正压大气波动准共振的数值试验

利用准地转正压涡度方程全球谱模式，以对三个行星波准共振相互作用作了数值试验，取两类准共振波矢：（１）Ｋ１＋Ｋ２＋Ｋ３＝０，ω１＋ω２＋ω３＋△ω；（２）ｋ１＋ｋ２＋ｋ３＝０，ｌ１＋ｌ２＋ｌ３＝△ｌ，ω１＋ω２＋ω３＝０，分别积分９０ｄ，得到了一些重要结果：（１）纬向波数ｋ＝１，２，３的三个行星波存在着较强的波－波相互作用；（２）由于波波相互作用，这三个行星波存在着周期为２０－４５ｄ左右的低频振荡，     

印度洋海温异常对中高纬大气低频振荡影响的数值试验

用数值试验的方法,应用强迫耗散准地转正压涡度方程的全球谱模式,在方程中考虑了偶（单）极子的热力强迫作用,并在三个行星波准共振的条件下,模式共积分90d,得到：在偶、单极强迫热源和基本气流强度的共同作用下,三个行星波之间存在很强的波．波相互作用,且波动振荡呈现准双周和季节内振荡。同时偶、单极强迫源及基本气流的强度变化对中高纬大气的低频振荡调制作用不同。在准共振三波流函数场随时间变化的试验结果中,进一步证实了中高纬大气存在较好的低频振荡。     

斜压大气波动准共振与中高纬低频振荡

从准地转两层模式出发，可能产生两种情况准共振：（１）纯正压波；（２）两个斜压波和一个正压波。本文对（２）求得准共振三波振幅的解析解和波能量变化周期的近似式。此近似式和数值计算结果两者都表明，斜压情况能量变化周期比正压情况更容易趋于准共振频率偏离Δω自身周期，从物理上指出，波的位相与波振幅之间存在着一个反馈机制，由正压波与斜压波之间的慢变相差引起的动能与有效位能的互相转换，形成了正压波和斜压波交替增强和减弱的低频振荡，其振荡周期与上述近似式一致。当Δω～（０．１－０．０２）。（ωｊ）时，平均能量周期为１２－４３ｄ，而当Δω＝０时，平均周期为３６６ｄ．因此，频率偏离Δω出现仍可能是产生料压大气中高纬低频振荡的一种新的重要机制。     

不同尺度波动的非线性相互作用和大气的指数循环过程

本文用两层准地转截谱模式,考虑基本气流、超长波和长波之间的非线性相互作用,得出了大气环流指数循环这种准周期振荡过程,其周期为8—15天.数值计算表明:非线性相互作用可以产生大气行星波螺旋状槽线倾斜的谐振、不同尺度波动的振幅谐振以及大型环流波数变化的准周期振荡.     

太平洋-印度洋海表温度加热对中高纬低频振荡的调频作用

用数值试验的方法，分别以无热源型、El Nino初期、El Nino成熟期对应的赤道中东太平洋与赤道印度洋海表温度作为外强迫源，应用强迫耗散准地转正压涡度方程的全球谱模式，考虑了摩擦耗散及3波准共振的共同作用，采用非定常、定常加热两种形式积分90d，研究了对中高纬大气低频振荡的调频作用。结果表明：（1）3个行星波之间存在很强的波-波相互作用，且波动振荡呈现准双周和季节内振荡；（2）在El Nino初期和El Nino成熟期，无论是赤道中东太平洋海温还是赤道印度洋海温在逐渐增暖的过程中，大气低频振荡周期都有缩短的趋势。1997年2月-1997年4月，赤道印度洋调节作用强；而在1998年5月，赤道中东太平洋调节作用强；（3）赤道印度洋西区对大气低频振荡的调节作用要强于赤道印度洋东区；Nino3区对大气低频振荡的调节作用要强于Ninol＋2区；（4）太平洋-印度洋海温异常模态在1997年10月为高指数（简称PIMI一型），在1996年9月为低指数（简称PIMI二型），前者对应的东太平洋-西印度洋区对大气的调频作用要大于后者对应的西太平洋一东印度洋区。     

热带平流层多尺度波动分离方案的研究：多站点高分辨率无线电探空联合分析

利用太平洋地区台风过境期间6个热带气象站的高分辨率无线电探空资料,结合扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）展开,对热带下平流层行星波和重力波扰动进行了分离,给出了一种热带地区提取重力波扰动的新方案。对观测数据做EEOF展开后,选择表征行星尺度波动模态的特征向量和相应权重进行气象要素场的重建。结果显示,在不同的台风过程期间,温度、纬向风和经向风的重建扰动量显示出不同的动力学偏振关系:在准两年振荡（QBO）东风位相时与赤道开尔文波的偏振关系一致,而在准两年振荡西风位相时与混合罗斯贝-重力波（MRG）的偏振关系一致。把行星尺度波动模态从原始观测中剔除,得到新的扰动廓线,对其进行重力波垂直波数谱的谱型拟合。结果发现,与以往方法提取的重力波扰动相比,新方法所得谱型参数中特征垂直波长λ*在不同时期不同站点变化很小,稳定在1.7 km左右,且低频波数段谱斜率s的数值与理论假设1十分接近。综合其研究结果可以推测,用新方法提取的热带重力波扰动更加符合当前的理论垂直波数谱模型。      

应用CEOF方法分析西北地区温度演变规律

利用复经验正交函数（ＣＥＯＦ）对西北地区（陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆）１１２个台站１９６０～１９９０年，冬季（１２～２月），夏季（６～８月）平均温度场进行分析、结果表明：冬季平均温度第一特征向量的位相空间分布有规律性，反映出西北地区温度的尺度特征，冷空气的移动路径；第一时间系数变化反映出冬季温度趋势在波动中上升，特别是８０年代增温趋势明显，这种增温趋势的波动主要为由东向西传播；夏季第一特征向量的位相除新疆外，总体趋势为从东向西，从南向北位相减小，第一时间系数的振幅变化趋势是８０年代为一降温期，这种变化存在准两年、准三年周期，波动主要由东向西传播．     

非线性波 波相互作用对准２０ａ气候年代际振荡的影响

从简单海气耦合相互作用的非线性方程组出发,导出描述大气和海洋运动的无量纲准地转涡度方程．对准地转涡度方程引入双时间尺度后,在准共振条件Ｋ１＋Ｋ２＋Ｋ３ ＝０和ω１ ＋ω２ ＋ω３ ＝Δω下,求得大气和海洋波－波非线性相互作用的２组耦合方程,其中大气耦合方程中含有海洋强迫作用项．由这２个耦合方程组求得大气和海洋波动能量变化周期的近似解．结果表明：在考虑非线性效应的情况下,由波动共振引起的大气和海洋波动能量变化在中纬地区具有准２０ａ的周期,说明非线性效应对海气耦合也具有调制作用,从而确定准２０ａ气候年代际振荡形成的新机理．     

陆-气耦合的长周期波动

本文从大气中的热量平衡和陆地下垫面的热传导方程出发,探讨陆-气耦合作用。发现在这耦合系统中存在两类长周期波动:一类是周期约为4—9个月的准半年波;另一类是周期为2—5年的准三年波。重点讨论了准三年波的振荡特性。     

深厚和浅薄球面大气中的斜压行星波

本文在包括对流层—平流层—中间层(0—80公里)的半球及全球大气模式中,求解特征值及特征函数问题,得到夏季及冬季纬向平均基流中发展型行星波及天气尺度波的增长率、相速度及空间结构。结果指出,在冬季环流中存在三种不同结构及相速的发展型波动:1.行星尺度的准稳定Green波(波数1—2),其振幅在平流层中上部达到极大;2.深厚而准稳定的Char-ney波(波数3—4),其振幅在对流层中达到极大;3.天气尺度的移动性Charney波,这是一些波数5—9的对流层波动。在夏季环流中存在两种发展型波动:中间层内自东向西移动的波动1—4及对流层中自西向东移的天气尺度波动。这些发展型波动的结构、移速及出现层次与实际大气中的瞬变波有相当好的对应,由此推论,深厚球面大气基本流的动力不稳定可能是激发这些波动的重要机制。此外,深厚模型与浅薄模型的对比分析指出,以行星波为对象的数值模式必须包括对流层和平流层,简单的对流层模式会严重歪曲行星波的结构与移速。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on