等不断地获得了大量的各向异性观测结果。各向异性对于地震学的发展是重要的，因为它提供了关于地...     

凹陷地形对Rayleigh面波传播影响的研究

利用局域离散波数法，研究了地形对近地表爆炸源产生的Rayleigh面波的影响，展示了Rayleigh面波穿越地形过程中波的传播进程，研究了穿越地形前后Rayleigh面波能量、频率的变化，并讨论了该变化与地形起伏程度的关系，从中可见，Rayleigh面波穿越地形时，激发出新的体波和面波，并且越陡的地形对面波传播的阻碍性越强，且面波高频部分能量损失的越多.     

主动源和被动源面波浅勘方法综述

面波勘探在浅层勘探中获得了广泛应用.随着地震干涉理论和被动源噪声互相关技术的发展,发现传统的基于微动技术的空间自相关技术(SPAC)方法和背景噪声互相关函数(NCF)的物理本质是一致的,因此,将地震干涉理论用于被动源面波勘探中的技术和方法越来越受到关注.本文基于地震干涉理论和应用的发展,对面波勘探的原理进行了简要介绍,阐述了主动源方法中稳态法、瞬态法等各种常规方法.并根据最新的研究进展,对被动源SPAC和NCF方法在浅层勘探中的应用进行了评述,分析了各种勘探方法的原理和特点,叙述了主动源与被动源SPAC方法及NCF方法三者联合勘探的新思路,有望将传统的面波勘探技术拓展到浅层三维速度结构的精细探测.叙述了面波反演过程中多模式问题的一些重要概念和处理方法,最后讨论了面波方法的发展趋势和几个值得关注的研究方向.     

完全匹配层吸收边界在孔隙介质弹性波模拟中的应用

模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播，需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射. 本文在前人工作基础上，首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法，并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现. 首先，本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比，验证所提出的数值方法的正确性；然后，本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能，将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比，研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力. 数值结果表明，在孔隙介质中，完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波，无论对体波还是面波，是一种高效边界吸收算法.     

频率域声-弹耦合地震波波动方程有限差分方法

本文针对声-弹耦合介质,为尽可能的减少频率域正演模拟的计算内存,提高计算效率,在一阶非均质位移-应力波动方程的基础上,借助等效交错网格思想并充分考虑密度参数空间变化对地震波传播的影响,推导了声-弹耦合地震波波动方程.在流相介质和固相介质中分别采用非均质情况频率域二阶声压标量波、二阶纯位移控制方程,为保证流、固相介质间地震波能量的稳定传输和有效交换,提出了声-弹耦合界面转换过渡层方法,并详细阐述了过渡层与上下介质空间差分具体耦合方法.在与非均质纯位移波动方程正演结果对比分析的基础上,首先采用各向同性单层流相介质模型进行正演模拟验证了声-弹耦合方程数值模拟中过渡层策略的有效性和准确性,随后又数值模拟了地震波在声-弹耦合介质简单模型和复杂Marmousi2模型中的传播,验证了本文方法稳定性和准确性,同时该方法可以简单的推广到三维情况.     

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

均匀介质背景中三维异常体的面波波场响应及其动力学特征分析

除介质各向异性之外,地球内部介质的横向非均匀性也是控制面波速度变化的重要因素.本文基于振型耦合和多重散射的地震波传播理论,数值模拟并分析了在具有均匀介质背景的三维异常体——上地幔横向非均匀介质中传播时,地震面波的振幅与偏振等动力学响应参数;其中分别模拟了不同周期入射、不同角度入射和不同尺度非均匀介质模型等多种情形下面波波场,并对横向非均匀性诱导的面波偏振异常进行了分析.结果表明,相对于长周期面波而言,短周期面波的振幅和偏振方向受横向非均匀性的影响更大,特别是偏振方向对地球结构的非均匀性更为敏感;切向分量存在横向非均性引起的Rayleigh与Love面波耦合现象;异常体边界处表现出强的面波波场响应.     

基于交错网格有限差分法的断面波叠前时间偏移成像影响因素正演分析

断层和断裂带的有效识别是地震资料解释中的重要环节,断层在地震信号响应中以断面波的形式体现,因此断面波成像的质量关系到断层的精细识别与刻画.本文利用精度较高的交错网格有限差分正演模拟方法对断面波成像的影响因素进行了正演研究,主要正演分析的参数包括采集因素中的电缆长度和采集方向,地质因素中的断层倾角、断距、反射系数,以及处理因素中的偏移方法等几个方面.通过正演论证得出：采用合理的采集参数能够提高断面波的照明度;有效结合地质因素能够提高断面波的解释精度;利用合理的偏移方法能够使断层归位更加准确,断面波有效成像.基于以上结论,对于断面波的精确识别与刻画,应综合采集因素,处理因素及地质因素,只有这样才能提高断层的解释精度,有效减小解释误差.     

A numerical study on the effects of wave–current–surge interactions on the height and propagation of sea surface waves in Charleston Harbor during Hurricane Hugo 1989

The effects of wave–current interactions on ocean surface waves induced by Hurricane Hugo in and around the Charleston Harbor and its adjacent coastal waters are examined by using a three-dimensional (3D) wave–current coupled modeling system. The 3D storm surge modeling component of the coupled system is based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), the wave modeling component is based on the third generation wave model, Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN), and the inundation model is adopted from [Xie, L., Pietrafesa, L. J., Peng, M., 2004. Incorporation of a mass-conserving inundation scheme into a three-dimensional storm surge model. J. Coastal Res., 20, 1209–1223]. The results indicate that the change of water level associated with the storm surge is the primary cause for wave height changes due to wave–surge interaction. Meanwhile, waves propagating on top of surge cause a feedback effect on the surge height by modulating the surface wind stress and bottom stress. This effect is significant in shallow coastal waters, but relatively small in offshore deep waters. The influence of wave–current interaction on wave propagation is relatively insignificant, since waves generally propagate in the direction of the surface currents driven by winds. Wave–current interactions also affect the surface waves as a result of inundation and drying induced by the storm. Waves break as waters retreat in regions of drying, whereas waves are generated in flooded regions where no waves would have occurred without the flood water.     

Simulation of the Seismic Response of Sedimentary Basins with Vertical Constant-Gradient Velocity for Incident <Emphasis Type="Italic">SH</Emphasis> Waves

The simulation of the seismic response of heterogeneous sedimentary basins under incident plane waves is computed using the Indirect Boundary Element Method (IBEM). To deal with these kinds of basins we used approximate analytical expressions for the two-dimensional Greens functions of a medium with constant-gradient wave propagation velocity. On the other hand, for the homogeneous half space underlying the sedimentary basin, the full space Greens functions were used. The response of semi-circular heterogeneous basins under incident SH waves is explored by means of the displacements in the frequency-space diagrams and synthetic seismograms. Moreover, we compared these results with those obtained for other homogeneous semi-circular models. The principal differences among them are pointed out. This simulation provided interesting results that displayed a complex amplification pattern in a rich spectrum of frequencies and locations. The maximum amplitudes levels were found around the edges of the heterogeneous sedimentary basins. In time domain some features characterize the seismic response of the basin which include enhanced generation and trapping of surface waves inside the sediments, and the reduced emission of seismic energy to the hard rock. In the heterogeneous models the lateral reflections of surface waves greatly influence the total displacements at the free surface in comparison with the homogeneous models where the displacements have a shared influence among both vertical and lateral reflections.     

Suppression of seismic surface waves based on adaptive weighted super-virtual interferometry

For land seismic surveys, the surface waves are the dominant noises that mask the effective signals on seismograms. The conventional methods isolate surface waves from the effective signals by the differences in frequencies or apparent velocities, but may not perform well when these differences are not obvious. Since the original seismic interferometry can only predict inter-receiver surface waves, we propose the use of super-virtual interferometry (SVI), which is a totally data-driven method, to predict shot-to-receiver surface waves, since this method relieves the limitation that a real shot should collocate with one of the receivers for adaptive subtraction. We further develop the adaptive weighted SVI (AWSVI) to improve the prediction of dispersive surface waves, which may be generated from heterogeneous media at the near surface. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of AWSVI to predict dispersive surface waves and its applicability to the complex near surface. The application of AWSVI on the field data from a land survey in the east of China improves the suppression of the residual surface waves compared to the conventional methods.     

时间域全波场各向异性弹性参数反演

从各向异性弹性波的有限元正演方程出发 ,导出了反问题中时间域雅可比矩阵求解的计算公式 .它具有与时间域有限元正演方程相同的表达形式 ,故可通过有限元正演计算来获得雅可比矩阵 .研究了有限元正演算法的效率和精度、吸收边界条件等方面的问题 ,以提高反演系统的效率和精度 .在此基础上 ,实现了叠前全波场各向异性弹性参数反演 .计算表明 ,在初始模型偏离真实模型较大的情况下 ,层状模型和横向不均匀模型的反演结果均能准确地收敛到真实模型上 .     

Rayleigh modes in anisotropic,heterogeneous poroelastic layers

The generalized Rayleigh type surface waves are studied in a multilayered medium consisting of anisotropic poroelastic solid layered stack beneath a fluid layer and overlying a heterogeneous elastic solid half-space. The heterogeneity, considered, is of vertical type. The interface between solid layer and half-space is treated as an imperfect interface and suitable boundary conditions are applied thereat. The technique of transfer matrix is used to obtain the dispersion equation in compact and convenient form. Numerical results are obtained for particular models. The effects of anisotropy and heterogeneity on the surface waves speed are discussed.