集集地震中场地条件对地震动特性的影响

文中将921台湾集集地震主震的404组强震记录按照不同震中距和场地类别分组,对加速度水平分量和垂直分量的持时、峰值加速度(PGA)、包络线、反应谱比值进行了统计分析。结果表明,场地条件对不同分量加速度时间历程的若干特征有显著的影响,而且比较复杂。此外,断层方向对地震动水平特性也有一定的影响。具体研究结果为:1)地震动水平分量的持时随着场地依次变软而增大;2)断层方向对PGA衰减特征有一定影响;3)不同震中距离和场地条件下集散的时间里程的包线基本上都是单峰点的时间函数;地震动加速度水平分量包络线与竖向分量包络线有明显的不同;4)在震中距相同的条件下,场地愈软弱,周期愈短,谱比值EW/SN愈接近1。场地愈软,在短周期(<0.1s)段,V/H谱比值是变大的趋势,而在长周期(>特征周期)段则是变小的趋势;而且相对来说V/EW谱比值随场地变软而减小的趋势相对要强一些     

竖向与水平向地震动加速度反应谱比特性分析

本文采用全球范围128次地震的3235组三分量强地面运动记录,分析了其加速度竖向分量反应谱与水平分量反应谱的比值(V/H)的总体特征,研究了V/H随震级、震中距、局部场地条件和震源机制的变化关系。研究结果表明:(1)场地越硬,长周期段V/H越大,短周期段则相反;(2)震级越大,长周期段V/H越大,短周期段变化不明显;(3)短周期段V/H随震中距增大而减小;(4)对于大震(M7),长周期段V/H随震中距增大而减小;而对于中强震(M7),比值在近场(R60km)随震中距增加而增大,在远场则随震中距增加而减小;(5)V/H与震源机制也有一定的关系。     

基于强震动观测记录的新疆南天山地区地震动特性统计分析

将布置在南天山地区的71个强震动台站从2007～2018年记录到的732组强震动加速度记录按照不同震级、震中距和场地类别分组,对加速度水平向分量和垂直向分量的加速度峰值(PGA)和放大倍数谱(β谱)及其特征周期(T_s)和持时进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)三分量PGA随震中距的变化规律符合已有的衰减关系。地震波的传播规律和特殊的地壳构造会影响同类震级和场地条件下的PGA大小。场地条件对水平向不同分量的PGA的影响有不同的特点或规律;(2)地震动垂直向分量T_s总体上小于水平向分量T_s。随场地依次变软,水平向分量T_s逐渐增大;而垂直向分量T_s随场地类别的变化规律不明显。随震级和震中距的增大,T_s有逐渐增大的趋势;(3)场地类别对地震动水平向分量的持时有一定的影响,随着场地依次变软,持时会有些增大,对于垂直向分量,则没有明显的规律。     

沿深度方向地震动相干函数影响因素分析

基于KiK-net台网强震记录,探讨震级、震中距、场地类别及测点高差等对沿深度方向相干函数的影响规律。结果表明:①水平分量的相干函数值随频率变化规律相同,竖向与水平分量间的差异较大;相干函数值随频率和测点高差的增加而减小;Ⅲ类场地较之Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地,所记录的相干函数值随频率增加而衰减的速度更快。②近场(R≤300 km)相干函数值大于远场(R300 km);震级对相干函数的影响规律不明显;不同场地记录沿深度方向地震动相干性不同,建议选用王招招模型描述Ⅲ类场地地震动相干性,Harichandran模型描述Ⅰ,Ⅱ类场地地震动相干性。③基于日本"3·11"地震记录拟合得到了按震中距分段的相干函数模型参数值。     

剪切破裂源及其近场影响

本文利用有限差分法对垂直走滑断层和垂直倾滑断层两种剪切破裂源在不同埋深和不同破裂尺度(指垂直于地面方向上断层尺度)情况下的近场理论地震图进行了讨论,并得到了地表不同震中距处的加速度付氏谱。通过对上述两种源所产生的近场效应的对比分析,本文得到了以下初步结果: (1) 在埋深相同,断层面宽度相同的情况下,垂直走滑断层源对近场地表的影响比垂直倾滑断层源大。(2) 在垂直倾滑断层源的埋深、破裂尺度相同的情况下,在地表同一震中距处产生的水平位移要比垂直位移大。(3) 两种破裂源在地表同一震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅随破裂尺度的增大而增大,且近似为线性关系;在极震区内不同震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅随震中距的增大而减小,且随震中距的变化率在减小;在地表不同震中距处产生的加速度的付氏谱的主峰周期随震中距的增大而变长,随破裂的增大,付氏谱中主峰周期也加长,且长周期成份愈多;随着破裂源埋深的增加,地表不同震中距处产生的位移的最大振幅变小,即等震线变疏。(4) 走滑断层源产生的加速度付氏谱的主峰周期比倾滑断层源长。     

跨断层形变测量异常特征分析

在统计近40年我国强震前跨断层形变异常的基础上, 对异常持续时间、 异常空间分布、 异常幅度特征及它们之间的关系进行了分析, 讨论了跨断层形变观测异常特征和监测不同震级地震跨断层场地的最大间距及观测周期。 结果表明: 异常主要以中短期和中期异常为主, 尤其在震前1年内异常最多; 异常持续时间与震级呈正比例的关系; 异常在空间分布上有随震级增大而扩大的现象; 异常幅度有随异常持续时间增大而增大的趋势; 震中距在160~350 km范围内异常幅度较大; 异常形态主要分为趋势型和突变型两种。 监测不同震级的地震跨断层形变场地间距可以不同, 监测7级地震形变场地间距应小于450 km; 6级应小于300 km; 5级应小于200 km; 4级应小于100 km。 跨断层形变观测周期应不大于3个月。     

川滇甘陕地区设计反应谱特征周期的统计分析

以四川、云南、甘肃和陕西地区263个有详细场地资料的强震台站获得的2 388条强震记录为基础资料,对每一条水平向强震记录采用差分进化算法确定了加速度反应谱的特征周期。在考虑震级、震中距和场地类别基础上,统计不同震级、震中距和场地类别的特征周期值,并研究其对特征周期的影响。统计结果表明:这一地区,水平向加速度反应谱特征周期的均值随震级的增大而增大;随着场地类别的增加而增大;Ⅱ类场地的特征周期随着震中距的增大而增大;远场比近场的反应谱特征周期偏大;这一地区大震远场反应谱特征周期的统计结果较我国抗震设计规范规定的大震远场反应谱特征周期值偏高,研究结果对进一步合理确定加速度反应谱的特征周期有重要参考价值。     

9.21台湾集集地震中场地类别对地震动若干特性的影响

对9．21台湾集集地震主震的404组强震记录按照不同震中距和场地类别进行分组，然后对加速度水平分量和垂直分量的持时、峰值加速度、包络线、反应谱及其均方差作了，统计分析。结果表明，场地条件对不同分量加速度某些特征的影响较为显著，断层方向对地震动水平特性也有一定的影响。该结果对地震危险性分析以及结构抗震验算有一定参考价值。此外，对地震动三分量包络线的研究为三维地震动模拟提供了一定参考。     

烈度、震中距和场地条件对地面运动反应谱的影响

本文从我国现行抗震规范和烈度区划的实际情况出发按不同震中距将烈度7度分为三种情况,8度分为两种情况。根据强震观测资料统计得到的以上五种情况和9度的基岩运动作为输入,对实际工程中可能遇到的各种土层剖面进行了地震反应分折。根据所得结果讨论了烈度、震中距和场地条件的各种可能的组合对地表加速度反应谱的影响,提出了设计反应谱按烈度、震中距和场地条件分类的新方案。     

PGV/PGA和PGD/PGA随震级和震中距变化的研究

以太平洋地震工程研究中心(PEER)和强震动观测系统组织委员会(COSMOS)记录的13次地震的486个台站的三分量地震动峰值数据为基础,按照震级和震中距大小将其分类,得到地震动的峰值比PGV/PGA和PGD/PGA与震级和震中距的关系。结果表明:峰值比随着震级的增大而增大,随着震中距的增大也增大。最后给出了峰值比与震级和震中距的衰减关系,以供抗震设计参考使用。     

地震状态下高层建筑物安全防护避让距离的估计研究

高层建筑物在地震作用下易出现倒塌状况,严重影响人身安全,因此高层建筑物地震安全防护距离的预测至关重要。设计以基础数据库为核心的高层建筑物地震安全防护距离预测系统,通过高层建筑物基本信息系统采集高层建筑物高度、宽度、结构类型等基本数据信息,并将这些信息存储到震害数据库系统中;地震危害模型分析系统依据数据库系统中存储的这些建筑物基本信息,分析地震危险性后,通过研究地震时高层建筑上部结构水平、底部及顶部先接触地面三种落地状态情况下,计算得到薄弱层和薄弱层上部结构高度的安全防护距离。实验验证在人工地震波作用下,利用该预测系统可有效获取实验小区高层建筑物的安全防护距离界定示意图,且其能够准确分析地震作用下高层建筑物晃动时"飞石"安全距离,以及三种地震波作用下建筑物地震安全防护距离分布规律和主要影响范围,其预测效果好。     

Probability analysis of seismic pounding of adjacent buildings

The need to investigate the level of seismic pounding risk of buildings is apparent in future building code calibrations. In order to provide further insight into the pounding risk of adjacent buildings, this study develops a numerical simulation approach to estimate the seismic pounding risk of adjacent buildings separated by a minimum code‐specified separation distance during a certain period of time. It has been demonstrated that the period ratio of adjacent buildings is an important parameter that affects the pounding risk of adjacent buildings. However, there is no specific consideration for the period ratio in the related seismic pounding provisions of the 1997 Uniform Building Code. Results also reveal that, for two adjacent buildings, the probability distribution of required distance to avoid seismic pounding fits very well with the type I extreme value distribution. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A probabilistic performance‐based approach for mitigating the seismic pounding risk between adjacent buildings

Existing design procedures for determining the separation distance between adjacent buildings subjected to seismic pounding risk are based on approximations of the buildings' peak relative displacement. These procedures are characterized by unknown safety levels and thus are not suitable for use within a performance‐based earthquake engineering framework. This paper introduces an innovative reliability‐based methodology for the design of the separation distance between adjacent buildings. The proposed methodology, which is naturally integrated into modern performance‐based design procedures, provides the value of the separation distance corresponding to a target probability of pounding during the design life of the buildings. It recasts the inverse reliability problem of the determination of the design separation distance as a zero‐finding problem and involves the use of analytical techniques in order to evaluate the statistics of the dynamic response of the buildings. Both uncertainty in the seismic intensity and record‐to‐record variability are taken into account. The proposed methodology is applied to several different buildings modeled as linear elastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom (MDOF) systems, as well as SDOF nonlinear hysteretic systems. The design separation distances obtained are compared with the corresponding estimates that are based on several response combination rules suggested in the seismic design codes and in the literature. In contrast to current seismic code design procedures, the newly proposed methodology provides consistent safety levels for different building properties and different seismic hazard conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SMART-1台阵记录的长周期反应谱特性

利用台湾SMART－1台阵的数字强震仪加速度记录分析了同类场地上的地震动长周期分量特性，结果表明：同一次地震震中距基本相同的同类场地加速度反应谱短周期部分有较明显的差别，长周期部分则基本相同；震级和震中距对短周期反应谱影响明显，对长周期反应谱也有一定影响。最后将SMART－1台阳场地的平均谱与新的建筑抗震设计规范修订稿中提出的设计反应谱作了比较。     

An investigation of earthquake induced pounding between adjacent buildings

The response of adjacent buildings in city blocks to several strong earthquakes is analysed, taking into account the mutual collisions, or pounding, resulting from insufficient or non-existing separation distances. The buildings are idealized as lumped-mass, shear beam type, multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems with bilinear force-deformation characteristics and with bases supported on translational and rocking spring-dashpots. Collisions between adjacent masses can occur at any level and are simulated by means of viscoelastic impact elements. Using five real earthquake motions the effects of the following factors are investigated: building configuration and relative size, seismic separation distance and impact element properties. It is found that pounding can cause high overstresses, mainly when the colliding buildings have significantly different heights, periods or masses. This suggests a possibility for introducing a set of conditions into the codes, combined with some special measures, as an alternative to the seismic separation requirement.     

多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用研究

国外对隔震结构竖向地震反应的观测结果和对隔震结构竖向地震作用计算的规定,都与我国抗震规范有较大差别。本文通过反应谱和时程分析,讨论了多层隔震结构的竖向地震作用取值及竖向地震作用效应,对我国抗震规范的有关规定作了探讨,认为除位于近断层附近的隔震建筑外,其它隔震结构的竖向地震作用可取与不隔震结构相同;对于多层隔震建筑,多遇地震下可不考虑竖向地震作用,在罕遇地震下,应对所有隔震结构验算支座是否受拉或失稳,并且组合时应计入竖向地震作用效应。     

Seismic behavior of single‐story asymmetric‐plan buildings under uniaxial excitation

The critical parameters that influence the nonlinear seismic response of asymmetric‐plan buildings are identified by evaluating the effects of different asymmetries that may characterize the structure of a building as well as exploring the influence of the ground motion features. First, the main findings reported in the literature on both the linear and nonlinear dynamic response of asymmetric‐plan buildings are presented. The common findings and the conflicting conclusions reached in different investigations are pointed out. Then, the results of comprehensive nonlinear dynamic analyses performed for evaluating the seismic response of systems characterized by different strength and stiffness configurations, representative of a large class of asymmetric‐plan buildings, are reported. Findings from the study indicate that the building response changes when moving from the linear to the nonlinear range, so that the seismic behavior of asymmetric‐plan buildings, apart from the source of asymmetry, can be always classified as irregular. Additionally, it was observed that as the seismic demands cause amplification of system nonlinearity with increasing earthquake intensity, the maximum displacement demand in the different resisting elements tends to be reached with the same deformed configuration of the system. The resultant of the seismic forces producing such a maximum demand is located at the center of resistance and corresponds to the collapse mechanism of the system that provides the maximum lateral strength in the exciting direction of the seismic action. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

交通荷载作用下边坡动力响应数值分析

利用岩土数值分析软件FLAC2D6.0对边坡岩土体在不同交通荷载作用下动力响应做了数值分析。结果表明:在交通荷载作用下,岩土体的振动加速度在震源附近最大,沿坡面向上以及向内水平向逐渐减小;离震源越近衰减越快,随着距离增大而逐渐变慢,并且交通荷载越大衰减的幅度越大;路面以上边坡岩土体垂直加速度和水平加速度处于同一量级,垂直加速度大于水平加速度;路面以下加速度比路面以上大一个量级,水平加速度和垂直加速度处于同一量级,并且水平加速度大于垂直加速度。研究结果对于评价交通荷载对边坡岩土体的影响及边坡的加固与治理具有一定的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

Damage‐based seismic planar pounding analysis of adjacent symmetric buildings considering inelastic structure–soil–structure interaction

In cities and urban areas, building structures located at close proximities inevitably interact under dynamic loading by direct pounding and indirectly through the underlying soil. Majority of the previous adjacent building pounding studies that have taken the structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) problem into account have used simple lumped mass–spring–dashpot models under plane strain conditions. In this research, the problem of SSSI‐included pounding problem of two adjacent symmetric in plan buildings resting on a soft soil profile excited by uniaxial earthquake loadings is investigated. To this end, a series of SSSI models considering one‐directional nonlinear impact elements between adjacent co‐planar stories and using a method for direct finite element modeling of 3D inelastic underlying soil volume has been developed to accurately study the problem. An advanced inelastic structural behavior parameter, the seismic damage index, has been considered in this study as the key nonlinear structural response of adjacent buildings. Based on the results of SSSI and fixed base case analyses presented herein, two main problems are investigated, namely, the minimum building separation distance for pounding prevention and seismic pounding effects on structural damage in adjacent buildings. The final results show that at least three times, the International Building Code 2009 minimum distance for building separation recommended value is required as a clear distance for adjacent symmetric buildings to prevent the occurrence of seismic pounding. At the International Building Code‐recommended distance, adjacent buildings experienced severe seismic pounding and therefore significant variations in storey shear forces and damage indices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汶川地震中极震区砌体结构教学楼典型震害分析

汶川8.0级大地震造成了巨大的损失,大量学校建筑遭受严重破坏,其中大部分是砌体结构教学楼。在此次地震中,极震区北川县擂鼓镇城区内的初中、小学和幼儿园等砌体结构教学楼的破坏极其严重,结构特征和震害现象十分典型。本文详细地介绍了擂鼓镇城区内5栋砌体结构教学楼的结构构造特点和震害现象特征,同时,总结归纳了砌体结构教学楼的典型震害并分析了震害原因;讨论并分析了建筑含墙率、开间大小、高宽比等因素对建筑的抗震能力的影响;通过结构易损性分析方法对教学楼在不同烈度下的破坏状态进行了计算,并与实际震害进行了对比分析;最后,为灾后教学楼的重建工作提出了建议。