近距离下保护层开采覆岩运动相似模拟实验

运用相似材料模拟方法和数字散斑的测试原理,对平顶山十矿近距离下保护层开采进行模拟实验,研究保护层己18煤层开采后上覆岩层的移动规律和具有煤与瓦斯突出危险性的己15-16煤层的卸压效果。研究结果表明:己18煤层工作面开采后顶板垮落带高度约为8.2 m,裂隙带的高度约为29.7 m,且被保护层位于裂隙带的中下部;随着保护层工作面的不断开采,被保护层的垂直应力依次呈"V"型、"U"型和"W"型的应力分布,己_(15-16)煤层原始应力约下降了24%;被保护层己_(15-16)煤层的膨胀变形量为11.16‰~21.9‰。该实验为研究平顶山十矿近距离下保护层开采的卸压效果分析、覆岩移动规律和巷道布置等提供理论基础。     

基于高瓦斯煤层保护层开采的煤矿水害防治技术

晋煤集团赵庄矿3号煤层为高瓦斯煤层,瓦斯抽采难度大,存在煤与瓦斯突出的安全隐患,防治水方面还存在底板带压开采问题,严重制约了矿井安全高效生产。通过提出保护层开采方案,先期开采下伏8-1号薄煤层,释放3号煤层应力,增加煤层透气性,同时制定8-1号煤带压开采的防治水技术策略,最终实现了3号煤瓦斯安全疏放抽采,防治水工作顺利开展,对同时存在高瓦斯和承压水上采煤问题的类似矿井具有指导意义。      

基于力能分析的平煤五矿己四采区煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测

根据实测平煤五矿己₁₅煤层瓦斯含量和压力结果,从力能角度分析了地应力、瓦斯和煤强度对煤与瓦斯突出的影响,发现己四采区己₁₅煤层受地应力作用,煤体弹性潜能远大于瓦斯膨胀能,即以构造应力为主的地应力为其突出最主要的影响因素;结合己四采区地质因素和己₁₅煤层瓦斯可解吸量,确定该采区煤与瓦斯突出危险区的下限指标为原煤瓦斯含量达到5.4 m3/t,绝对瓦斯压力为0.79 MPa,该下限指标对应的煤层底板标高为–600 m。因此预测–600 m标高以浅为无突出危险区,–600 m以深为突出危险区。      

上覆岩床对煤层瓦斯赋存特征的影响——以宣东二矿Ⅲ3煤层为例

根据宣东二矿Ⅲ3煤层实测煤质、煤层瓦斯数据,从煤层瓦斯生成、运移、储存角度,研究了上覆岩床对煤层煤质、煤层生烃量、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力等煤层瓦斯赋存状态参数的影响,认为受上覆岩床影响,煤变质程度提高,由长焰煤变成气煤-焦煤,煤层Rmax、Cdar值与辉绿岩床厚度呈明显的正相关,与Ⅲ3煤层和辉绿岩床间距呈明显的负相关,煤层最大吸附瓦斯能力由15m3/t提高到40m3/t,煤层瓦斯含量由3m3/t提高到9m3/t以上,多方面改变了Ⅲ3煤层瓦斯赋存状态和地质条件.     

急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合模型及保护范围

开采保护层是防治煤与瓦斯突出最有效的措施之一,其关键是保护范围的合理确定。针对急倾斜多煤层上保护层开采有效保护范围的划定问题,基于煤层瓦斯越流理论,根据煤岩层变形与瓦斯渗流的固-气耦合作用,建立了瓦斯渗流场方程和煤岩体变形场方程,得到了急倾斜上保护层开采瓦斯越流固-气耦合数学模型。以南桐矿区某矿上保护层开采为实例,通过多物理场耦合系统,建立了该矿上保护层开采瓦斯越流几何模型并进行数值计算,获得了上保护层工作面开采后被保护层瓦斯压力的分布规律,确定了上保护层开采的卸压保护范围。数值计算与现场考察试验结果具有一致性,由此验证了数值计算的合理性。研究结果可以对现场保护范围的划定及卸压瓦斯抽放等提供理论指导,具有实际工程意义。     

地应力和瓦斯压力作用下深部煤与瓦斯突出试验

基于目前煤与瓦斯突出模拟试验均为人为控制突出口打开的实际情况,自主研制了可改变轴压、围压和孔隙压,实现突出口自行打开的煤与瓦斯突出模拟仪。以典型高瓦斯矿井-阜新孙家湾矿为例,试验模拟了煤层开采深度分别为900、 1 100、1 300 m时,突出煤层临近工作面区域在地应力和瓦斯压力共同作用下诱导发生煤与瓦斯突出全过程。试验利用轴压、围压模拟地应力作用,孔隙压模拟瓦斯压力作用。经相似理论计算确定了3种开采深度下轴压和围压值、孔隙压逐级增加得到了突出时瓦斯压力,并拟合了关系曲线。研究结果表明：开采深度、轴压、围压、瓦斯压力与突出距离、突出强度间均呈幂指数增加规律。随深度增加,地应力与瓦斯压力对突出影响增量逐渐减小。瓦斯压力对突出影响作用存在3阶段特征,分别为急剧影响增加阶段、稳定影响增加阶段和缓慢影响增加阶段,确定了瓦斯压力对突出影响变化率最大值,即瓦斯压力变化异常区与稳定区分界点为0.75 MPa,对应开采深度为350 m,与前人理论分析结果基本吻合。由此可以推断,随深部开采,地应力与瓦斯压力共同作用下煤与瓦斯突出频度将增加,但强度和破坏程度增加率将趋于平缓。所得结论对该矿深部煤与瓦斯突出机制认识和预测防治具有参考意义。     

晋普山煤矿瓦斯赋存相关因素及涌出量预测

晋城矿区晋普山煤矿目前开采9煤层,煤层瓦斯含量高,经鉴定属高瓦斯矿井。利用井田地质勘查成果及井下瓦斯监测数据,对区内瓦斯赋存规律及涌出量进行了分析。结果显示:煤层煤类、褶皱构造和煤层围岩是其主要控制因素,而煤层埋深对瓦斯赋存影响不明显。按开采层和邻近层瓦斯涌出量叠加原理,采用分源预测法分别预测了9、15号煤层回采工作面瓦斯涌出量,其绝对瓦斯涌出量均大于5 m3/min,局部瓦斯含量较高,具有煤与瓦斯突出危险,建议矿井做好防范瓦斯灾害相应措施。     

近距离上保护层开采瓦斯运移规律数值分析

采动裂隙是瓦斯运移的通道,搞清瓦斯运移规律是瓦斯治理的前提。在考虑岩石动态破坏过程和含瓦斯煤岩渗流-应力-损伤耦合的基础上,结合平煤五矿实际地质条件和开采工艺,建立了数值计算模型,应用RFPA-Gas程序模拟了近距离上保护层采动顶底板岩层变形破坏、裂隙演化规律与瓦斯运移规律。模拟结果较好地再现了保护层开采过程中煤岩层应力变化、顶底板损伤及裂隙演化过程,得到了上覆岩层移动的“上三带”（冒落带、裂隙带和弯曲下沉带）和底板变形的“下两带”（底板变形破坏带和弹塑性变形带）。得到了被保护层瓦斯流量分布、瓦斯压力分布和透气系数的变化规律,卸压煤层瓦斯透气性增大了2 500倍,得到了煤壁下方压缩区和膨胀区之间的张剪瓦斯渗流通道,并将保护层底板压缩区和膨胀区的瓦斯渗流特征提炼出来：压缩区对应的是渗流减速减量区、膨胀区由卸压膨胀陡变区和卸压膨胀平稳区组成,分别对应着渗流急剧增速增量区和渗流平稳增量区。指出卸压膨胀陡变区是瓦斯突出危险区,为近距离保护层开采瓦斯治理指明了方向。实践表明,瓦斯治理效果显著。     

平顶山矿区瓦斯赋存的构造逐级控制特征

通过研究平顶山矿区17对生产矿井的瓦斯地质特征,分析各矿井瓦斯含量、瓦斯压力和涌出量实测数据,总结了平顶山矿区瓦斯赋存分布规律。运用瓦斯赋存构造逐级控制理论厘清了区域构造演化、矿区和矿井构造对平顶山矿区瓦斯赋存分布的控制,提出了平顶山矿区瓦斯赋存的构造逐级控制特征:区域板块构造运动及演化奠定了平顶山矿区高瓦斯的基调;矿区构造李口向斜确定了矿区瓦斯东高西低、呈轴对称分布的总体规律;矿井构造主导矿井各煤层瓦斯赋存和矿井区域瓦斯赋存的差异性。研究成果为准确预测瓦斯赋存分布和预防煤与瓦斯突出提供了依据。      

顺煤层剪切带煤与瓦斯突出机理分析

为了确定顺煤层剪切带的煤与瓦斯突出机理,在对顺煤层剪切带的受力状态进行分析的基础上,应用Mohr-Coulomb理论研究了顺煤层剪切带的形成机制,并探讨了顺煤层剪切带内的煤层变化特征、瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力特征及地应力对煤与瓦斯突出的影响。结果表明:当煤层倾角接近剪切滑动的临界角时,易产生薄煤区,而远离临界角时,煤层厚度增加,煤层厚度剧烈变化部位为应力集中区并具有较高的应力梯度;顺煤层剪切带内的压应力、煤层的面理化结构和煤层厚度的剧烈变化使其在宏观上形成了高瓦斯含量和高瓦斯压力特征,微观上糜棱煤细颈瓶型的孔隙形态为发生煤与瓦斯突出提供了必要的介质条件;在紧闭褶皱区,煤与瓦斯突出类型以突出为主,在宽缓褶皱区和伸展型顺煤层剪切带内,煤与瓦斯突出类型以压出和倾出为主。顺煤层剪切带内的高地应力、高瓦斯压力和发育的构造煤等3个因素是煤与瓦斯突出发生的主要原因。      

Stress distribution characteristic analysis and control of coal and gas outburst disaster in a pressure-relief boundary area in protective layer mining

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. Furthermore, the protective coal seam mining technology featured by economic efficiency has been proven to be the most effective and widely applied method for the prevention of coal and gas outburst disasters. However, the determinations of the protective area coal and gas outburst prevention in a pressure-relief boundary area are fundamental issues that research should be focused on. The technical method for determining stress distribution in pressure-relief boundary area during protective coal seam mining is put forward in this paper. The method is based on a stress-seepage coupled relationship within a gas-containing coal seam. The method includes complex lab experiments and on-site measurements at the Qingdong Coal Mine. The final data illustrate that the permeability and vertical stress in the pressure-relief boundary area of the coal sample form a negative exponential function relationship. Additionally, the permeability of the coal sample within the abovementioned area is significantly different compared with that located at the center of the pressure-relief area. In the pressure-relief boundary area, the gas pressure distribution gradient is 0.0375 MPa/m, while the vertical stress distribution gradient registers 0.56 MPa/m. Under this condition, coal and gas outburst disasters are prone to be triggered. Therefore, effective precautions against coal and gas outburst disasters can be put forward in accordance with stress distribution characteristics within the abovementioned “boundary area.”     

煤与瓦斯突出中单个煤壳解体突出的突变理论分析

在煤与瓦斯突出中,煤体自组织地形成最具抗力的球盖壳形式来抵抗被突出,煤壳一旦解体便丧失承载能力,高位势煤岩系统中与单个煤壳突出相应的各种能量得以释放。根据反映煤岩破坏特性的塑性变形局部化理论,导得突出前煤壳形变、位移时相应于偏应力的功、能增量关系,建立了煤壳失稳解体的突变模型,并对由于偏应力作用导致煤壳失稳解体机制进行了研究,给出失稳瞬间释放的偏应力应变能表达式、煤岩系统体积应变能释放量表达式和孔隙瓦斯粉碎解体后的碎煤及与煤层瓦斯渗流形成瓦斯-煤粉两相流描述。所得结果可深化对煤、地应力与瓦斯压力三因素对煤与突出演化规律综合作用的认识。     

Mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst

In response to the severe situation of coal mine gas disaster in China, a new method of reducing the danger of coal and gas outbursts and improving gas drainage and utilization in coal mines was introduced in this paper. The main idea of this method is to mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam to eliminate or reduce the danger of coal and gas outburst. This method can be implemented by drills along seam and hydraulic jet when the mined seam with a relatively weak risk of coal and gas outbursts is soft or has a soft layer. This method was first applied in the Yian mine to verify its effectiveness. The results of application showed that mining thin sub-layer as self-protective coal seam can effectively eliminate the danger of coal and gas outburst and improve gas drainage and utilization. As this method needs less time and lower cost than conventional protective layer mining, it is of great significance for mining coal seam with the danger of coal and gas outburst.     

Gas outburst disasters and the mining technology of key protective seam in coal seam group in the Huainan coalfield

Coal and gas outburst disasters in coal seams are becoming more serious as coal mines extend deeper underground in China. To aid gas control in high-gas outburst coal seam group, this study performed research based on the geological conditions of the Xinzhuangzi coal mine in the Huainan coalfield. The laws of gas occurrence, the strength of the coal outburst, and the regional partition were studied. Simultaneously, we introduced the key protective seam mining technology and confirmed the mining sequence of coal seam groups. The results indicate that (1) each seam absorbs gas well, and the currently measured gas content is up to 15.0 m³/t. (2) Although some differences about coal seams outburst intensity remain, the differences in the same group are very small. (3) The coal seam B10 was chosen as the key protective seam and was mined first; then adjacent seams were mined from bottom to top by layer within the roof of B10 and from top-to-bottom within the floor of B10 to guarantee each adjacent coal seam received the good effects of pressure-relief and increasing permeability. (4) The main methods of gas extraction in each protected seam are surface boreholes and net-like penetrating boreholes in the floor roadway, and related technical parameters were determined according to the degree of pressure-relief in coal seam. This in situ experiment indicates a method aiding the gas control problem and guaranteeing safe and highly efficient exploitation of high-gas outburst seams.     

瓦斯突出煤和非突出煤AVO响应的比较

基于Zoeppritz方程,对煤层进行AVO正演模拟,得到煤层的AVO响应曲线。瓦斯突出煤与非突出煤的AVO响应对比表明,无论是瓦斯突出煤还是非突出煤,其顶界面AVO响应在总体上表现为地震振幅绝对值随偏移距增加而减小的特点,但是瓦斯突出煤的截距绝对值要大于非突出煤的截距绝对值,瓦斯突出煤的斜率要大于非突出煤的斜率。煤层厚度变化会对AVO响应产生影响,当瓦斯突出煤和非突出煤的厚度相同时,瓦斯突出煤的截距绝对值大于非突出煤;当厚度不同时,瓦斯突出煤的斜率大于非突出煤的斜率。瓦斯突出煤与非突出煤的AVO响应差异,可为地球物理参数进行煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测以提供技术参考。     

采动区远程卸压煤层气抽采地面井产能影响因素

以淮南矿区远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采工程实践为依托,通过工程试验和系统分析,探讨了远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能特点及其影响因素。研究结果表明,远程卸压煤层气地面井的产能曲线可分为两个阶段,在较短时间内顺利完成第Ⅰ阶段的井才能有较高产能。研究还显示,煤层气地面井产能受地层结构和采动影响较大。在研究区,当地层结构为松散层厚度<406 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值>0.74,下保护层与被保护层间距为6670 m,且平均采高≤2.2 m,平均产煤低于3 898 t/d时,利于远程卸压煤层气地面井抽采;当松散层厚度>430 m,11-2煤和13-1煤层间距>74 m,基岩与松散层厚度比值<0.7时,卸压煤层气地面直井成功率较低,此时,可通过改变井位和优化井身结构来适应地层结构的变化,提高地面井抽采成功率。      

Researches of fracture evolution induced by soft rock protective seam mining and an omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technical system: a case study

In the absence of a suitable coal seam to serve as the protective seam in deep mining, an innovative solution of using the soft rock seam as the protective seam mining has been put forward. Taking the Luling Coal Mine as the engineering background, theoretical analysis and similar simulation experiment were conducted to study the key technologies used in soft rock protective seam (SRPS) mining. This included the characteristics of the pressure-relief gas source and accumulation zone, and the pressure-relief gas extraction of the protected seam. The results show that after mining the SRPS, the pressure-relief gas rushing out of nearby coal seams has become the major gas source in SRPS mining. An omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction system was developed, which consisted of techniques such as buried pipes in the goaf, ground extraction wells, intercepting boreholes, and seam-crossing boreholes. During the investigation, the total pressure-relief gas extraction flow amounted to 29.5 m³/min, and the gas pre-extraction rate reached 66.6% for the overlying protected seams (seams 8 and 9). The investigation into the protective effects in the cut hole showed that the maximal gas pressure and content were 0.35 MPa and 4.87 m³/t, respectively. This indicated that drilling extraction boreholes in the gas accumulation zone played a key role in obtaining an improved pressure-relief gas extraction effect. Further, these findings suggested that SRPS mining (in combination with omni-directional stereo pressure-relief gas extraction technology) could turn dangerous coal seams into ones with much less gas content, and hence free from gas outburst.     

淮南潘一煤矿未开拓区煤与瓦斯突出预测

淮南矿区是瓦斯事故重灾区,潘一矿进入-400m水平开采以来,共发生25次煤与瓦斯突出,严重制约了该矿的生产安全。利用已采区瓦斯地质实测成果,结合未开拓区煤田地质勘查资料,对该矿13-1煤层瓦斯压力和含量、煤的力学性质、煤层受力状态进行了分析,提出了13-1煤层未开拓区煤与瓦斯突出预测指标,并对未开拓区煤与瓦斯突出危险区进行了预测。结果表明煤与瓦斯突出危险区主要分布在位于F34断层附近、F38断层-钻孔V-3一带、F125-Fs107-Fs106附近、Fe7-Fe1之间的部分区域及F4断层西南端部分区域。     

低透气松软突出煤层快速揭煤技术

随着矿井开采深度的加大,矿井的透气性越来越小,煤与瓦斯突出事故频发,揭煤难度也越来越大。孟津煤矿开采山西组二。煤层,属于构造煤,煤层松软,透气性低,矿井一水平开采深度为760m,瓦斯压力高。副井清理斜巷需穿过二,煤层,为了尽快揭开煤层,采用液压钻机配乳化液泵以提高钻探水压的冲煤措施,使高应力低透气松软煤层在揭煤时的不利因素转化为可利用因素。从施工的55个揭煤孔来看,单孔冲出煤量最大为2.3t,最小为0．4t,平均为1．06t,总计冲出煤量为58．5t。通过对控制区域6个点瓦斯含量的测定,结果表明,瓦斯含量降到了8m3／t以下．清除了突出危险。采用瓦斯解析指标进行了三次效果检验,Ah：最大值为190MPa;在岩柱1．5m布置爆破孔,采用震动爆破揭开煤层,瞬时最大瓦斯涌出量为2．4m3／min,说明达到了快速揭煤的目的。