一种多波联合预测油气技术研究及应用

常规纵波(P波)油气检测利用单一纵波波场信息进行预测,预测结果多解性较强,而本文实现了多种波场信息综合预测,可减少预测的多解性,提高预测的准确性.多波多分量地震勘探比常规纵波地震勘探可获得到更多的波场信息,包括纵波(P波)波场信息和转换横波(P-SV波、P-SH波)波场信息,这为多波场信息综合运用减少勘探多解性提供了较好的资料基础.首先,对P波进行地震层位解释,可得到P波目的层顶、底时间;其次,对P-SV波进行地震层位解释,可得到P-SV波目的层顶、底时间;再次,对P波做P波AVO分析,可求得P波AVO截距;再次,对P-SV波做P-SV波AVO分析,可求得P-SV波AVO截距;最后,计算机编程研制多波流体因子计算程序,同时输入上述6个参数,计算得到多波多分量流体因子数据体,据此可进行多波多分量油气预测.根据实际工区应用,取得了较好的实际应用效果.实际应用结果表明:本方法技术是可行的、可靠的,可提高油气预测的精度和可靠性.     

利用速度型数字地震仪记录测定面波震级

根据ＬＡＳＰＥＩ所推荐的面波震公式，本文发展了一种利用长周期速度型数字地震仪记录测定面波震级的新方法，由于长周期数字地震仪基于上都采用速度平坦型设计，周期从３ｓ到２８０ｓ范围内仪器的放大倍数（增益）是一个常数，用本文的方法可以非常方便，准确地测定面波震级，实际计算表明，测定的面波震级与美国ＮＥＩＣ公布的结果相一致。     

面波压制的Ridgelet域方法

面波压制是地震数据处理中的一个重要问题. 常规的处理方法虽然能在一定程度上压制面波，但是在处理过程中只是单一的利用面波的一种特性,例如频率域滤波中利用面波与有效信号频率之间的差别，因此难以有效地压制面波. 利用Ridgelet变换可将原始地震记录拓展到（a,τ,p）三维空间，从而可以同时利用地震记录的视速度、时间和尺度域特性差别，实现有效信号与面波的分离. 文中通过理论合成记录及实际地震记录的算例，证实了基于Ridgelet变换的面波压制方法是有效且可行的.     

面波频散谱多模式高分辨率成像的多道信号比较法

高分辨率的面波频散谱成像是浅层地震勘探领域基于频散性质反演横波速度结构中的一个关键步骤.在天然地震探测领域,仅利用两个台站记录的线性信号比较法(LSC),被广泛用来计算面波的频散谱,并用于大尺度的面波层析成像.然而互相关的成像方式会造成频散谱在低频端较低的分辨率.非线性信号比较法(NLSC)利用指数函数克服了这个问题,同时极大地提高了频散谱的成像分辨率.然而,在研究中我们发现,仅利用两个台站的地震记录,并不能将面波的频散特性完整地考虑在内,导致LSC和NLSC方法对高阶模式的成像存在较大的误差.由于主动源面波勘探多道采集的方式,基于信号比较理论的多道信号比较法(MSC)充分利用多道地震信号,可以获得准确的多模式成像,然而该方法需要计算任意两道的频散谱并叠加,存在冗余的计算,导致计算效率较低.因此,本研究对MSC方法进行了相应的改进,通过追踪炮集记录上的面波波组提高了原方法的计算效率,同时,利用理论频散曲线进行叠加分析,验证了改进的MSC方法的正确性和有效性.通过与相移法、LSC和NLSC方法的对比分析,展示了MSC方法是一种准确的、高分辨率的面波多模式频散谱成像方法.实际地震资料的应用,揭示了MSC方法在浅层地震勘探中用于提取面波多模式频散信息的巨大潜力.     

Mwp震级在海啸地震中的应用

具有一定面波震级的海啸地震常常产生巨大的海啸，要想对海啸地震作出较早的，准确的海啸预报，尽早地确定其为可能引发海啸的事件是十分关键的。本文显示，利用P波脉冲宽度计算宽频带矩震级Mwp，可给出震源持续时间的精确估计，我们发现，结合Mwp和震源持续时间即可确定1992年的尼加拉瓜地震为一个可能的海啸地震。我们的结果显示，Mwp结合源持续时间可为海啸预报提供一种有效的工具，尤其是对于震源持续时间特别长的海地震。     

基于匹配滤波的多次波压制方法研究

常规滤波方法对浅海多次波压制不能取得理想效果.通过改变模型表面边界条件，求解波动方程实现多情景地震数值模拟.利用自由边界条件模拟时获得含海平面强反射多次波地震记录，而利用吸收边界条件时得到理想条件下无多次波地震记录.对比分析多次波对有效地震信号的影响得到海平面强反射多次波改变了有效地震信号的振幅、频率和相位.利用归一化方法计算得到压制多次波滤波器算子，并作用于含海平面强反射多次波地震记录.叠加地震剖面对比分析表明，归一化滤波器算子较好的压制了地震记录中的多次波，提高地震资料分辨率.最后，根据多次波产生条件，给出了利用实际区域简化地质模型的地震数值模拟结果计算归一化滤波器算子的方法，从而利用该方法压制实际地震数据中多次波.     

三维井间地震侧面波传播特征及其分离研究

井间地震与常规地震相比具有较高的分辨率,同时波场也更加复杂.利用视速度特征的差异很容易地分离井间上下行波场,根据纵横波偏振特征的不同可将纵横波完全分离,但是针对井间地震侧面波的研究并不多.本文构建高速透镜体和断层模型进行波场数值模拟,通过对三维地震波场的传播特征进行分析可知,井间地震接收的波场既有岩性分界面的响应,还会有侧向地质不均匀体产生的干扰,严重影响成像的质量和精度.经偏振旋转后的T分量记录对物性横向变化较为敏感,综合分析X、Y、Z分量和T分量上不同连井剖面的波场传播特征,可对侧向传播的干扰波进行有效识别,利用线性Radon变换可以在一定程度上将侧面波进行压制,为后续井间地震资料处理提供高信噪比的数据.本文通过理论模型进行试算研究,验证了该方法的有效性,并对理论记录取得了较好的分离效果.     

共炮检距二维弹性波地震剖面的偏移方法

共均匀各向同性介质的分界面上入射纵波时，除产生纵波反射Ｐ－Ｐ波外，还会产生转换横波的反射Ｐ－ＳＶ波。同样，当入射波为ＳＶ横波时，在分界面上会同时产生ＳＶ－ＳＶ反射波和ＳＶ－Ｐ反射转换波。对这种二维弹性波地震记录如何进行偏移是探讨的问题。为了能够处理实际地震数据，本文提出在共炮检距剖面上进行二维弹性波记录的偏移方法。     

大庆电场地震实验资料的面波特征

通过对电场作用下的地震面波特征的研究，发现电场对地震面波的影响比对地震反射波的影响要大，这对进一步研究电场地震的机制有重要作用。     

基于小波谱能量曲线EWT的面波压制算法

面波提取和压制是地震资料处理的关键问题之一,对地震资料处理的准确性具有重要影响.针对传统地震面波压制算法面波分离精度低、有效波损伤大的问题,提出一种基于小波谱能量曲线(Wavelet Spectrum Energy Curve,WSEC)经验小波变换(Empirical Wavelet Transform,EWT)的面波压制算法,该算法利用连续小波变换(Continuous Wavelet Transform,CWT)精细化的时频分析能力得到地震信号的WSEC,从频率和能量两个维度对信号进行自适应分解,提高面波提取精度.首先对地震记录进行CWT,根据小波谱计算各频率点的能量得到WSEC;基于WSEC极大值点的频率及ε邻域法确定频谱分割边界进行改进EWT,得到依能量和频率分解的各固有模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF);根据各子频带的频率和能量确定面波IMF,最后对面波IMF进行带通滤波以保护其中的有效波.仿真实验表明,算法能根据地震信号的频率和能量自适应分解,实现面波的精准分离与提取;实际地震资料处理表明,算法能准确分离面波,能最大限度保护有效波,提高资料信噪比,是一种有效可靠的面波压制算法.     

Response of tall buildings to base rocking induced by Rayleigh waves

By now, it is well known that long‐period surface waves can induce resonant response in high‐rise buildings, in particular those located in sedimentary basins. Rayleigh wave passage has been reported to induce rocking motion at the base of the buildings which can increase displacement demands significantly. However, the building behavior to base rocking has not been extensively studied because commercially available instruments do not record rotational components of ground motion, and thus, rocking time histories have not been available to the analysts. In a recent study, we proposed an effective method for estimating the rocking associated with Rayleigh waves, which takes into account their frequency‐dependent phase velocities. In the present work, we select a number of recorded seismic motions which include surface waves on sedimentary basins from recent well‐recorded earthquake events. Then, we proceed to identify and extract the recorded surface waves by using the technique mentioned above. Using realistic soil‐structure analytical models that have been proposed in the published literature for high‐rise buildings, we study their response to Rayleigh waves as they respond to both translational and rocking motions. Of particular interest is to compare the response of such structures with and without the presence of rotational motions due to surface waves. Using the roof displacement and the building interstory drift as response quantities, our results indicate that demands are controlled by rotational (rocking) motions associated with Rayleigh waves.     

A brief theory and computing of seismic ground rotations for structural analyses

The seismic ground rotations are important with respect to spatial structural models, which are sensitive to the wave propagation. The rotational ground motion can lead to significant increasing of structural response, instability and unusual damages of buildings. Currently, the seismic analyses often take into account the rocking and torsion motions separately using artificial accelerograms. We present an exact analytical method, proposed by Nazarov [15] for computing of three rotational accelerograms simultaneously from given translational records. The method is based on spectral representation in the form of Fourier amplitude spectra of seismic waves, corresponding to the given three-component translational accelerogram. The composition, directions and properties of seismic waves are previously determined in the form of a generalized wave model of ground motion. It is supposed that seismic ground motion can be composed by superposition of P, SV, SH- and surface waves. As an example, the dynamic response analysis of 25-story building is presented. Here recorded (low-frequency) and artificial (high-frequency) accelerograms were used; each of them includes three translational and three rotational components. In this structural analysis, we have clarified primarily conditions under which rotational ground motion should be taken into account. Next, we have calculated three rotational components of seismic ground motion. Then they were taken as additional seismic loads components for further seismic analysis of the building. Note, soil–structure interaction (SSI) is not considered in this study. For computing, we use the special software for structural analyses and accelerogram processing (FEA Software STARK ES and Odyssey software, Eurosoft Co., Russia). It was developed and is used in engineering practice in the Central Research Institute of Building Constructions (TsNIISK, Moscow, Russia).     

Structural response for six correlated earthquake components

The paper examines the effect on the structural response of the inevitable correlation which exists between the six earthquake components acting along a set of structural axes. The rotational components are expressed in terms of the spatial derivatives of the translational components. For the calculation of response, modal analysis is employed so that ground response spectra can also be used as seismic input. A methodology is developed to obtain the maximum mean square response which can occur in a structure, irrespective of its orientation with respect to the impinging seismic waves. The application of this methodology for the calculation of design response is advocated, especially for asymmetric structures. For the assumed model of seismic wave motion, the numerical results show a significant contribution to the response from the rotational components. This contribution is, however, expected to be reduced by structural foundation averaging and interaction effects. Further studies with more complete models of seismic wave motions, and their interaction with structural foundations, are thus warranted for a realistic evaluation and characterization of the rotational inputs for design purposes.     

六分量弹性波场数值模拟与分析

地震波传播过程中,质点的振动不仅包括三个独立的平移部分,还包括三个独立的旋转部分.本文基于一阶速度-应力弹性波方程,采用分裂完全匹配层(SPML)的吸收边界条件,推导了时间导数二阶精度和空间导数高阶精度的交错网格有限差分格式的弹性波速度与应力各分量计算公式,模拟了各向同性介质中均匀模型和层状模型下的六分量波场,并对二维各向同性层状模型下的三个分量地震记录做高分辨率线性拉东变换得到各自的频散能谱.数值模拟分析结果表明:(1)旋转分量的能量要比平动分量弱的多;(2)在平动分量上,面波能量强,频率低,反射P波能量较强,反射S波能量稍弱;在旋转分量上,反射P波能量很弱,S波能量强;(3)与平动分量相比,旋转分量的频散能谱效果更好,能看到基阶和完整的高阶面波,即旋转分量能反映更多的地下介质信息.     

Directional dependence of site effects observed near a basin edge at Aegion,Greece

We study site effects using 520 weak motion earthquake records from a vertical array in Aegion, Greece. The array is inside a basin, has four stations in soil, and one in bedrock (178 m depth). The site is marked by high seismicity and complex surface geology. We first use the records to establish the downhole accelerometer orientations and their evolution with time. Then we estimate site effects using empirical spectral ratios with and without a reference site (standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio). We find significant site amplification which cannot be accounted for by 1D model predictions, along with a significant difference in the amplification level between the two horizontal components. These are indications of 2D effects, namely surface waves generated at the basin edge. The difference in amplification between the horizontal components is maximised when these are rotated with respect to the orientation of the basin edge. The strongest amplification takes place in the direction parallel to the basin edge (SH, or out-of-plane motion), and is up to 2 times higher than in the perpendicular direction (SV, or in-plane motion). This directional effect on the amplification is corroborated by numerical 2D modelling using incident SH and SV waves, with the former possibly generating strong Love waves. In the records, the directionality is clear for windows containing the largest amplitudes of the records (S waves and strong surface waves), while it tends to vanish for coda-wave windows. This directionality is also observed when using response spectral ratios rather than Fourier ratios. We compute soil-to-rock amplification factors for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and find it is significantly higher than what is predicted by current design codes. We attribute this difference to the basin edge amplification, linear soil behaviour, and to the inability of simple scalar values like PGA to describe complex amplification effects. Finally, we analyse the earthquake records at a surface station near the slope crest and do not observe significant topographic amplification.     

Approximate formulas for rotational effects in earthquake engineering

The paper addresses the issue of researching into the engineering characteristics of rotational strong ground motion components and rotational effects in structural response. In this regard, at first, the acceleration response spectra of rotational components are estimated in terms of translational ones. Next, new methods in order to consider the effects of rotational components in seismic design codes are presented by determining the effective structural parameters in the rotational loading of structures due only to the earthquake rotational components. Numerical results show that according to the frequency content of rotational components, the contribution of the rocking components to the seismic excitation of short period structures can never be ignored. During strong earthquakes, these rotational motions may lead to the unexpected overturning or local structural damages for the low-rise multi-story buildings located on soft soil. The arrangement of lateral-load resisting system in the plan, period, and aspect ratio of the system can severely change the seismic loading of wide symmetric buildings under the earthquake torsional component.     

用长周期面波波形拟合及P波初动方向估计中等地震的震源机制

提出利用周期范围４５-１００ｓ间的面波波形拟合与Ｐ波初动符号相结合,估计中小地震震源机制的方法．给出两个倾滑为主和三个走滑为主的震例．其中最小的是１９９６年１２月１６日北京顺义ＭＬ４．５级地震.比较了１９９６年２月５日云南丽江Ｍｓ６．０级余震的机制解与美国哈佛大学ＣＭＴ结果的相似程度,各震例记录图与理论图的相似程度,以及初动分布与主压力轴Ｐ和主动力轴Ｔ分布区的一致程度．从比较结果看,得到的震源机制解有参考价值,开发的软件有可用性．     

Earthquake fragmentation and slip processes: Spin and shear-twist wave mosaic

We follow our former considerations on rotational processes and emission of rotation and shear-twist waves as occurring in earthquake source zones. A concise presentation of the motion and constitutive relations is given for each type of the four fundamental point deformations: displacements, rotations, point stretch/squeeze, and string-string point deformations (shear nuclei).