不同钝化材料对低镉污染土壤钝化效果的研究

通过向Cd污染土壤施加含不同比例生物炭、凹凸棒石、硅藻土的钝化材料,对比分析三种材料不同比例时对土壤Cd的钝化效果差异。结果表明,三种材料都能降低土壤中有效Cd的含量,随着三种材料添加比例的增加,土壤有效Cd的钝化率不断增加,空心菜Cd含量较空白样降低5.29%～57.21%,其中ATBS5%处理显著降低空心菜Cd含量,降幅达57.21%;同时钝化剂的施加减小了空心菜Cd的生物吸收系数,减少了植物对Cd吸收以及地下部分向地上可食用部分的转移,显著降低了空心菜可食用部分重金属含量。另一方面施加钝化材料均可提高作物产量,改善土壤肥力。对比三种材料修复钝化效果,ATBS 5%更适合应用于农田土壤修复。     

H2O2在α-Fe2O3表面非均相氧化SO2机理的模拟研究

通过密度泛函理论模拟了H_2O_2和SO_2气体在矿物氧化物(α-Fe_2O_3)表面上的非均相反应,研究了H_2O_2和SO_2在α-Fe_2O_3(001)表面的吸附机制和氧化机制。研究结果表明,SO_2、H_2O_2均在α-Fe_2O_3(001)表面通过Fe原子进行吸附,H_2O_2相比于SO_2优先吸附在α-Fe_2O_3(001)表面,且H_2O_2在表面的赋存形式趋向于两个·OH形式吸附。通过二者共吸附的局域态密度、差分电荷密度、Mulliken电荷布局分析结果发现,SO_2和H_2O_2的共吸附形式是通过H_2O_2产生的·OH吸附在α-Fe_2O_3(001)表面,同时SO_2被H_2O_2产生的·OH氧化[S(SO_2)-电荷布局:0. 79 e→1. 32 e; O(H_2O_2)-电荷布局:-0. 77 e→-1. 11 e]形成·OH+SO_2团簇。模拟结果表明大气微量气体H_2O_2能够在矿物氧化物表面介导SO_2吸附并促进SO_2的转化,为理解H_2O_2在大气中非均相氧化SO_2的反应过程提供了理论依据。     

坡缕石负载聚磷酸盐钝化剂制备及其降低红苋菜镉效能研究

本研究通过一锅法制备了坡缕石负载聚磷酸盐钝化材料,并探究了材料对圆叶红苋镉毒害效应的缓解效果。钝化剂表征结果表明,磷以无定形聚磷酸盐的形式均匀负载于坡缕石上。盆栽实验表明,施加该钝化材料几乎不影响圆叶红苋的生长,并可有效降低圆叶红苋对镉的吸收。当钝化材料中聚磷酸盐负载量为600mg/kg（以P₂O₅质量浓度计算）时,圆叶红苋叶子镉含量相比于空白处理下降了49.56%,且该钝化材料中的坡缕石和聚磷酸盐在抑制植物镉吸收方面存在协同作用。钝化剂的施加提高了土壤中有效磷含量和土壤pH值,促使土壤中的镉以低溶态的磷酸镉、氢氧化镉等形式存在,进而降低了土壤有效镉含量,抑制了圆叶红苋可食部分（叶子）对镉的吸收;同时,施加该钝化剂提高了土壤中有效态Zn/Cd和Mn/Cd的值,增强了土壤中锌、锰和镉在植物吸收通道的竞争,这也是圆叶红苋叶子镉累积受到抑制的可能原因。综上,本研究合成了一种坡缕石负载聚磷酸盐钝化材料,并对钝化机理进行了简要分析,合成的材料有望在实际镉污染农田土壤治理中提供实际效用。     

巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土对土壤有效态镉及油菜吸收镉的影响

重金属不可降解,长期存在于土壤环境会严重影响作物安全。添加巯基改性凹凸棒石黏土(ATP-SH)到不同Cd污染程度土壤中,进行盆栽油菜实验,以石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定了土壤有效态Cd和油菜不同部位Cd的含量;采用SPSS讨论了ATP-SH添加量、土壤有效态Cd、油菜不同部位Cd的相关性;计算了油菜对Cd的富集系数及转运系数,探究了ATP-SH对土壤Cd的钝化效果及对油菜富集和转运Cd的影响。实验结果显示,添加ATP-SH后,土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量显著降低,土壤有效态Cd降低率为40.65%~74.27%,油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽中Cd降低率分别为29.36%~79.46%、41.44%~88.45%、43.19%~95.89%和38.02%~95.81%;ATP-SH添加量与土壤有效态Cd、油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,土壤有效态Cd与油菜各部位Cd含量均呈显著或极显著正相关,油菜各部位之间的Cd含量存在明显正相关关系;对照组油菜根、茎、枝、菜籽对Cd的富集系数分别是实验组的1.42~4.87倍、1.71~8.66倍、1.92~24.43倍、1.61~23.76倍,油菜各部位Cd的转运系数的大小是茎＞枝＞菜籽,且茎远大于枝和菜籽,是枝和菜籽转运系数的3.5~25倍。综上,ATP-SH能降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,阻隔土壤Cd向油菜迁移。     

冀北花岗岩地区坡积-冲洪积型污染耕地土壤治理比较研究

土壤是农业生态系统重要的组成部分,耕地土壤重金属污染会影响农产品质量安全。本研究选取冀北花岗岩地区坡积物母质区和冲洪积物母质区的弱酸性农田土壤为研究对象,依托钝化修复和植物提取(玉米和龙葵为植物修复材料)两种修复技术,探究了不同成土母质类型和修复技术对耕地土壤重金属的修复效果影响。研究结果表明：(1)坡积物和冲洪积物母质区土壤的有机质、速效钾、有效磷和pH值存在显著差异,坡积物母质区土壤pH显著低于冲洪积物母质区土壤,两区成土母质均具有较高的Pb背景值;(2)钝化修复后,冲洪积物母质区玉米籽粒Cd和Pb含量显著降低,玉米籽粒增产19.10%～33.00%,较坡积物母质区显示出更好的修复效果;(3)坡积物母质区采用龙葵和玉米间作模式,植物修复每年每公顷中提取Cd、Pb和Cu分别为167.25、208.35和555.05 g, Cd、Pb和Cu的去除率分别为2.727%、0.043%和0.234%,较冲洪积物母质区显示出更好的修复效果;(4)龙葵和玉米的间作模式优于单一种植模式,间作可以提高土壤中重金属的生物可利用性和植物吸收效率;(5)制定土壤污染修复策略时,需考虑土壤特性、成土母质及不...     

Cd-As复合污染农田土壤修复材料的筛选

Cd和As两种污染物的离子电荷不同,化学性质迥异,因此Cd和As复合型重金属污染的土壤修复难度大。某地农田土壤呈弱碱性,因受老旧废弃垃圾填埋场的影响变为弱酸性,土壤样品中Cd和As均超标,有效态含量高,水稻样品超标率＞15.4%。实验室小试证明:生石灰可以降低Cd的活性,升高As的有效态,综合修复效果差;活性炭和矿物“微胶囊”因其吸附机制可同时降低Cd和As的有效态含量;活性炭钝化Cd的短期效应相与矿物“微胶囊”相当,钝化As的短期效应相比矿物“微胶囊”有一定的优势;矿物“微胶囊”的长期钝化效应最好,2年观察周期后活性炭效果归零,而矿物“微胶囊”效果稳定持续,有效态去除率最终可达90%。3种材料修复Cd和As复合污染型耕地土壤的综合性能筛选结果为矿物“微胶囊”（优）＞活性炭＞生石灰（差）。     

HONO在γ-Al2O3(110)表面非均相氧化SO2机理的第一性原理研究

为研究亚硝酸(HONO)在γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面非均相氧化SO_2的机理,基于密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)的第一性原理计算了SO_2和HONO在γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面的吸附机制和氧化机制。结果表明,SO_2以分子的形式吸附在完整或缺陷的γ-Al_2O_3(110)表面,而HONO仅在完整表面上以分子的形式存在。表面氧缺陷的存在不仅会增强SO_2和HONO的吸附强度,而且能诱导HONO在含氧缺陷表面的分解(HONO→NO+·OH)。通过局域态密度(partial density of states,PDOS)和Mulliken电荷布局分析表明,HONO的分解遵循Haber-Weiss机制。当SO_2和HONO共同吸附在氧缺陷表面时,HONO分解产生·OH,氧化SO_2形成HOSO_2团簇分子。该研究不仅有助于理解HONO在矿物氧化物表面氧化SO_2的作用,而且为解释大气硫酸盐气溶胶的形成提供了理论依据。     

不同超富集、富集植物-玉米间作模式对玉米中镉吸收、转运的影响研究

为了研究Cd污染条件下,玉米分别与苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵间作对重金属Cd吸收和转运的特点,从而选择适宜与玉米间作的富集植物,同时达到修复重金属Cd污染土壤的目的。该文以镉(Cd)污染的河南棕壤黏土为供试土壤,通过盆栽试验,基于玉米各器官中Cd含量、富集系数、转运系数、土壤有效态Cd含量的变化,研究了间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵对玉米各器官Cd的积累特性的影响及其迁移转运机制。结果表明：(1)龙葵、苋菜、黑麦草间作使得玉米地上部Cd含量显著性降低(P<0.05),其中以籽粒中Cd含量的下降最为显著。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,玉米籽粒中Cd含量分别下降了67.6%、75.7%和79.9%。(2)间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵使得玉米的富集系数较单作处理下玉米的富集系数分别下降了49.3%、39.7%和68.5%,且差异达到显著水平。(3)与苋菜、黑麦草间作相比,间作龙葵的玉米转运系数分别下降了27.5%、24.2%,且差异均达到显著水平。通过对人体每天摄入Cd量的安全值计算得出间作后土壤中Cd全量应低于2.26 mg·kg-1,土壤有效态Cd含量低于0.88 mg·kg-1。该污染农田在间作模式下,食用玉米Cd暴露对居民健康不存在风险。间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵能够抑制玉米对Cd的吸收,同时阻控玉米地上部Cd向地上部的转移,尤其是向籽粒转移。通过间作苋菜、黑麦草、龙葵,不仅降低了主栽作物玉米的Cd累积量,实现玉米安全、优质种植,同时也达到了修复污染土壤的目的。     

不同微生物肥对植烟区镉污染土壤的修复效果

为研究不同微生物肥对土壤中Cd的钝化效果和烟叶Cd含量的影响,选取南方植烟区3种不同类型(红泥田、黄泥田及青紫泥田)Cd污染土壤,以南方主栽烤烟云-87和K-326为测试品种,采用盆栽试验,测定了3种微生物肥(DY、AMS和HMD)在不同浓度下对烟草生物量、不同部位烟叶Cd含量、土壤Cd形态以及土壤中微生物种类的影响。结果表明：(1)3种微生物肥均能增加烟叶生物量,其中HMD增重效果最好。(2)与对照相比,3种微生物肥能有效地降低土壤中Cd的有效性和烟叶Cd的含量。针对3种土壤施用微生物肥浓度为1.5%时,叶片中Cd的降Cd率(与对照相比)分别达到17.2%~63.9%、20.4%~58.3%及18.9%~48.3%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为13.8%~17.3%、17.2%~22.8%及12.8%~16.2%;而随着施用微生物肥浓度增加到3.0%后,上述土壤烟叶中Cd的降Cd率显著增加,分别为20.3%~59%、31.3%~66.6%及25.2%~56.1%,DTPA-Cd下降比例分别为15.5%~28.2%、19.6%~26.6%及13.8%~17.3%。HMD效果最好,其次为DY和AMS。(3)3种微生物肥都增加土壤中微生物种类和数量,优化了烟草生长环境。总体来说,该植烟区土壤,DY和HMD增加产量的同时降Cd效果较好,可以在大田推广使用。     

喀斯特小流域石灰土硫同位素组成特征及环境指示意义

用连续提取方法分析了石灰土总硫、SO_4~(2–)、总还原态硫(TRS)和有机硫的硫同位素组成,探讨了石灰土中硫的迁移转化过程及其环境效应。有机硫是石灰土主要的硫形态,随剖面加深总硫和有机硫的δ34S值逐渐增大,其含量降低,这与有机硫持续矿化有关。SO_4~(2–)和TRS的δ34S值随剖面加深平行地增大指示了石灰土中存在SO_4~(2–)异化还原过程,并且TRS是主要产物。高pH值和较低的黏粒含量不利于SO_4~(2–)吸附,生物滞留后剩余的SO_4~(2–)主要通过淋溶迁移出石灰土剖面。当前酸沉降对石灰土的影响并不严重,SO_4~(2–)的淋溶迁移并没有引起石灰土pH值的显著降低。但值得关注的是,有机硫形态是酸沉降输入的SO_4~(2–)在石灰土中主要的硫滞留方式,SO_4~(2–)吸附基本可以忽略,则在硫的年沉降速率显著降低之后,在较长时期内,石灰土中有机硫的矿化可能释放大量的SO_4~(2–)进入地表和地下水体,与之相关的土壤理化性质变化和水体化学组成改变等方面的环境效应值得关注。     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定电解二氧化锰废渣浸出液中的重金属元素

电解二氧化锰废渣中的重金属元素在雨水淋滤下,通过地表径流对下游水生态系统及农业生态系统造成不同程度的环境污染和安全隐患,因此,准确测定电解二氧化锰废渣浸出液中的重金属元素含量具有重要的现实意义。电解二氧化锰废渣浸出液中的重金属元素含量通常很低,采用原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定,检出限通常难以满足测定要求。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,消除复杂质谱干扰面临挑战。本文采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)测定电解二氧化锰废渣浸出液中的重金属元素含量。电解二氧化锰废渣中6种重金属元素Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb经硫酸和硝酸混合酸浸出后直接采用ICP-MS/MS进行测定,利用串联质谱的O_2反应模式消除分析过程中Cr、Ni、As、Cd受到的质谱干扰,通过考察不同分析模式下~(52)Cr、~(60)Ni、~(75)As、~(111)Cd的背景等效浓度(BEC),评价质谱干扰对分析结果的影响。结果表明:在MS/MS模式下选择O_2为反应气,采用质量转移法和原位质量法可以消除~(52)Cr、~(60)Ni、~(75)As、~(111)Cd的所有质谱干扰。Cr、Ni、As、Cd、Hg、Pb检出限分别为3.06、9.31、3.50、2.72、2.03、1.89ng/L,加标回收率在95.6%～106.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤3.9%。所建立的方法已应用于电解二氧化锰废渣浸出液中重金属元素的测定。     

Characterization of soil humin by acid hydrolysis

Studies were conducted to characterize soil humin by acid hydrolysis.Two humin samples collected from two different types of soil,namely chernozem and laterite,which are widespread over a vast area from the north to south of China,were hyrolyzed under reflux with 0.5M H2SO4or 3M H2SO4for 4h.The results showed that 25%-29% of organic carbon and 46%-54%of organic nitrogen could be hydrolyzed by 0.5M H2SO4;36%-40%of organic carbon and 93%-97% of organic nitrogen hydrolyzed by 3M H2SO4.The C/N ration in hydrolyzed organic matter is lower than that in soil humin and that in organic matter hydrolyzed by 3M H2SO4 is lower than that in organic matter hydrolyzed by 0.5M H2SO4.The proportion of nitrogen hydrolyzed from humin is markedly larger than that from the original soil and also markedly larger than that from humic acid fraction.Only 3%-7% of nitrogen in humin exists in a relatively stable from,which is not easy to hydrolyze.There in little nitrogen that occurs in the form of heterocyclic rings in humin.Incubation experiments showed that the newly formed organic matter can be hydrolyzed more easily.     

碱改性凹凸棒石对土壤中镉化学形态及环境风险的影响

凹凸棒石进行碱改性后性能的提高,为其钝化修复重金属污染土壤提供重要基础.本文采用不同比例的氢氧化钠对凹凸棒石进行改性,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)分析改性前后凹凸棒石理化特性的变化,并在人工配制的重金属Cd污染土壤上进行钝化实验,研究氢氧化钠改性凹凸棒石对污染土壤中Cd...     

Hydrometallurgical processing and recovery of molybdenum trioxide from spent catalyst

Hydrometallurgical processing of spent hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) catalyst for the recovery of molybdenum using sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide mixtures was investigated. The results indicated that the recovery of molybdenum was largely dependent on the concentrations of Na₂CO₃ and H₂O₂ in the reaction medium, which controls the acidity of the leach liquor and carry over of impurities such as Al, Ni, P, Si and V. Leaching process was exothermic and leaching efficiency of molybdenum decreased with increasing solid to liquid ratio. Large scale leaching of spent catalyst, under optimum conditions: 20% pulp density, 85 g/L Na₂CO₃, 10 vol.% H₂O₂ and 1 h reaction, resulted a leaching efficiency of 84% Mo. The obtained leach liquor contained (g/L): Mo — 22.0, Ni — 0.015 and Al — 0.82, P — 1.1, Si — 0.094 and minor quantities of V — 8 mg/L, As and Co — < 1 mg/L. Recovery of Mo from leach solution as MoO₃ of 97.30% purity was achieved by ammonium molybdate precipitation method.     

碳氮源对P.Fluorescens吸附和还原U(Ⅵ)的影响研究

为探讨不同碳氮源对培养基中铀酰离子的络合形态及荧光假单胞菌对铀吸附和还原作用的影响,本文以查氏培养基为基础,将蔗糖替换为葡萄糖或将硝酸钠替代为氯化铵,采用Visual MINTEQ分析研究铀酰离子络合形态。研究结果表明,碳氮源的种类对微生物生长无影响。U(Ⅵ)浓度为10 mg/L时,3种培养基中铀酰离子的主要络合形态均为UO2PO-4。U(Ⅵ)浓度为50~200 mg/L,查氏和葡萄糖碳源培养基中铀酰离子主要络合形态均为UO2(SO4)2-2。氯化铵氮源培养基中,U(Ⅵ)浓度为50 mg/L时铀酰离子的主要络合形态为UO2HPO4(aq),浓度为100~200 mg/L时主要是UO2Cl2(aq)。荧光假单胞菌对U(Ⅵ)耐受浓度高达100 mg/L,当U(Ⅵ)浓度达到200 mg/L时,菌体失活。荧光假单胞菌为活体时,对U(Ⅵ)的吸附率为84.02%~92.59%,还原率为3.32%~10.94%,不同碳氮源对铀吸附和还原的影响较小。荧光假单胞菌为死体时,对铀的吸附率为24.33%~39.05%;非葡萄糖碳源培养基中,对铀的还原率为37.50%~44.58%,含还原性葡萄糖的培养基条件下U(Ⅵ)的还原率为53.12%。还原性葡萄糖与荧光假单胞菌对铀的还原为协同作用。荧光假单胞菌为活体时,培养基成分被微生物充分利用,两者协同作用不明显。     

Seawater-peridotite interaction at 300°C and 500 bars: implications for the origin of oceanic serpentinites

An experiment has been performed reacting seawater with fresh peridotite (80% olivine, Fo₉₀ and ～- 15% enstatitic orthopyroxene En₉₅ and minor clinopyroxene and spinel) at 300°C, 500 bars and water/rock mass ratio of 20. The duration of the experiment was approximately 1500 hr.Seawater chemistry was appreciably modified during the experiment. Mg, Ca, Sr, SO₄ and H₂O were removed, while H₂S_(aq), Fe, Mn and Zn were added. H₂S_(aq) resulted from the inorganic reduction of seawater SO₄. pH was initially acid (2.8), but then rose slowly to a value of 5.2. The aqueous concentrations of Na, K, Cl and boron (B) changed little from that in seawater prior to reaction. However, as the solution was cooled to room temperature at the end of the experiment, the B concentration decreased. This suggests that the B content of oceanic serpentinites may be the result of retrograde reactions between a previously serpentinized body and ‘cold’ seawater.The primary minerals in the peridotite were replaced to varying degrees by serpentine (lizardite), magnetite. Mg-hydroxysulfate, anhydrite and possibly pyrite and sphalerite. Mg-hydroxysulfate and much anhydrite dissolved on quench.The alteration mineral assemblage generated during this experiment is consistent with that predicted from equilibrium phase relations and is similar in chemical composition, mineralogy and paragenesis to that reported for oceanic serpentinites.     

Flue gas and pure CO2 sorption properties of coal: A comparative study

Presently many research projects focus on the reduction of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. It is intended to apply underground storage techniques such as flue gas injection in unminable coal seams. In this context, an experimental study has been performed on the adsorption of pure CO₂ and preferential sorption behavior of flue gas. A coal sample from the Silesian Basin in Poland (0.68% V Rr), measured in the dry and wet state at 353 K has been chosen for this approach. The flue gas used was a custom class industrial flue gas with 10.9% of CO₂, 0.01% of CO, 9% of H₂, 3.01% of CH₄, 3.0% of O₂, 0.106% of SO₂ and nitrogen as balance.Adsorption isotherms of CO₂ and flue gas were measured upto a maximum of 11 MPa using a volumetric method. Total excess sorption capacities for CO₂ on dry and wet Silesia coal ranged between 1.9 and 1.3 mmol/g, respectively. Flue gas sorption capacities on dry and wet Silesia coal were much lower and ranged between 0.45 and 0.2 mmol/g, respectively, at pressures of 8 MPa. The low sorption capacity of wet coal has resulted from water occupying some of the more active adsorption sites and hence reducing the heterogeneity of adsorption sites relative to that of dry coal. Desorption tests with flue gas were conducted to study the degree of preferential sorption of the individual components. These experiments indicate that CO₂ is by far the prefered sorbing component under both wet and dry conditions. This is followed by CH₄. N₂ adsorbs very little on the coal in the presence of CO₂ and CH₄. It is also observed that the adsorption of CO₂ onto coal is not significantly hindered by the addition of other gases, other than dilution effect of the pressure.In addition to the sorption experiments, the density of the flue gas mixture has been determined up to 18 MPa at 318 K. A very good precision of these measurements were documented by volumetric methods.     

The Speciation of (CH3)2Sn2+ in Electrolyte Solution Containing the Major Components of Natural Waters

Hydrolysis constants of dimethyltin(IV) cation, in different salt solutions (CaCl₂: 0.15 I 0.90; MgCl₂: 0.30 I 0.60; NaCl-–NaClO₄, NaCl-–NaNO₃ mixtures: I = 3; NaCl-–Na₂SO₄ mixtures: I = 1 mol dm^-3) were determined by potentiometric ([H⁺]-glass electrode) measurements. These data, together with previous data (De Stefano et al., 1996b) were interpreted in terms of DHT (Debye–Hückel type) and Pitzer equations. The mixed electrolyte solution results also allowed us to obtain and parameters for the Pitzer equation. Calorimetric measurements were made at different ionic strengths in order to find the temperature dependence of hydrolysis constants and of the relative interaction parameters. The body of results allows us to determine the speciation of natural waters in a wide range of ionic strengths and temperatures.     

Carbon losses in soils previously exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 in a chaparral ecosystem: Potential implications for a sustained biospheric C sink

Between 1996 and 2001 an experimental set up in a chaparral community near San Diego, CA, examined various plant and ecosystem responses to CO₂ concentrations ranging from 250 to 750 μl l^− 1. These experiments indicated a significant increase in soil C sequestration as CO₂ rose above the ambient levels. In 2003, two years after the cessation of the CO₂ treatments, we returned to this site to examine soil C dynamics with a particular emphasis on stability of specific pools of C. We found that in as little as two years, C content in the surface soils (0–15 cm) of previously CO₂ enriched plots had dropped to levels below those of the ambient and pretreatment soils. In contrast, C retained in response to CO₂ enrichment was more durable in the deeper soil layers (> 25 cm deep) where both organic and inorganic C were on average 26% and 55% greater, respectively, than C content of ambient plots. Using stable isotope tracers, we found that treatment C represented 25% of total soil C and contributed to 55% of soil CO₂ efflux, suggesting that most of treatment C is readily accessible to decomposers. We also found that, C present before CO₂ fumigation was decomposed at a faster rate in the plots that were exposed to elevated CO₂ than in those exposed to ambient CO₂ levels. To our knowledge, this is the first report that allows for a detail accounting of soil C after ceasing CO₂ treatments. Our study provides a unique insight to how stable the accrued soil C is as CO₂ increases in the atmosphere.     

Experimental constraints on the effects of pressure and H2O on the fractional crystallization of high-Mg island arc basalt

H₂O-undersaturated melting experiments of synthesized basalt (SiO₂ = 50.7 wt.%, MgO = 8.3 wt.%, Mg# = 60) were conducted at fO₂ corresponding to NNO+1 and NNO−1 to clarify the effects of pressure (2–7 kbar) and H₂O on fractional crystallization in island arcs. H₂O content was ranged from nominally anhydrous to 4.4 wt.%. Differentiation trends, namely the liquid lines of descent, change sensitively according to pressure-H₂O relations. Tholeiitic differentiation trends are reproduced with H₂O ≤ ∼2 wt.% in primary magma. With such quantities of H₂O, fractional crystallization is controlled by olivine + plagioclase at 2 kbar. Increasing the pressure from 2 to ≥4 kbar induces early crystallization of orthopyroxene instead of olivine and therefore SiO₂ enrichment in the residual melts is suppressed. Increasing H₂O (≥ ∼2 wt.% in primary magma) stabilizes clinopyroxene relative to orthopyroxene and/or magnetite. Although the phase relations and proportions strongly depend on fO₂ and H₂O content, differentiation trends are always calc-alkaline.