Gas outburst disasters and the mining technology of key protective seam in coal seam group in the Huainan coalfield

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. To aid gas control in high-gas outburst coal seam group, this study performed research based on the geological conditions of the Xinzhuangzi coal mine in the Huainan coalfield. The laws of gas occurrence, the strength of the coal outburst, and the regional partition were studied. Simultaneously, we introduced the key protective seam mining technology and confirmed the mining sequence of coal seam groups. The results indicate that (1) each seam absorbs gas well, and the currently measured gas content is up to 15.0 m³/t. (2) Although some differences about coal seams outburst intensity remain, the differences in the same group are very small. (3) The coal seam B10 was chosen as the key protective seam and was mined first; then adjacent seams were mined from bottom to top by layer within the roof of B10 and from top-to-bottom within the floor of B10 to guarantee each adjacent coal seam received the good effects of pressure-relief and increasing permeability. (4) The main methods of gas extraction in each protected seam are surface boreholes and net-like penetrating boreholes in the floor roadway, and related technical parameters were determined according to the degree of pressure-relief in coal seam. This in situ experiment indicates a method aiding the gas control problem and guaranteeing safe and highly efficient exploitation of high-gas outburst seams.     

Researches of fracture evolution induced by soft rock protective seam mining and an omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technical system: a case study

In the absence of a suitable coal seam to serve as the protective seam in deep mining, an innovative solution of using the soft rock seam as the protective seam mining has been put forward. Taking the Luling Coal Mine as the engineering background, theoretical analysis and similar simulation experiment were conducted to study the key technologies used in soft rock protective seam (SRPS) mining. This included the characteristics of the pressure-relief gas source and accumulation zone, and the pressure-relief gas extraction of the protected seam. The results show that after mining the SRPS, the pressure-relief gas rushing out of nearby coal seams has become the major gas source in SRPS mining. An omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction system was developed, which consisted of techniques such as buried pipes in the goaf, ground extraction wells, intercepting boreholes, and seam-crossing boreholes. During the investigation, the total pressure-relief gas extraction flow amounted to 29.5 m³/min, and the gas pre-extraction rate reached 66.6% for the overlying protected seams (seams 8 and 9). The investigation into the protective effects in the cut hole showed that the maximal gas pressure and content were 0.35 MPa and 4.87 m³/t, respectively. This indicated that drilling extraction boreholes in the gas accumulation zone played a key role in obtaining an improved pressure-relief gas extraction effect. Further, these findings suggested that SRPS mining (in combination with omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technology) could turn dangerous coal seams into ones with much less gas content, and hence free from gas outburst.     

下伏煤层瓦斯压力消散数值模拟

平煤五矿己15煤层为低瓦斯煤层,下伏己16-17煤层为高瓦斯煤层,相对层间距比例1.0-4。己16-17煤层煤厚3.5m,为主采煤层。为降低己16-17煤层的瓦斯压力,实现安全高效生产,该矿以已15煤层为保护层,采用上保护层开采技术改变具有突出危险的煤层瓦斯赋存状态,降低被保护层的瓦斯压力。基于多孔介质流体流动理论,利用有限元数值模拟技术,模拟平顶山五矿超近上保护层的开挖过程,分析被保护煤层的瓦斯流动过程和煤层瓦斯压力的变化规律,论证保护层开采技术可以改变高突、高瓦斯煤层瓦斯赋存状态的可行性。     

断层端部地应力影响因素数值分析

断层端部是煤与瓦斯突出事故的主要危险地段。利用有限差分数值模拟软件FLAC3D模拟断层端部地应力场分布情况。结果表明:断层倾角、断层性质、断层内摩擦角、煤层弹性模量、煤层泊松比和边界应力比是影响断层端部应力大小的主要因素。其中断层内摩擦角和边界应力比对断层端部应力的影响最为敏感,是断层端部应力集中程度的主控因素;断层倾角对断层端部应力的影响比较大,倾角为45°时断层端部应力最大。利用该软件,在临近断层开采区内对断层端部应力集中程度和应力集中范围的预测,有助于确定断层防水煤柱的留设宽度和预防煤与瓦斯突出事故的发生。      

基于高瓦斯煤层保护层开采的煤矿水害防治技术

晋煤集团赵庄矿3号煤层为高瓦斯煤层,瓦斯抽采难度大,存在煤与瓦斯突出的安全隐患,防治水方面还存在底板带压开采问题,严重制约了矿井安全高效生产。通过提出保护层开采方案,先期开采下伏8-1号薄煤层,释放3号煤层应力,增加煤层透气性,同时制定8-1号煤带压开采的防治水技术策略,最终实现了3号煤瓦斯安全疏放抽采,防治水工作顺利开展,对同时存在高瓦斯和承压水上采煤问题的类似矿井具有指导意义。      

基于力能分析的平煤五矿己四采区煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测

根据实测平煤五矿己₁₅煤层瓦斯含量和压力结果,从力能角度分析了地应力、瓦斯和煤强度对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,发现己四采区己₁₅煤层受地应力作用,煤体弹性潜能远大于瓦斯膨胀能,即以构造应力为主的地应力为其突出最主要的影响因素;结合己四采区地质因素和己₁₅煤层瓦斯可解吸量,确定该采区煤与瓦斯突出危险区的下限指标为原煤瓦斯含量达到5.4 m3/t,绝对瓦斯压力为0.79 MPa,该下限指标对应的煤层底板标高为–600 m。因此预测–600 m标高以浅为无突出危险区,–600 m以深为突出危险区。      

红山煤矿石门揭突出煤层综合防突技术

煤矿井下石门揭煤诱发的煤与瓦斯突出是一种十分复杂的矿井地质动力灾害,严重威胁着煤矿安全高效生产。选取辽宁红山煤矿为工程背景,运用FLAC3D模拟分析矿井南翼瓦斯突出危险区石门揭12煤过程中围岩力学响应特征,揭示石门揭煤突出机理,提出瓦斯预抽措施配以改进金属骨架的综合防突技术方案。研究结果表明:石门揭12煤期间,工作面超前支承压力随石门掘进动态前移,距煤层6 m范围内,工作面前方围岩掘进扰动强烈,煤体出现明显应力集中现象,垂直应力为15~19 MPa,已超过煤体强度。同时,石门工作面围岩变形量急剧增大,顶板下沉位移为15~92.22 cm,煤体弹性变形能积聚;工作面围岩塑性区范围也迅速扩展,在石门中线垂直剖面上的面积为10~50 m2,裂纹贯通形成碎煤射流通道。综合模拟结果可知,石门揭12煤过程中煤体承载较高集中应力和瓦斯压力,且储存大量弹性变形能,极易诱发突出。基于此,在传统瓦斯预抽防突措施的基础上,对现有金属骨架防突技术进行改进,使其同时具备瓦斯预抽、煤体固化和超前支护的综合防突作用,并通过现场应用取得了良好效果,为类似条件石门揭煤防突研究提供重要借鉴和参考。      

低透气松软突出煤层快速揭煤技术

随着矿井开采深度的加大,矿井的透气性越来越小,煤与瓦斯突出事故频发,揭煤难度也越来越大。孟津煤矿开采山西组二。煤层,属于构造煤,煤层松软,透气性低,矿井一水平开采深度为760m,瓦斯压力高。副井清理斜巷需穿过二,煤层,为了尽快揭开煤层,采用液压钻机配乳化液泵以提高钻探水压的冲煤措施,使高应力低透气松软煤层在揭煤时的不利因素转化为可利用因素。从施工的55个揭煤孔来看,单孔冲出煤量最大为2.3t,最小为0．4t,平均为1．06t,总计冲出煤量为58．5t。通过对控制区域6个点瓦斯含量的测定,结果表明,瓦斯含量降到了8m3／t以下．清除了突出危险。采用瓦斯解析指标进行了三次效果检验,Ah：最大值为190MPa;在岩柱1．5m布置爆破孔,采用震动爆破揭开煤层,瞬时最大瓦斯涌出量为2．4m3／min,说明达到了快速揭煤的目的。     

潘一矿煤体结构特征及其在煤和瓦斯突出预测中的应用

煤体结构是煤与瓦斯突出的主要因素之一。利用钻孔测井曲线特征并结合矿井地质构造成果,对淮南潘一矿8煤层煤体结构特征及其构造煤发育规律进行了研究。研究表明该矿区8煤层构造煤发育,其厚度大于该煤层厚度20％的点数占一半以上,因其顶、底板围岩封闭性良好,有利于瓦斯聚集,易在采动条件下发生煤与瓦斯突出,确认为该区煤与瓦斯突出的重点煤层。依据瓦斯始突深度、构造煤分层厚度大于0．5m的分布范围、大中型断层位置及矿井突出资料,在F4断层组的两侧分别圈出了煤与瓦斯突出的危险区和威胁区。     

Geo-stress Fields Simulated with 3D FEM and Their Qualitative Influence on Coal and Gas Outburst

Coal and gas outbursts took place about thirty times at one coal mine in China, which not only caused safety problems but also hindered the regular production in different degree. In-situ geo-stresses of two points are successfully measured near coal and gas outburst locations, and the measured maximum principal stress is approximately at the horizontal direction, while the minimum principal stress is at the vertical direction. A three-dimensional model is built with FEM software of ANSYS, the measured geo-stress are taken as boundary pressures to be applied on the FEM model, and the geo-stress fields in the coal seam are calculated. In the end, the qualitative influence of the maximum principal geo-stress on coal and gas outburst is analyzed based on the relationship between geo-stress and number of coal and gas outburst.     

Research on Correlation Between Abutment Pressure and Gas Drainage Flow of Coal Seam

In this paper, based on the field test of No.S3012 working face of Shan Mushu Coal Mine in Sichuan Coal Group, monitoring the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow during the mining process, studying the change law of the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow of the coal seam, and using the numerical simulation method research on the evolution of abutment pressure and displacement of coal seam during the mining process. The results shown that: with the advance of coal mining face, the abutment pressure of coal seam can be divided into stress decreasing area, stress increasing area and original stress area, and the stress state of coal seam and the pore, crack structure and permeability of coal body are obviously changed. With the advance of the mining face, the abutment pressure in front and back of the coal mining face is the moving abutment pressure, and the coal mining face to be in the pressure relief area, the front abutment pressure peak value deep into the coal body 5–10 m, the influence scope reaches the front coal mining face to 90–100 m, this area is the stress increasing area. And the evolution law of the roof displacement of goaf is similar to the elliptical with the axial ratio changes, when the ratio is close to 1, the roof subsidence affected area is similar to the shape of “O”.     

Mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst

In response to the severe situation of coal mine gas disaster in China, a new method of reducing the danger of coal and gas outbursts and improving gas drainage and utilization in coal mines was introduced in this paper. The main idea of this method is to mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to eliminate or reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst. This method can be implemented by drills along seam and hydraulic jet when the mined seam with a relatively weak risk of coal and gas outbursts is soft or has a soft layer. This method was first applied in the Yian mine to verify its effectiveness. The results of application showed that mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam can effectively eliminate the danger of coal and gas outburst and improve gas drainage and utilization. As this method needs less time and lower cost than conventional protective layer mining, it is of great significance for mining coal seam with the danger of coal and gas outburst.     

The Main Factor Controlling the Coal and Gas Outbursts in the Eastern Pingdingshan Mining Area

By analyzing the gas occurrence, it is found that ground stress plays a leading role in coal and gas outburst in eastern coal mines of Nos. 8, 10 and 12 in Pingdingshan Mining Area where show the most serious outburst hazards. According to the isograms of coal seam depth in F Group, the relationship between the distributions of the fold tectonic stress and the coal and gas outburst was simulated using the ANSYS program. The result shows that the stress concentrates near to the fault and the outcrop of the fault enhances the possibility of gas outburst. The shear stress in the north of the anticline is greater than that in the south. The shear stress direction on the north wing of the anticline is dextral and the coal seam in this area exhibits highest possibility for gas outburst. However, on the surrounding rock, the shear stress direction on the north wing of the anticline is sinistral. The regions with fold tectonic stress ranging from 1.44 to 4.47 MPa correspond to the sites with high risk of gas outburst. Ground stress is the main factor controlling the coal and gas outburst in the three mines. Currently, the distribution of coal and gas outburst in the three mines is in agreement with that of coal shear stress.     

基于塑性变形的煤体损伤本构关系及渗透率模型研究

开采扰动诱发的煤与瓦斯突出是煤矿生产过程中的主要瓦斯动力灾害之一。为系统探索开采扰动下煤体损伤演化特征和瓦斯渗流规律,拟开展不同瓦斯压力下全应力应变–渗流实验。通过考虑气体吸附和热膨胀效应修正广义胡克定律,建立基于塑性变形的煤体损伤本构关系,进一步构建考虑损伤的分段渗透率模型。结果表明:以渗透率突变点为界,可将煤体渗透率分为峰前和峰后2个变化阶段。其中,峰前呈指数型降低,而峰后急剧增加,峰值抗压强度和弹性模量均随着瓦斯压力升高而降低;煤体轴向塑性应变和损伤演化规律具有良好的一致性,二者均呈现出峰前变化不大,峰后激增的变化趋势;利用不同瓦斯压力和50℃实验数据对所建的损伤模型及渗透率模型进行验证,得到理论曲线和实验数据具有较好的吻合度,表明新建模型可较好地反映不同条件下煤体破坏失稳过程中的损伤演化规律和瓦斯渗流特征。      

安阳矿区瓦斯赋存规律的地质因素分析

安阳矿区多为高瓦斯和煤与突出瓦斯矿井。通过钻孔和矿井瓦斯资料分析,认为区内二1煤层瓦斯含量高,最高可达41.72m3/t。区内瓦斯赋存规律明显,具有南北分带、北低南高的分布特征,其展布规律主要受地质构造、煤层埋深、围岩、煤厚、变质程度、水文地质条件等因素的影响,而地质构造中的地垒、地堑造成的断块抬升、下降,断层的多期构造应力作用及其对煤层的剪切作用,褶曲等构造因素是造成矿区瓦斯分布不均衡的主要原因。     

重庆煤矿区瓦斯赋存特征及地质控制因素

突出了大区域构造背景下的瓦斯赋存分布特征及其控制因素研究。重庆煤矿区古今构造应力场具有继承性,煤系应力长期得不到松弛,形成含煤岩系的长期应力集中,十分利于瓦斯富集,致使煤与瓦斯突出主要发生在地质构造变动比较剧烈的应力集中区。含煤岩系沉积环境及构造应力场是控制重庆煤矿区瓦斯赋存的两大地质因素。龙潭组海湾-潮坪-沼泽/泥炭相沉积环境具有良好的封盖能力,瓦斯含量普遍较高;须家河组河流冲积平原、湖滨-三角洲沉积体系对瓦斯的封盖能力较弱,瓦斯含量普遍较低。厘定出南桐高突瓦斯带、华蓥山高突瓦斯带、永荣高瓦斯带、渝东南瓦斯带、渝东瓦斯带和大巴山高瓦斯带6个区域性瓦斯地质带。      

不同水力割缝布置方式对卸压防突效果影响数值模拟

随着浅部煤炭资源逐渐枯竭,我国煤矿相继进入深部开采阶段,煤与瓦斯突出灾害愈趋严重,采用水力割缝技术对煤体卸压是煤与瓦斯突出防治的一种有效手段。以平顶山某煤矿深部突出煤层为例,进行了不同水力割缝布置方式对煤层卸压防突效果影响的数值模拟研究。计算了水力割缝切割煤体横向深度,建立了水力割缝三维有限元模型,数值模拟得到了三种水力割缝布置方式（平行、菱形、交错）对煤体X、Y向应力场影响变化规律。结果表明：交错排列的水力割缝布置方式导致应力降影响范围几乎覆盖整个煤层,X向、Y向应力降显著,应力降幅度分别为91.6%、97.8%,均大于其他两种布置方式。因此交错排列的水力割缝布置方式既可以满足卸压范围需要,同时也能够较好释放深部煤层应力,卸压防突效果较好。     

淮北芦岭煤矿煤层顶板水平井煤层气抽采效果分析

淮北芦岭煤矿为高瓦斯突出矿井,煤层碎软低渗,瓦斯抽采困难。应用“十二五”期间开发的紧邻煤层顶板水平井分段压裂煤层气高效抽采技术,试验井已取得产气突破。为了深入分析评价地面煤层气抽采对煤矿瓦斯灾害的防治效果,基于目标煤层特征,分析煤层顶板水平井的产气规律,利用产能数值模拟技术,对生产井数据进行了历史拟合,在此基础上,进行水平井产能预测,分析水平井抽采过程中煤层气含量和储层压力变化趋势。结果表明:水平井抽采影响范围主要为裂缝和近井筒区域,井筒-裂缝系统外部区域受影响较小;水平井影响范围随抽采时间的延长逐渐增大,预测1、3、5、8、10 a的影响面积分别为0.113、0.193、0.242、0.311、0.350 km2;随着水平井抽采时间的延长,剩余含气量和储层压力逐渐降低,预测水平井抽采5 a,水平井控制范围内瓦斯含量最低可降至2.86 m3/t,平均可降至4.2 m3/t,降低50.6%。储层压力最低可降至0.85 MPa,平均可降至2.30 MPa,降低66.2%。煤层顶板水平井技术对煤层气开发和瓦斯灾害防治效果显著,是实现碎软低渗煤层瓦斯地面预抽的有效手段。      

急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合模型及保护范围

开采保护层是防治煤与瓦斯突出最有效的措施之一,其关键是保护范围的合理确定。针对急倾斜多煤层上保护层开采有效保护范围的划定问题,基于煤层瓦斯越流理论,根据煤岩层变形与瓦斯渗流的固-气耦合作用,建立了瓦斯渗流场方程和煤岩体变形场方程,得到了急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合数学模型。以南桐矿区某矿上保护层开采为实例,通过多物理场耦合系统,建立了该矿上保护层开采瓦斯越流几何模型并进行数值计算,获得了上保护层工作面开采后被保护层瓦斯压力的分布规律,确定了上保护层开采的卸压保护范围。数值计算与现场考察试验结果具有一致性,由此验证了数值计算的合理性。研究结果可以对现场保护范围的划定及卸压瓦斯抽放等提供理论指导,具有实际工程意义。     

Application of in-seam directional drilling technology for gas drainage with benefits to gas outburst control and greenhouse gas reductions in Daning coal mine,China

Gas outburst disasters are becoming more serious as the underground coal mines become deeper in China, and a thick zone of deformed coal provides conditions favorable to coal and gas outbursts. The Daning coal mine’s main mining seam is the No. 3 coal seam with coal and gas outburst hazard, which often contains two normal coal sub-layers and one deformed sub-layer. Considering both the geological conditions of the coal seam and applications of the in-seam directional longhole drilling technology, a new schematic diagram of in-seam directional longholes for gas drainage is developed. The two borehole layout models of longwall panel and main entries for gas outburst disasters control have been successfully applied. The gas drainage rates of both models are >70 %, and the residual gas contents are both <8 m³/t, which can be considered that the gas outburst disasters were effectively controlled. To better guide gas drainage, gas drainage normal and failure modes have been obtained. Although in-seam directional longhole technology has been successfully applied for regional gas drainage with benefits to gas outburst control, there are also some problems that are detrimental to greenhouse gas reductions in gas drainage and gas utilization. The three main problems are air leakage failure in gas drainage, decreasing gas concentration and a low gas utilization ratio. To address the problems mentioned above, five improvements are suggested.