南方山地丘陵区典型地质灾害成因机制与风险评价

南方山地丘陵区地域跨度大,地质灾害孕灾背景复杂、成灾模式多样,是我国地质灾害高易发区。针对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害潜在风险高的问题,在中国地质调查局“南方山地丘陵区地质灾害调查工程”实施进展基础上,对南方山地丘陵区地质灾害控灾的气候动力特征及地质构造背景进行了系统分析,对典型地质灾害成灾模式和多尺度风险调查评价示范性成果进行了总结,揭示了东南沿海地区典型台风地质灾害、南方岩溶塌陷、西南高寒山区冰碛土泥石流及川西高原区火后泥石流形成机理与物源侵蚀机制。在此基础上,开展了南方山地丘陵区基于县域、重点城镇及典型灾害点的多尺度地质灾害风险评价应用示范,相关成果在西南重大工程规划选线及县城搬迁选址中得到应用。     

白龙江流域中上游第四纪沉积物的发育特征及其灾害效应

白龙江流域是我国四大地质灾害高发区之一,也是全国17个地质灾害重点防治区之一。第四纪沉积物的广泛分布为地质灾害提供了丰富的物质基础。本文基于遥感和GIS技术,结合影像特征和野外实际调查,建立了研究区第四纪成因类型（5大类11亚类）的解译标志;运用所建立的解译标志,对研究区进行了精细解译,新增第四纪残积物、坡积物、泥石流堆积和人工堆积等8个沉积亚类,补充和完善了滑坡堆积体和崩积物的面域数据,共解译第四纪沉积物面积444.7 km2,较前人研究资料扩展了380.4 km2;研究区上游段主要受地形地貌因素影响,第四纪沉积物沿白龙江主河道及其支流分布,中游段主要受地质构造控制,第四纪沉积物沿活动断层呈条带状分布,下游段主要受地层岩性影响,第四纪沉积物呈片状分布;第四纪沉积物灾害效应主要表现为崩滑效应和对泥石流的补给效应。本文研究成果对研究区区域地质灾害调查和风险评价提供了技术支撑。     

Subaqueous morphology of Lake Lucerne (Central Switzerland): implications for mass movements and glacial history

Bathymetric data available for Swiss lakes have typically only low to moderate resolution and variable quality, making them insufficient for detailed underwater geomorphological studies. This article presents results of a new bathymetric survey in perialpine Lake Lucerne using modern hydrographic equipment. A digital terrain model (DTM) of the lake floor (raster dataset with 1 m cell size) covering the Chrüztrichter and Vitznau basins documents signatures of major Holocene mass movements and relics from the glacial history of the lake. Combining the bathymetry data with reflection seismic profiles and an existing event chronology allows investigating the morphology in its geological context. Subaqueous sediment slide scars with sharp headwalls cover large areas on moderately inclined slopes. The particularly large Weggis slide complex, correlated with an historical earthquake (ad 1601), features a ~9 km long and 4–7 m high headwall and covers an area of several square kilometers. Large debris cones of prehistoric rockfalls and the deposits of recent rockfall events imaged on the almost flat basin plain document mass-movement activity on steep slopes above the lake. Six transverse moraines, visible as subaqueous ridges, as lake-floor lineaments, or only imaged on reflection seismic profiles, indicate a complex glacial-inherited morphology. As many of the documented features result from potentially catastrophic events, high-resolution bathymetry can significantly improve natural hazard assessment for lakeshore communities by extending classical hazard maps to the subaqueous domain.     

Natural hazard mapping

Systematic natural hazard mapping in Japan was started after WW II using aerial photographs. Analysing the interaction between disaster occurrence and land conditions is the most useful method for establishing the disaster prediction system for three types of disaster, flood disaster, mass-movement disaster, and earthquake disaster, which are strongly related to land conditions. A series of maps on natural hazards were established based on the results analysed. In our opinion, the following problems of natural hazard mappings remain so far unsolved:

1. No clear distinction is made between natural hazard mapping and land classification.
2. Organization of information for natural hazard prevention is not yet established.
3. There is no established earthquake disaster prevention map.
4. Utilization of new machines and tools is inadequate.
5. Effect of human activity is not estimated.

     

汶川地震灾区地质环境演化过程与后重建灾害防治措施

汶川地震发生在地质环境脆弱的山区,震后内外地质营力加速了灾区地质环境变迁,在变迁过程中,会出现不同的地质作用和地质灾害.本文通过研究灾区地貌变化、地表破坏、山体震裂、水文地质条件改变、地质灾害发育特征等地质环境现状,分析震后斜坡演化过程、地表地质环境变迁过程、外界因素的影响、崩滑流地质灾害转化关系,总结了地质环境变迁过...     

高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价

针对崩塌、滑坡和泥石流等灾种齐全的高山峡谷区,选取四川省阿坝县为研究区,采用多灾种耦合的评价思路,开展地质灾害危险性精细化评价。崩塌、滑坡等斜坡类灾害危险性评价以栅格为评价单元,泥石流灾害危险性评价以流域为评价单元。基于信息量模型和层次分析法,分别开展危险性评价,进而采用取大值的方法,获取研究区综合地质灾害危险性评价结果。研究表明,工作区综合地质灾害极高危险区、高危险区面积明显大于单灾种评价结果,极高危险区、高危险区主要位于崩塌、滑坡较发育的碎裂岩区域和极度易发的泥石流流域。针对高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价,多灾种耦合的评价思路能更合理的反映不同类型灾害在形态及空间上的差异,获取更精确的危险性评价结果。     

Geomorphology and geomorphological heritage of the Ifrane–Azrou region (Middle Atlas,Morocco)

Geomorphological heritage is a widely used term in European and North-American countries, but is still scarcely mentioned in Africa. Nevertheless, the attractiveness of the African countries is often intimately connected to its breathtaking and endless geological landscapes. Morocco is one of those countries that has the widest diversity in landscapes and landforms, ranging from the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts over the Rif, Middle Atlas, High Atlas and Anti-Atlas mountain chains to the great rocky and sandy deserts in the South. A wide variety of geological units hosting different types of important economic mineral deposits cover a temporal range from Late Precambrian to Quaternary. A detailed geomorphological study has been carried out in the region of Ifrane and Azrou (Middle Atlas, Central Morocco) using a combination of high resolution satellite data and direct field observations integrated by geological maps and scientific literature. In order to describe and evaluate the geomorphological heritage of this area, 40 geomorphosites have been selected comprising springs, karst landforms (polje, dolines, caves, sinkholes, stone forests, cryptokarstic dolines), carbonate depositional landforms (travertines and waterfalls), fluvial landforms (meanders, canyons, palaeo-valleys, etc.), structural landforms (triangular facets, hogbacks, cuestas, residual outcrops, etc.) and volcanic landforms (volcanoes, caldeira, pyroclastic cones, lava tube). The results of this research have been summarised in a thematic map, representing the geomorphosites related to various landscape units.     

RS与GIS支持下的汶川县城周边地质灾害危险性评价

地质灾害危险性评价是防灾减灾工作的重要依据。本文以汶川县城周边64 km2为例,应用遥感信息提取技术与GIS空间分析方法,根据IKONOS遥感图像和地形图及野外调查资料,提取了崩塌和滑坡易发性评价因子,采用信息量法确定了因子分值,计算了崩塌和滑坡易发性,并分别提出崩塌和滑坡的危险性计算方法,形成了汶川地区崩塌和滑坡危险性分区图。研究结果表明:新的崩塌和滑坡危险性评价方法能够反映区内地质灾害危险程度,该方法可行,结果合理,这为中、大比例尺区域范围内地质灾害危险性研究提供了有益的思路。     

A new approach to landslide geomorphological mapping using the Open Source software in the Olvera area (Cadiz, Spain)

This paper presents the preliminary results of a geomorphological survey of the Olvera area (Cadiz province, Betic Ranges, Spain) and the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) Open Source (OS) software plus Database Management System (DBMS) for making available and distributing the landslide data over the Web. In the geomorphologic survey, different landforms have been identified in the area, including structural, anthropogenic, fluvial, karst, and slope forms. In particular, the majority of the slope forms are complex (from topple to rotational slides and falls), but there are also minor forms like debris flows and mudslides. To manage geomorphological data, an Open Source GIS was used, which contained the following components: QuantumGIS, System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA), GIS and Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS), GIS for Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generation. A key aim was to make the project-derived data available over the Web. This was achieved using MapServer which allows for the representation of the derived geospatial data with pMapper providing the graphical Web interface. Our study highlights the process dynamics of run-off erosion in Olvera derived through the use of advanced computer-based mapping tools. The resulting map products and interpretations are available via the Internet. To date, derivative maps have been produced to improve maintenance of roads and transport and of the construction of new infrastructure.     

多源遥感数据支持下区域滑坡灾害风险评价

滑坡风险管理是防灾减灾的有效途径之一,而灾害风险评价是风险管理的基础和依据。以三峡库首区为研究区、多源遥感影像为主要数据源,利用立体像对技术及光谱分析等方法快速提取地形地貌、地表覆被、地质及水文条件等滑坡孕灾环境信息,应用随机森林模型分析区域滑坡危险性;采用面向对象方法建立典型承灾体识别规则,快速提取建筑物及交通道路等信息,综合分析滑坡危险性及承灾体信息,以实现区域滑坡灾害风险评价。结果显示:高风险区面积为41 km²,约占研究区面积的9%,主要集中于人口聚集的城镇和交通建设用地等经济价值大的地区。其评价结果与野外实地调查情况基本吻合。     

宕昌县城关镇而信滑坡风险评价方法探讨与实践

甘肃省地质环境脆弱,地质灾害频发,是我国地质灾害最为严重的省份之一。面对如此严峻的地质灾害防灾形势,地质灾害风险评价已成为热门学科,是防灾减灾的一项有力的非工程措施。针对区域地质灾害风险评价方法和理论研究较多,形成了较为系统的技术流程,而对于单体地质灾害风险评价的研究相对较少。本次以宕昌县城关镇而信滑坡为例,利用已有单体地质灾害风险评价理论体系,阐述了大比例尺下的单体滑坡灾害的风险评价过程,得出了相应受险区的风险等级。     

Geomorphology of the Ablation Point massif, Alexander Island, Antarctica

A coloured geomorphological map at the approximate scale of 1:50,000 is presented for the Ablation Point massif area. The main gcomorphological features have been described, such as ice and snow cover, glacial landforms and deposits (and chronology), ice marginal lakes, melt pools, gelifluction landforms and patterned ground and valley-slope landforms. The area is thought to be a good analogue for glacial-age maritime northwest Europe.     

Geomorphological evolution of marine heads on the eastern coast of Red Sea at Saudi Arabian region,using remote sensing techniques

The eastern coast of the Red Sea is characterized by the presence of numerous marine heads that differ in terms of shape, size, geological setting, structures, and composition. This difference directly affects geomorphological evolution. In the present study, Ras Al-Shabaan was chosen as a most important area in this coast. Field investigations supported with photo-interpretation techniques were performed for studying of geomorphological features of Ras Al-Shabaan. On the other hand, the remotely sensed imagery data has been used extensively in the identification of geological and geomorphological details of Ras Al-Shabaan. The geomorphological studies showed that depositional processes of wadis and channels are predominant at the Ras Al-Shabaan coast. The changes in geomorphological and geological data of Ras Al-Shabaan were identified by remote sensing image software. Two Landsat ETM+ images from 1990 and 2010 have been processed. The analysis of remote sensing data combined with field investigations and reference data were used to monitor, delineate, and describe the geomorphological changes of Ras Al-Shabaan coast during proceedings of supervised classification of ground units. Hence, the change detection statistics have been used in ground units. Geological and geomorphological maps were digitized by using ArcGIS software. Remote sensing techniques and geographic information system (GIS) were employed in order to monitor the results of changes occurred in the line of the coast. The satellite image processing and water index data were transferred to the ArcGIS program to draw the coast lines and to stand on the changes occurred. Thereby, it was possible to identify the most prominent landforms and geomorphic units of this area. Results showed that platforms, barriers, rocky heads, islands, coral reefs, submerged reefs, tidal channels, dissolution grooves, sabkhas, inlet system, waves work, and shoreline processes were included in coastal prominent landforms. The circumstances that formed this coast are not permanent, as it is changing rapidly and continuously due to erosion and uplift processes.     

安徽黄山市徽州区地质灾害危险性评价研究

皖南山区是安徽省地质灾害高发区域。本文选取黄山市徽州区为研究区,根据区内地形地貌和地质构造特点,选取了高程、坡度、坡向、断裂构造、水系、土地覆盖类型、工程地质岩组、人类活动强度等8项致灾因子作为地质灾害危险性评价指标。结合地质灾害野外实地调查成果,采用信息量模型法对研究区进行地质灾害危险性评价,探索建立适合皖南山区的地质灾害危险性评价模型。     

渝东北典型盆缘山区高位崩滑灾害风险评价

研究区位于重庆市巫溪县下堡镇内,属渝东盆缘山区,地形切割强烈,地质环境复杂,地质灾害频发。为了研究高陡峡谷区地质灾发育分布规律、风险区划,文章选取高程、坡度、坡向、工程地质岩组、距水系距离及距褶皱距离因子做为地质灾害易发性评价的影响因素,基于ArcGIS平台,利用信息量模型,定量评价了巫溪宁桥片区高陡峡谷区高位地质灾害的易发性,评价模型与地质灾害分布空间契合度较高,评价结果可信度较高。再结合易损性评价对研究区进行了地质灾害风险评价,最终得到研究区地质灾害风险评价模型。为该区域地质灾害防治提供了科学依据,同时对同类高陡峡谷地区地质灾害风险性评价及地质灾害防治具有借鉴意义。     

A general geomorphological map of Romania on the scale of 1:25,000, Zlatna sheet

All of the General Geomorphological Map of Romania on the medium scale of 1:200,000, with 50 sheets was elaborated in the Institute of Geography during the 1976--1990 period. A new general geomorphological map, this time on a large scale -- 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 -- is being worked out since 1991. The legend of the last two maps lists 250 geomorphological elements, grouped by ten large categories: 1. geological substrate; 2.denudational relief; 3. fluviatile relief; 4. lacustrine and marine relief; 5. glacial and periglacial relief; 6. karst relief; 7. eolian relief; 8. volcanic relief; 9. structural relief and, 10. anthropic relief. The general geomorphological maps of Romania on large scale (1:25,000 and 1:50,000) are accompanied by two auxiliary maps, i.e. a map of relief units and a morphostructural map, as well as by three geomorphological cross-sections. These show, beside landforms and geological structure, also rock composition and inclination of the strata. As an illustration, there is Zlatna sheet, on the scale of 1:25,000, which covers an area situated in the south-eastern part of the Romanian Western Carpathians (Apuseni Mountains). The work expounds on the location, division of the relief, relief energy and landforms, rock structure and make-up, current modelling processes, terraces, minor channel-beds, distribution of volcanic funnels and anthropic relief.     

粤港澳跨海大桥海域工程地质特征

根据地球物理探测、海底取样、钻探及现场测试等实测资料详细分析，发现粤港澳跨海大桥海域具有独特的自然条件以及复杂的海洋工程地质特征。海底地形地貌较为复杂，存在含浅层气区、活动性断层、沙波、地震活动、不规则基岩、埋藏古河道、冲刷槽沟和水下浅滩等潜在灾害地质因素，尤其粤港澳跨海大桥是特大型建筑，它经过的海域分布着多种潜在的地质灾害，应引起重视。     

Integration of GIS,AHP and TOPSIS for earthquake hazard analysis

Worldwide, earthquakes and related disasters have persistently had severe negative impacts on human livelihoods and have caused widespread socioeconomic and environmental damage. The severity of these disasters has prompted recognition of the need for comprehensive and effective disaster and emergency management (DEM) efforts, which are required to plan, respond to and develop risk mitigation strategies. In this regard, recently developed methods, known as multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), have been widely used in DEM domains by emergency managers to greatly improve the quality of the decision-making process, making it more participatory, explicit, rational and efficient. In this study, MCDA techniques of the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), integrated with GIS, were used to produce earthquake hazard and risk maps for earthquake disaster monitoring and analysis for a case study region of Küçükçekmece in Istanbul, Turkey. The five main criteria that have the strongest influence on the impact of earthquakes on the study region were determined: topography, distance to epicentre, soil classification, liquefaction and fault/focal mechanism. AHP was used to determine the weights of these parameters, which were also used as input into the TOPSIS method and GIS (ESRI ArcGIS) for simulating these outputs to produce earthquake hazard maps. The resulting earthquake hazard maps created by both the AHP and TOPSIS models were compared, showing high correlation and compatibility. To estimate the elements at risk, population and building data were used with the AHP and TOPSIS hazard maps for potential loss assessment; thus, we demonstrated the potential of integrating GIS with AHP and TOPSIS in generating hazard maps for effective earthquake disaster and risk management.     

云南大关寿山水电站地质灾害危险性评估

在工程建设中,地质灾害的发生往往与工程周边复杂的地质环境条件密切相关,山地区域由于地质地形条件复杂,使得工程地质灾害发生的可能性和危险性大大增加.以云南大关寿山水电站为例,介绍了地质灾害评估工作的基本过程和特点,对一般水电站的地质灾害危险性评估工作具有一定的参考价值.     

Soil erosion susceptibility assessment and validation using a geostatistical multivariate approach: a test in Southern Sicily

A certain number of studies have been carried out in recent years that aim at developing and applying a model capable of assessing water erosion of soil. Some of these have tried to quantitatively evaluate the volumes of soil loss, while others have focused their efforts on the recognition of the areas most prone to water erosion processes. This article presents the results of a research whose objective was that of evaluating water erosion susceptibility in a Sicilian watershed: the Naro river basin. A geomorphological study was carried out to recognize the water erosion landforms and define a set of parameters expressing both the intensity of hydraulic forces and the resistance of rocks/soils. The landforms were mapped and classified according to the dominant process in landsurfaces affected by diffuse or linear water erosion. A GIS layer was obtained by combining six determining factors (bedrock lithology, land use, soil texture, plan curvature, stream power index and slope-length factor) in unique conditions units. A geostatistical multivariate approach was applied by analysing the relationships between the spatial distributions of the erosion landforms and the unique condition units. Particularly, the density of eroded area for each combination of determining factors has been calculated: such function corresponds, in fact, to the conditional probability of erosion landforms to develop, under the same geoenvironmental conditions. In light of the obtained results, a general geomorphologic model for water erosion in the Naro river basin can be depicted: cultivated areas in clayey slopes, having fine-medium soil texture, are the most prone to be eroded; linear or diffuse water erosion processes dominate where the topography is favourable to a convergent or divergent runoff, respectively. For each of the two erosion process types, a susceptibility map was produced and submitted to a validation procedure based on a spatial random partition strategy. Both the success of the validation procedure of the susceptibility models and the geomorphological coherence of the relationships between factors and process that such models suggest, confirm the reliability of the method and the goodness of the predictions.