Diversity of Mesozoic tin-bearing granites in the Nanling and adjacent regions,South China: Distinctive mineralogical patterns

The Nanling and adjacent regions of South China host a series of tin deposits related to Mesozoic granites with diverse petrological characteristics. The rocks are amphibole-bearing biotite granites, or(topaz-) albite-lepidolite(zinnwaldite) granites,and geochemically correspond to mealuminous and peraluminous types, respectively. Mineralogical studies demonstrate highly distinctive and critical patterns for each type of granites. In mealuminous tin granites amphibole, biotite and perthite are the typical rock-forming mineral association; titanite and magnetite are typical accessory minerals, indicating high fO2 magmatic conditions;cassiterite, biotite and titanite are the principal Sn-bearing minerals; and pure cassiterite has low trace-element contents. However,in peraluminous tin granites zinnwaldite-lepidolite, K-feldspar and albite are typical rock-forming minerals; topaz is a common accessory phase, indicative of high peraluminity of this type of granites; cassiterite is present as a uniquely important tin mineral,typically rich in Nb and Ta. Mineralogical distinction between the two types of tin granites is largely controlled by redox state,volatile content and differentiation of magmatic melts. In oxidized metaluminous granitic melts, Sn4+ is readily concentrated in Ti-bearing rock-forming and accessory minerals. Such Sn-bearing minerals are typical of oxidized tin granites, and are enriched in granites at the late fractionation stage. In relatively reduced peraluminous granitic melts, Sn2+ is not readily incorporated into rock-forming and accessory minerals, except for cassiterite at fractionation stage of granite magma, which serves as an indicator of tin mineralization associated with this type of granites. The nature of magma and the geochemical behavior of tin in the two types of granites thus result in the formation of different types of tin deposits. Metaluminous granites host disseminated tin mineralization,and are locally related to deposits of the chlorite quartz-vein, greisen, and skarn types. Greisen, skarn, and quartz-vein tin deposits can occur related to peraluminous granites, but disseminated mineralization of cassiterite is more typical.     

A preliminary study on ore-forming environments of Xianglushan-type iron deposit and the weathering mineralization of Emeishan basalt in Guizhou Province,China

Xianglushan-type iron deposits are one of the new types of iron deposits found in the Weining Area of Western Guizhou. The iron-bearing rock system is a paleo-weathered crustal sedimentary(or accumulating) stratum between the top of the Middle-Late Permian Emeishan basalt formation and the Late Permian Xuanwei formation. Iron ore is hosted in the Lower-Middle part of the rock system. In terms of the genesis of mineral deposit, this type of deposit should be a basalt paleo-weathering crustal redeposit type, very different from marine sedimentary iron deposits or continental weathering crust iron deposits. Based on field work and the analytical results of XRD Powder Diffraction, Electron Probe, Scanner Electron Microscope, etc., the geological setting of the ore-forming processes and the deposit features are illustrated in this paper. The ore-forming environment of the deposit and the Emeishan basalt weathering mineralization are also discussed in order to enhance the knowledge of the universality and diversity of mineralization of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province(ELIP), which may be a considerable reference to further research for ELIP metallogenic theories, and geological research for iron deposits in the paleo-weathering crust areas of the Emeishan basalt,Southwestern, China.     

Metallogenic model of the copper deposit

The copper deposits in the mid-lower reaches of the Changjiang River consist mainly of porphyry, skarn and massive sulphide deposits. According to the geological background, the types of ore deposits and the mineralization, the metallogenic model of the copper deposits is discussed. It is pointed out that the ore-forming hydrothermal fluids came mainly from magmatic water and were related to the intermediate-acid intrusions, and that the formation of skarn arid massive sulphide deposits coincided with the mineralization of porphyry deposits. Project supported by Doctorate Foundation of the State Education Commission of China.     

A study on the Dushiling tungsten-copper deposit in the Miao’ershan-Yuechengling area,Northern Guangxi,China: Implications for variations in the mineralization of multi-aged composite granite plutons

The polymetallic Dushiling W-Cu deposit is a large, altered, skarn-type deposit, located in the northeastern part of the Miao'ershan-Yuechengling pluton, China. Two types of granite have been identified in the deposit: a medium-grained porphyritic biotite granite, and a medium- to fine-grained biotite granite. Both are spatially and temporally related to ore bodies, suggesting they may be the source of mineralization in the deposit. A medium- to fine-grained porphyritic biotite granite is exposed at the surface in the region of mineralization. U-Pb dating of zircons yielded magmatic ages of 423 Ma for the medium-grained porphyritic biotite granite and 421 Ma for the medium- to fine-grained porphyritic biotite granite, while a younger age(217 Ma) obtained for surface samples indicates later diagenesis. Thus, magmatism occurred during the Caledonian and Indosinian, respectively. The petrological and geochemical characteristics of the two Caledonian granites show that both are calc-alkaline and peraluminous.They are moderately enriched in Cs, Rb, U, and REE, and strongly depleted in Sr,Ba,P,and Ti; they show similar REE behavior,including negative Eu anomalies. These geochemical similarities suggest that the two granites were derived from the same source,although they were emplaced during different stages of the evolution of the magma. Furthermore, the granites are associated with mineralization, suggesting they were the source of mineralization in the Dushiling W-Cu deposit. Sm-Nd ages of scheelite from the Dushiling W-Cu deposit indicate that metallogenesis occurred at 417±35 Ma, while the two types of titanite, intergrown with scheelite, yield U-Pb ages of 423–425 Ma(in altered granite sample) and 218 Ma(in skarn sample). These ages place the main mineralization event in the late Caledonian, and later magmatic-hydrothermal activity occurred in the Indosinian. The ages obtained for the Dushiling W-Cu deposit in the western Nanling Range, northern Yuechengling, together with the occurrence and ages of the Niutangjie W deposit in southern Yuechengling, provide insight into the process of ore concentration during the Caledonian and Indosinian.     

Experimental study of ore gabbro liquid immiscibility

The magma immiscibility is that an originallyuniform magma split into two liquids with differentcompositions and properties because of the changes oftemperature, pressure and composition in the mag-matic processes. The phenomenon is ubiquitous in thenature and industrial production. For example, magmaimmiscibility has been widely regarded as the mainmechanism of formation of the Cu-Ni sulphide depositAs early as the 1920s, some geologists[1] noted that anon-silicate magma, which is mainly com…     

浙闽裂谷带的成矿意义

浙闽裂谷带为金银铅锌铜钼金属矿床及萤石、高岭土等非金属矿床的重要成矿域,其代表性矿床有治岭头金银矿床、梅仙式块状硫化物多金属矿床、银坑斑岩型钼矿床、湖山萤石矿田、武义萤石矿田等。裂谷带活动具两个旋回,第一旋回与超大陆解体相当,始于新元古代,闭合于加里东期,代表性地层标志为中元古代地层。第二旋回始于燕山早期,止于燕山晚期,代表性地层标志为下侏罗统枫坪组地层及白垩纪断陷盆地沉积地层。第一旋回相对应区域变质、混合岩化、韧性剪切活动及岩浆岩侵位等地质作用。第二旋回相对应大规模火山喷发、岩浆侵位、断陷盆地等地质作用。第一旋回裂谷环境中,形成治岭头式金银矿和梅仙式铅锌多金属矿床的初胚或金属矿床的初始矿体;在第二旋回后期大规模火山热液的成矿作用中,使前者叠加富集,形成了巨大资源量的工业矿体,而岩体侵位形成了一系列斑岩铜矿和浙闽地区极富特色非金属矿、萤石矿成矿带。     

葛坪铅锌矿地质特征及成矿阶段划分

葛坪铅锌矿是一个多阶段形成的中温热液充填交代矿床,主要的矿化类型有脉状、稀疏和稠密浸染状等。本文阐述了葛坪铅锌矿的基本地质特征,并通过在野外对矿床不同的成矿作用及矿化蚀变的观察研究,及室内对矿石结构、构造、矿物组合及先后关系的研究,将矿床的形成划分出五个成矿阶段：1早矽卡岩阶段;2晚矽卡岩阶段;3脉状铅锌硫化物阶段;4硫化物-石英阶段;5方解石阶段。     

Geochemistry of carbonatites in Maoniuping REE deposit,Sichuan province,China

Carbonatites are rarely igneous rocks distributed on the earth. The rocks usually form ring complexes with alkalic rocks, occurring in the environments of continental rift, collisional oro-genic zone and oceanic island[1, 2]. Numerous facts and experiment…     

江西修水县梅子坑钼矿床地质特征及成因初探

梅子坑钼矿位于九岭钨钼成矿带,为中型石英脉型钼矿床。矿区内地层和岩浆岩钼元素含量分别是克拉克值的43倍和21倍。矿体赋存于双桥山群修水组浅变质岩系中及北西向断裂控制的裂隙密集带中;矿石主要类型为石英脉型,矿石有益组分为辉钼矿,形成于石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿-黄铜矿早期矿化阶段。矿床可能与隐伏的燕山期细粒花岗岩、花岗斑岩岩脉有成因关系,属与燕山期岩浆活动有关的中-高温热液矿床。北西向断裂密集带,硅化、云英岩化、黄铁矿化围岩蚀变,燕山期花岗岩类及双桥山群浅变质岩系,是其主要找矿标志。     

Porphyry Cu deposits linked to episodic growth of an underlying parental magma chamber

Saindak is one of the typical porphyry Cu deposits (PCDs) in the Chagai magmatic arc in Pakistan. Ore-forming porphyries at Saindak PCD are mainly composed of tonalite. Here, we use geochemistry of apatite enclosed in plagioclase phenocrysts from the ore-forming tonalite to constrain the releasing and recharging processes of S and Cl in the underlying parental magma chamber during PCD mineralization. Although apatite inclusions have homogeneous intra-grain S and Cl compositions, there is significant inter-grain S and Cl variations in apatite inclusions located from core to rim in the hosting plagioclase. Such inter-grain S and Cl variation in apatites are coupled with the core-to-rim trends of An, FeO and Mg contents of the hosting plagioclase phenocryst. It indicates that the Saindak PCD likely formed by episodic injection of primitive magmas during the growth of an underlying magma chamber, rather than by one major injection or by addition of mafic melt derived from different source region. Each primitive melt injection introduced essential ore-forming materials such as S and Cl, which were rapidly and effectively released to the coexisting fluids, causing mineralization. Once primitive melt injection stops, signaling the end of growth of underlying magma chamber, mineralization will cease quickly although the hydrothermal system can still survive for a long time. However, the later released fluids are relatively depleted in ore-forming materials, and thus have lower capability to generate mineralization. Accordingly, predominant porphyry-type mineralizations occurred during the growth rather than waning stage of a magmatic system.

     

老挝铁矿资源与成矿预测

经资料整理与实地调研：老挝已发现铁矿床（点）42处。重要矿床为万象省（P．Vientiane）万荣（Vang—viang）铁矿、川圹省（P．Xiangkhouang）富诺安（Phou．Nhouan）铁矿、万象省（P．Vientiane）帕莱（PhaLek）铁矿、甘蒙省（P．Khammouan）班农洛（BanNonglao）铁矿。重要矿床的矿体呈似层状、脉状产出,矿石质量较好,矿床属接触交代矿床、热液矿床。据地层条件、岩浆岩条件、构造条件、铁矿床（点）的分布情况,老挝划分出琅勃拉邦（Louangphabang）、孟佩（MuangPek）、桑怒（Xam—Nua）3个成矿预测区。     

In-situ sulfur isotope and trace element of pyrite constraints on the formation and evolution of the Nibao Carlin-type gold deposit in SW China

The fault-controlled Nibao Carlin-type gold deposit,together with the strata-bound Shuiyindong deposit,comprise a significant amount of the disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province,China.Five main types and two sub-types of pyrite at the Nibao deposit(Py1a/Py1b,Py2,Py3,Py4,Py5)were distinguished based on detailed mineralogical work.Py1,Py2and Py3 are Au-poor,whereas Py4 and Py5 are Au-rich,corresponding to a sedimentary and hydrothermal origin,respectively.Through systematic in situ analyses of NanoSIMS sulfur isotopes,the framboid pyrite Py1a with negative δ^34S values(-53.3 to-14.9%)from the Nibao deposit were found to originate from bacterial sulfate reduction(BSR)processes in an open and sulfate-sufficient condition while the superheavy pyrite Py1b(73.7–114.8%)is probably due to the potential influence of closed-system Rayleigh fractionation or the lack of preservation of deepsea sediments.Data of Py2 and Py3 plot within the area of S isotope compositions from biogenic and abiogenic sulfate reduction.In view of few coeval magmatic rocks in the mining district,the near zero δ^34S values of the Au-rich pyrites(Py4 and Py5)may discount the potential involvement of magmatic but metamorphic or sedimentary origin.LA-ICP-MS and TEM work show that Au in ore-related pyrite is present as both nanoparticles and structurally bound.LA-ICP-MS analyses show that the Au-rich pyrite also contains higher As,Cu,Sb,Tl and S than other types of pyrite,which inferred a distal manifestation of deep hydrothermal mineralization systems.     

Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania

High-TiO₂, quartz-normative (HTQ) tholeiite sheets of Early Jurassic age have intruded mainly Late Triassic sedimentary rocks in several early Mesozoic basins in the eastern United States. Field observations, petrographic study, geochemical analyses and stable isotope data from three HTQ sheet systems in the Culpeper basin of Virginia and Maryland and the Gettysburg basin of Pennsylvania were used to develop a general model of magmatic differentiation and magmatic-hydrothermal interaction for HTQ sheets. The three sheet systems have remarkably similar major-oxide and trace-element compositions. Cumulus and evolved diabase in comagmatic sheets separated by tens of kilometers are related by igneous differentiation. Differentiated diabase in all three sheets have petrographic and geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions indicating hydrothermal alteration beginning near magmatic temperatures and continuing to relatively low temperatures. Sulfur and oxygen isotope data are consistent with a magmatic origin for the hydrothermal fluid.The three sheet systems examined apparently all had a similar style of crystal-liquid fractionation that requires significant lateral migration of residual magmatic liquid. The proposed magmatic model for HTQ sheets suggests that bronzite-laden magma was intruded in an upper crustal magma chamber, with bronzite phenocrysts collecting in the lower part of the magma chamber near the feeder dike. Early crystallization of augite and Ca-poor pyroxene before significant plagioclase crystallization resulted in density-driven migration of lighter residual magmatic liquids along lateral and vertical pressure gradients towards the upper part of the sheet. The influence of water on the physical properties of the residual liquid, including density, viscosity and liquidus temperature, may have facilitated the lateral movement more than 15 km up dip in the sheets. Exsolution of a Cl- and S-rich metal-bearing aqueous fluid from residual magma resulted in concentration and redistribution of incompatible and aqueoussoluble elements in late-stage differentiated rocks. This proposed hydrothermal mechanism has important economic implications as it exerts a strong control on the final distribution of noble metals in these types of diabase sheets.     

淮北地区矽卡岩型铁铜矿床控矿条件分析与成矿模式

淮北地区位于安徽省北部,是重要金属成矿区之一。地质构造单元归属华北陆块,其矽卡岩型矿床的控矿条件和成矿模式既与华北地区邯邢式接触交代型铁矿床相似而又有区别。邯邢式铁矿主要围岩地层为奥陶系,矿石成分简单,以磁铁矿为主。淮北地区部分矿床具有这一特征,而另一部分矿床的特征与此有较大差异：围岩地层为寒武系,矿石成分复杂,以铁铜矿为主,并含有金、钼等其它有益元素,岩体分叉侵入,多层成矿,矿体产于燕山中期石英二长闪长玢岩与寒武系中上统内接触带及正接触带,镁质矽卡岩较发育,含铜矽卡岩可见于外接触带。为了与邯邢式铁矿区别,称其为前常式铁铜矿。本区矽卡岩型矿床的赋矿层位为中上寒武统一下奥陶统。其中,寒武系铁矿比例43．39％、铜矿比例92．67％、金矿比例100％,奥陶系铁矿比例56．61％、铜矿比例7．33％。本文在介绍地质背景的基础上、较系统地分析了控矿条件和成矿模式,提出了岩浆侵入活动中心（或活动带）与寒武系接触带为重点找矿方向的观点,并明确指出远离侵入中心（带）的岩床,其成矿性差。文中还介绍了覆盖区识别岩浆侵入活动中心（或活动带）的方法。     

基于多元信息约束的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位——以云南北衙金矿区红泥塘矿段为例

矽卡岩型矿床是云南北衙金多金属矿区的一种主要矿床类型,受岩体、构造及层位等控制,其有利找矿空间为中酸性岩体与碳酸盐岩的接触带.以岩石物性为纽带,实现目标地质体与地球物理场的转换,提取有效信息.接触带中低电阻率、岩体的低密度性、铁矿的高磁性和高极化率等都是矽卡型铁矿床的特有地球物理属性.通过地质地球物理等多元信息的层层约束,解析不同级次的成矿要素问题,实现对隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位,建立地球物理勘探模式,并在矿区外围开展方法有效性的验证,取得了良好的勘探效果,提出一套适应于北衙地区及类似成矿地质背景下的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床定位预测方法.     

The distribution,characteristics and fluid sources of lode gold deposits: An overview

Lode gold deposits are among the most economically important types of gold deposits in the world. Globally, they formed mainly in three time intervals, 2.8 to 2.5 Ga, 2.1 to 1.8 Ga, and 700 Ma to the present. Sources of ore-forming fluids and other components are of critical importance in a better understanding of the genesis and the geodynamic controls of these deposits. Although ore-forming fluids were mostly derived from devolatization of sedimentary and/or volcanic sequences during greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism associated with orogenic deformation, magmatic hydrothermal fluids have been increasingly shown to be important in many gold deposits in various regions. In this review paper, we summarize the major features of lode gold deposits, possible sources of ore-forming fluids, and mechanisms of gold mineralization. While we acknowledge the critical role of metamorphically derived fluids in the genesis of such deposits worldwide, we emphasize that mantle-or basaltic magma-derived fluids may have been much more important than commonly thought. We use the Liaodong peninsula of the North China Craton as an example to demonstrate the significance of mantle-derived fluids. Integrating earlier studies and new data, we show that some of the late Mesozoic lode gold deposits in the North China Craton may have formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids due to the extension and partial melting of the hydrated, metasomatized subcontinental lithosphere mantle, as best exemplified by the Wulong gold deposit.     

河南遂平石寨铺铁矿区地球物理特征及找矿远景

遂平石寨铺铁矿区位于河南省隧平县境内,属于沉积变质型铁矿,含铁层位是太古界太华岩群。依据地球物理特征及物探高精度磁法工作结果,与舞阳铁矿成矿条件对比,预测西北部找矿远景较好。     

Study on the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province

Three carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes have been found in the Laowangzhai and Beiya gold orefields in the northern sector of the Ailaoshan gold deposit zone, Yunnan Province. Ocelli in the lamprophyre dykes are carbonates composed mainly of dolomite and calcite. Their trace elements, REE and C isotopic compositions are characteristic of carbonatite and the main mineral assemblages, major elements, trace elements and REE in the matrix are similar to those in the carbonate ocelli-barren lamprophyre dykes in the orefields, which are calc-alkaline lamprophyres that derived from the fertile mantle. The results indicate that the carbonate ocelli-bearing lamprophyre dykes in this area were produced at the time when the Himalayan lamprophyre magma evolved to a relatively late stage of silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility. In the process of magmatic evolution there took place magmatic degassing with CO₂ and H₂O as the dominant released gases.     

Geology and isotopic composition of helium,neon, xenon and metallogenic age of the Jinding and Baiyangping ore deposits,northwest Yunnan,China

TheJindingoredeposit,locatedinthenorthwestYunnanProvince,isthelargestPb-Zndeposit(Pb Zn>15Mt1),averagingZn=6.08%andPb/Zn=1/4.7)inChinaatpresent.Toitsnorth,alargeCu-Co-AgdeposithasbeenfoundatBaiyangpingrecently1).TheJindingPb-Zndepositishostedinsandstonesa…     

Relationships between mineralization and silicic volcanism in the Central Andes

Studies of late Tertiary silicic volcanic centres in the Western and Eastern Cordilleras of the Central Andes show that three volcanic environments are appropriate sites for mineralization: (1) ring-fracture extrusions post-dating large calderas; (2) similar extrusions within ignimbrite shields; and (3) isolated, small silicic volcanoes. Subvolcanic tin mineralization in the Eastern Cordillera is located in silicic stocks and associated breccias of Miocene age. The Cerro Rico stock, Potosi, Bolivia, contains tin and silver mineralization and has an intrusion age apparently millions of years younger than that of the associated Kari Kari caldera. Similar age relationships between mineralization and caldera formation have been described from the San Juan province, Colorado. The vein deposits of Chocaya, southern Bolivia, were emplaced in the lower part of an ignimbrite shield, a type of volcanic edifice as yet unrecognized in comparable areas of silicic volcanism. The El Salvador porphyry copper deposit, Chile, is related to silicic stocks which may have been intruded along a caldera ring fracture. Cerro Bonete, Chile, provides a modern example of the volcanic superstructure which may have overlain isolated mineralized stocks and breccia pipes such as that of Salvadora at Llallagua, Bolivia.Existing models for the genesis of porphyry copper deposits suggest that they formed in granodioritic stocks located in the infrastructure of andesitic stratovolcanoes. Sites of porphyry-type subvolcanic tin mineralization in the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia are distinguished by the absence of such andesitic structures. The surface expression of a typical subvolcanic porphyry tin deposit was probably an extrusive dome of quartz latite porphyry, sometimes related to a larger caldera structure. Evidence from the El Salvador porphyry copper deposit in the Eocene magmatic belt in Chile suggests that it too may be more closely related to a silicic volcanic structure than to an andesitic stratovolcano.The dome of La Soufriere, Guadeloupe is proposed as a modern analog for the surface expression of subvolcanic mineralization processes, the phreatic eruptions there suggesting the formation of hydrothermal breccia bodies in depth. Occurrence of mineralized porphyries, millions of years after caldera formation, does not necessarily indicate that intrusions and mineralization are not genetically related to the sub-caldera pluton, but may be a consequence of the long thermal histories (1–10 million years) of the lowermost parts of large plutons. Caldera formation can only inhibit mineralization by dispersal of ore metals when these are of magmatic origin, and ignimbrites should not be taken as being unlikely to be associated with porphyry mineralization. Whether ore metals are of wall rock or magmatic origin, the key to understanding the relationships between silicic volcanism and mineralization lies in the fractionation of trace elements within large zoned magma chambers during their igneous history, and their subsequent hydrothermal migration. Small, highly mineralized intrusions formed late in a caldera cycle (such as the Cerro Rico) may be due to the introduction of fresh supplies of mafic magma into the lower parts of the main pluton.