内孤立波过凹陷地形的实验探究

本文通过实验室水槽实验,讨论内孤立波经过凹陷地形的演化过程。实验在两层流体中进行,上下水层的厚度和密度被定量地控制,改变凹陷地形的宽度,并对每种地形分别进行了不同分层结构下具有不同初始振幅的内孤立波对照实验,研究内孤立波与凹陷地形的作用过程。研究发现,本文实验环境下凹型内孤立波实验波形与mKdV(Korteweg-deVries)理论波形更符合;而上凸型内孤立波实验,当非线性参数ε≤0.22时,KdV理论波形与实验波形符合较好,当非线性参数ε≥0.27时.mKdV理论与实验波形符合较好。下凹型内孤立波经凹陷地形过程中波形变化轻微,主波振幅有先减小后增大的趋势,且障碍比越大,变化趋势越明显。本实验结果可作为研究海洋中内孤立波与海底凹陷地形作用情况的参考。     

内孤立波过陆架陆坡地形的数值模拟研究

内波是海洋中普遍存在的波动形式。内孤立波是典型的非线性内波,多发于陆架边缘海,如南海等海域,对陆架海域有重要影响。本文针对内孤立波在陆架地形上的传播问题,先基于弱非线性与全非线性数值模型,模拟了不同振幅、地形高度条件下内孤立波的演化的过程,探讨了动力系数对内孤立波演化过程的影响,对比了两模型的模拟结果在内孤立波演化过程、能量分配以及能量耗散的差异,后分析了南海的动力系数分布特征。结果表明,在内孤立波不发生破碎的情况下,弱非线性模型与全非线性模拟结果相近。当发生破碎过程时,弱非线性模型可准确模拟头波,但无法通过强非线性的破碎过程耗散能量,只能以裂变的方式辐射能量。在弱非线性模型中,随地形高度增加,频散系数减小到零,平方非线性系数由负转正,立方非线性系数绝对值增大一个量级,并主导陆架地形上内孤立波的演化过程。通过对比南海夏季与冬季非线性内波动力系数空间分布,发现内孤立波在传播过程由于夏季平方非线性效应、立方非线性效应与频散效应较强的影响,其在夏季更易发生陡化与裂变,波列发生频率高。     

海底山脊作用下内孤立波破碎研究

基于实验室水槽实验,研究了内孤立波在海底山脊地形存在下的破碎过程。实验设置了两层流体的分层环境,定量地控制了上下层水体厚度及密度,使用不同高度的高斯地形模拟实际的海山作用,讨论了不同高度地形作用下内孤立波破碎过程的异同。实验结果表明,内孤立波的破碎过程中由于逆压梯度的存在,在地形处发生边界层分离,产生了底边界层反向射流和涡脱落现象,计算了内孤立波破碎过程中产生的底部切应力的分布。本文通过实验模拟了内孤立波再海山作用下的破碎过程,进一步探究了海山对内孤立波破碎的影响和底部切应力的作用,对于研究自然界中海洋内孤立波在海山区域的破碎现象有参考价值。     

基于激波捕捉类Boussinesq模型对岛礁地形上波浪传播的数值模拟

为了探究激波捕捉类Boussinesq模型在模拟岛礁地形上规则波和不规则波传播的可行性,采用基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程并具有激波捕捉能力的数值模型Funwave-TVD对规则波和不规则波在岛礁地形上的传播进行了数值模拟,通过与试验数据对比,分析模型中空间步长的影响,验证模型在模拟波高、平均水位分布以及波谱空间演变的能力,结果表明:采用合适的空间步长,模型能较好地模拟规则波和不规则波在岛礁地形上的传播和演化过程。对于规则波,较小的空间步长可改善破碎点处波高峰值的预测,并能更好地预测波浪破碎后波高的空间分布,相比结合经验破碎的Boussinesq模型,Funwave-TVD能更好地模拟规则波在岛礁地形上的破碎,以及破碎以后行进涌波的再生成过程;对于不规则波,Funwave-TVD总体而言能较好地模拟涌浪有效波高、次重力波的生成及空间演化和平均水位,但会低估礁坪上次重力波波高,较粗的空间步长也会低估礁坪上涌浪有效波高。     

Rossby波临界周期与海面高度异常能谱临界周期在南海的空间分布特征

本文利用WOA01(the Word Ocean Atlas 2001)海水各层气候态温盐数据计算南海Rossby波临界周期,并与其在同纬度西北太平洋中的分布对比.结果显示,在南海中Rossby波临界周期随纬度增加而逐渐增加,并且由于南海的特殊地形,海盆中Rossby波临界周期呈北东-南西向分布,与其在大洋中呈纬向带状分布不同.通过分析南海各网格点上海面高度异常(SSHA,the sea surface height anomaly)的能谱,我们发现在海盆中部其临界周期与当地Rossby波临界周期基本相同,其值也随纬度增加而逐渐增加,因而从观测上验证了模式结果,即在海面风应力旋度能谱临界周期小于等于当地Rossby波临界周期的条件下,海洋响应能谱临界周期等于当地Rossby波临界周期.     

南海西部及北部的地形Rossby波

南海是世界著名的季风盛行海域,冬季盛行东北季风,夏季盛行西南季风。东北季风盛行期间,海表层为西南向漂流;西南季风盛行期间,海表层为东北向漂流。由于季风的作用及热盐的影响,因而南海的流场与质量场互相调整适应。夏季南海东北部海水堆积,海面由东北向西南倾斜;冬季则相反。考虑到流场、质量场以及地形作用相互调整和β效应的影响,在等深线密集的那些海区因底形倾斜引起等效β效应可能会产生地形Rossby波。     

粗糙地形对内波生成影响的实验研究

为了研究粗糙地形对内波共振生成的影响,本文在实验中采用粒子图像测速法(PIV)对内波速度场进行测量。实验中设置了两种不同尺度的粗糙地形,其中一种地形的粗糙尺度大于黏性边界层厚度(δ),另一种地形的粗糙尺度小于δ。结果表明两种粗糙地形都使共振内波的能量减弱,粗糙地形一侧生成的内波强度约为光滑地形一侧生成内波强度的40%。当粗糙地形的尺度大于δ时,在粗糙地形一侧除了共振内波以外还有明显的内波射线生成,粗糙地形上的每一个凸形间断点都成为了一个新的内波源点,每条内波射线的强度约为共振内波强度的1/10,由新源点生成的内波射线相位基本一致,落后于正压潮3π/5个相位。当粗糙地形的尺度小于δ时,粗糙地形一侧仅有共振内波生成,共振内波的相位与正压潮相位十分接近。     

青藏高原地形对5、6月北半球环流影响数值模拟

利用NCAR CAM3.1模式进行了有无青藏高原地形的试验,通过两组试验结果的比较,研究了青藏高原地形对5、6月北半球500 hPa环流的影响。结论如下:春末夏初在北半球存在类似Rossby波列状的距平中心,5月波列产生于高原北侧的蒙古附近,途经鄂霍次克海、阿留申地区,到达北美西海岸;6月,由于西风急流北移、减弱及高原上空的非绝热加大,波列的产生地移至高原西北侧的巴尔喀什湖附近,强度减弱,造成该波下游的鄂霍次克海、勘察加半岛、阿拉斯加海域的强度相应减弱。另外,5月在鄂霍次克海和日本以东洋面附近的异常中心类似于负位相的OKJ波列,可以视为对正位相OKJ波列东段形成抑制作用;6月由于鄂霍次克海附近的负异常强度很弱,对OKJ波列东段的抑制作用很弱。     

复杂群岛海域海浪数值模拟方法及试验

在复杂群岛海域海浪模拟中,发展一种综合利用水深数据和高分辨率海岸线数据优化计算网格和在海浪数值计算中引入次网格地形效应的方法,充分描述多岛屿复杂地形分布对海浪模拟的影响.通过理想试验和实际应用表明:采用该方法后.在计算网格分辨率水平上,充分考虑了海岸和多岛屿地形对海浪传播的作用和多岛屿的次网格效应.数值计算结果有明显改善.     

礁坪上波浪传播的数值模拟

本文基于具备间断捕捉能力的二阶全非线性Boussinesq数值模型,对规则波和随机波在礁坪地形上的传播变形进行了数值模拟。该模型采用高阶有限体积法和有限差分方法求解守恒格式的控制方程,将波浪破碎视为间断,同时采用静态重构技术处理了海岸动边界问题。重点针对礁坪上波浪传播过程中的波高空间分布和沿程衰减,礁坪上的平均水位变化,以及波浪能量频谱的移动和空间差异等典型水动力现象开展数值计算。将数值结果与实验结果对比,两者吻合情况良好,验证了模型具有良好的稳定性,具备模拟破碎波浪和海-岸动边界的能力,能较为准确地模拟波浪在礁坪地形上的传播过程中发生的各种水动力现象。     

Generation of a double Kelvin wave resulting from the reflection of the Rossby wave by the jump layer

This paper considers the evolution of a spatially-localized divergent Rossby wave field near the depth jump. If the jump magnitude is comparable to the depth, Rossby waves are fully reflected and a double Kelvin wave is then generated. The Rossby waves and the double Kelvin wave are described by the first- and zero-approximation fields of the asymptotic expansion, respectively. Over the characteristic Rossby wave period, the level elevation produced by the double Kelvin wave spreads over an extensive area, theraby making up for the change in the total fluid mass of the Rossby waves.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Rossby波模型对西北太平洋海表面高度年际变异的可预测性研究

根据海洋Rossby波的西传特性, 使用一阶斜压Rossby波模型对北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异进行了回报和预测研究。回报结果表明, Rossby 波模型能够较好地模拟北太平洋海表面高度的年际变异。尤其是黑潮延伸区的下游, 模拟结果与卫星观测的相关系数达到0.8以上。预测结果表明, Rossby 波模型在两个纬向分布的海域有显著的预报能力, 分别位于高纬度中部和副热带环流西部。前者可提前5—6年, 后者可提前2—4年。此外, 重点开展了Rossby波模型在西北太平洋的预报能力研究。结果表明, Rossby波模型对中国的边缘海有着很好的预测能力, 包括南海北部、台湾以东和东海黑潮海域, 分别在提前32、40和52个月时能取得最佳的预测效果。     

分层热带海洋模式中的Rossby波和Kelvin波——初始混合层深度异常与大气热力强迫激发波动

利用一个两层半的热带海洋模式,采用数值实验的方法研究了热带海洋对于初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气季节内时间尺度热力强迫激发产生的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波。研究表明,初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气热力强迫,可以在两层半热带海洋模式中激发产生东向传播具有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波性质的波动和具有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波性质的波动。热力强迫激发产生海洋Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波所需时间长于初始海洋混合层深度异常和大气季节内动力强迫激发产生两波所需时间,与大气季节内动力强迫激发的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波相比,初始深度异常与大气热力强迫激发产生Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波具有不同的热力性质。     

Transmission and reflection of the Rossby waves in a stratified ocean with bottom topography

Transmission and reflection coefficients are calculated for Rossby waves incident on a bottom topography with constant slope in a continuously stratified ocean. The characteristics of the coefficients are interpreted in terms of the quasigeostrophic waves on the slope. In the parameter range where only the barotropic Rossby waves can propagate in the region outside the slope, the bottom trapped wave plays the same role as the topographic Rossby wave in a homogeneous ocean, and hence the transmission is weak unless phase matching takes place. When both of the barotropic and baroclinic Rossby waves can propagate outside the slope, the total transmission can be strong. The bottom trapped wave affects the transmission and reflection, and it leads to the possibility that the Rossby wave is transmitted as a mode different from the incident mode. When the number of the wavy modes on the slope is smaller than that of the Rossby wave modes outside the slope, strong reflection occurs.The results for an ocean with linear distribution of the squared Brunt-Väisälä frequency are compared to those in a uniformly stratified ocean. The weakening of the stratification near the bottom is almost equivalent to reducing the effect of the slope.     

Numerical simulation of the tropical Pacific response to equatorial wind stress anomalies

The results of the tropical Pacific response to the sudden onset of the equatorial wind stress anomalies are discussed. The ocean model is a barotropic, non-linearized one that includes reduced-gravity and an equation for the temperature of the ocean mixed-layer. The experiments are based on a state of equilibrium reached through a long running under the action of annual mean wind stress. There are two kinds of westward wind intensity regions: the whole tropical Pacific and the western tropical Pacific, which are all between latitude 6. 8癗 and 6. 8癝.In these cases, the results show that the positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Eastern Pacific and the negative SST anomalies in the Western Pacific are produced, and the positive SST anomalies propagate eastward, just as those observed during the actual El Nino phenomena. The propagations of the Kelvin waves and Rossby waves in the ocean are discussed.Another experiment is also carried out in simulating the process of the decay of El Ni     

Calculation of Interannual Variations of Sea Level in the Subtropical North Pacific

The interannual variations of sea level at Chichi-jima and five other islands in the subtropical North Pacific are calculated for 1961–95 with a model of Rossby waves excited by wind. The Rossby-wave forcing is significant east of 140°E. Strong forcing of upwelling (downwelling) Rossby wave occurs during El Niño (La Niña) and warm (cold) water anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The first and second baroclinic modes of Rossby wave are more strongly generated than the barotropic mode in the study area. A higher vertical mode of Rossby wave propagates more slowly and is more decayed by eddy dissipation. The best coefficient of vertical eddy dissipation is determined by comparing the calculated sea level with observation. The variation in sea level at Chichi-jima is successfully calculated, in particular for the long-term change of the mean level between before and after 1986 with a rise in 1986 as well as the variations with periods of two to four years after 1980. It is concluded that variations of sea level at Chichi-jima are produced by wind-forced Rossby waves, the first baroclinic wave primarily and the barotropic wave secondly. The calculation for other islands is less successful. Degree of the success in calculation almost corresponds to a spatial difference in quantity of wind data, and seems to be determined by quality of wind data.     

Analysis of the variability of hydrological characteristics of the north subpolar front using the model of frontal-trapped baroclinic Rossby waves

Solutions, termed frontal-trapped Rossby waves, have been found for the long-wave equation in a model of a two-layer fluid with the frontal boundary given in the form of an exponential function. Data from a hydrological survey of a subpolar hydrological front in the vicinity of Newfoundland are analysed. A frontal-trapped wave model is shown to describe about 40% of the dispersion of the initial seawater density field. Translated by V. Puchkin.     

Long baroclinic Rossby waves with periods of about 500d near 20°N in the northwest Pacific Ocean

On the basis of maps of sea level anomalies data set from October 1992 to January 2004, pronounced low frequency variations with periods of about 500 d are detected in the area near 20°N from 160°W to 130°E. A linear two-layer model is employed to explain the mechanism. It is found that the first-mode long baroclinic Rossby waves at 20°N in the northwest Pacific propagate westward in the form of free waves at a speed of about 10.3 cm/s. This confirms that the observed low frequency variabilities appear as baroclinic Rossby waves. It further shows that these low frequency variabilities around 20°N in the northwest Pacific can potentially be predicted with a lead up to 900 d.     

Spectral characteristics of Rossby waves in the Northwestern Pacific based on satellite altimetry

Using satellite altimetry measurement data for 1993–2013, we study the spectral characteristics of Rossby waves in the Northwestern Pacific (25°–50° N, 140°–180° E). For each latitude degree, we draw integral plots of spectral power density calculated with a two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D-FFT). We compare the dispersion equations of Rossby waves calculated from the WKB-approximation and an approximation of a two-layer ocean model with the empirical velocities determined by the slope of isopleths by the Radon method; also, we compare the dispersion equations with the spectral distributions of level variations. It is shown that the main energy of Rossby waves in the Northwestern Pacific corresponds to the first baroclinic mode. At almost all latitudes, there is good agreement between the empirical phase velocities calculated by isopleths by the Radon method and the theoretical values; also, the spectral peaks correspond to graphs of the dispersion equations for the first baroclinic mode Rossby waves, except for the Kuroshio region, where some peaks correspond to the second mode.     

Mapping climatic temperature changes in the ocean with acoustictomography: navigational requirements

In eddy-resolving hydrodynamic models, first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves linked to El Nino/Southern Oscillation are the dominant features which change basin-wide temperatures below the seasonal thermocline in the northeast Pacific at periods less than a decade. Simulations are carried out in which Rossby waves are mapped using acoustic tomography. Based on the model which propagated these waves, a Kalman filter is used to map temperature signals for a year. The modeled data are taken from a dense network of acoustic tomography sections. At 300-m depth, where the temperature perturbations associated with Rossby waves are about ±1°C, 80% to 90% of the model variance is accounted for with tomographic estimates. The corresponding standard deviations of the estimates are less than 0.1°C at 400-km resolution. About 80% of the model variance is accounted for with tomography when the navigational errors of the sources and receivers are as poor as one kilometer. Consequently, it may be unnecessary to accurately navigate actual tomographic instruments to map climate change. Modeling results are insensitive to: 1) a reduction in data due to a significant number of instruments which fail; 2) whether the instruments are mobile or fixed; 3) the detailed trajectories of mobile receivers; 4) the shape of the a priori spectrum of ocean fluctuations; 5) the corrections to the acoustic travel-time biases; and 6) the errors in the sound-speed algorithm. In basin-scale arrays, the modeled variance of acoustic travel time depends on the horizontal wavenumber of temperature as k^-5.5. Because sound has little sensitivity to small wavelengths, modeled Rossby waves can be mapped in a day from a few sources and of order ten receivers. The results only depend on the model having large scales in space and time