淮南市凤台县地下水资源调查评价

通过野外调查、试验、计算等手段,全面分析淮南市凤台县浅层地下水和中深层地下水资源量、可开采量及现状水质状况。凤台县境内河流、湖泊广泛分布,地表水资源丰富;地下水含水层发育,补给条件较好,地下水资源相对丰富,开采潜力较大,但浅层孔隙水水质较差。不同用水户可分情况合理取用地表水和地下水。     

淮南市潘集区地下水资源评价

主要介绍通过野外调查、试验、计算等手段,全面分析淮南市潘集区浅层地下水、中深层地下水资源量和可开采量及现状水质状况,指出潘集区内河流、湖泊广泛分布,地表水资源丰富;地下水含水层发育,补给条件较好．地下水资源也相对丰富,开采潜力较大,但浅层孙隙水水质较差;针对不同用水者,可分情况合理安排使用地表水与地下水。     

邢台市平原区地下水水质分析

邢台市平原区地下水主要补给来源为大气降水入渗、灌溉回归入渗,在补给过程中受人类活动影响引起水质变化.以多年水质监测数据为基础,通过水质动态分析,得出浅层地下水多年动态较稳定,深层地下水多年动态稳定.地下水质量评价结果表明,该区大部分地下水质量良好,个别区域地下水质量较差.     

广饶县地下水水质调查评价与污染分析

为全面掌握广饶县地下水水质情况,根据实地调查情况选取代表性地下水井进行水质监与评价.其中,浅层地下水井57眼,深层地下水井81眼,在污染河流两侧近距离加密井点布设.结论表明,县内浅层地下水水质呈整体面状和带状污染,Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类地下水井占调查总数的73.7%,污染参数的超标率较高,污染程度较重;小清河南部深层地下水水质状况较好,85%以上地下水井适宜做饮用水水源;小清河以北深层地下水水质状况普遍较差,Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类地下水井占调查总数的58.8%,不宜直接做为饮用水水源.     

西华井田环境水文地质特征分析与评价

在西华井田勘探基础上,利用水质分析测试资料,采用水质污染综合评价指数法,对该井田勘探区的水环境现状进行了评价。从评价结果看：地表水、浅层水及深层地下水全部符合生活饮用水标准,受污染程度轻,随矿区开采进程加剧,应加强对浅层地下水的管理及合理利用,避免矿井生产对水源带来污染。     

郑州北郊中深层地下水水质评价

郑州市北郊水源地是黄河南岸河特大型水源地。分析郑州北郊中深层地下水水化学特征及分布规律,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》及锅炉用水的水质标准进行评价对生活及工业用水水质进行评价,对地下水质量现状进行评价分析后认为,中深层地下水质量一般为良好,个别地带为较差的水,良好区占大部分地区,水质较差区约占1/4。中深层水作为锅炉用水水质较差。     

阳江温泉度假村地下水环境质量现状评价

为查明阳江温泉度假村及其周边地区地下水环境质量现状及污染物来源,在工作区分别采集地下水、地表水和土壤样品进行检测,并采用单项组分评价法和综合评价法进行地下水环境质量现状评价。结果表明,工作区地下水为V类水,超标项目包括pH、锰、铝、氟化物、总α、细菌总数和总大肠菌群等7项,除总α为放射性外,其它均为常规指标,地下水质量总体为良好～较差,所有监测井的有机指标均未检测出超标值,超标项目主要来源于原生地质环境,地下水水质尚未受到人类活动影响,但地表存在随意弃置的生活垃圾及废水,在长期地表水下渗过程中,仍有污染地下水的可能,应予以重视。     

淮北平原浅层地下水水质评价研究

淮北平原位于安徽省北部,地处黄淮海平原南侧,地表水资源匮乏,地下水资源为主要供水水源。随着工业化、城市化水平不断提高,地下水环境问题尤为突出。本文以淮北平原2017年浅层地下水水质监测数据为依据,对该区域浅层地下水水质情况进行评价并分析水质变化原因。结果表明:该区域浅层地下水主要以Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水为主,Ⅲ类及以上水分布较少,浅层地下水水质状况较差,应继续加强淮北地区地下水资源监测工作,重视地下水污染防治工作,保证区域水资源安全,实现地下水资源可持续开发利用。     

濮阳地区地下水水质现状及评价

濮阳市位于河南省东北部，地表水资源较为贫乏，地下水资源在该地区显得的尤为重要，本文对濮阳地区地下水水质现状作了较为详细的论述，对浅层地下水进行了分级评价，并对中深层地下水做了简要的评价。     

锡多金属矿尾矿库地下水污染特征与评价

采用标准指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价某锡多金属矿尾矿库周边深层、浅层地下水质量状况,研究地下水污染特征,为同类尾矿库地下水污染防治及矿区环境综合整治提供科学依据。研究结果表明:尾矿及选矿废水下渗等导致锡多金属矿尾矿库下游浅层地下水受到污染,尚未污染下游深层地下水。尾矿库上、下游同一位置深层地下水水质优于浅层地下水水质。地下水水平迁移能力强于垂向迁移,下层浅层地下水铅、砷超标应引起重视,应在尾矿库四周进行防渗处理,遏制尾矿库下游浅层地下水水质进一步恶化。     

Spatial and multivariate analysis of geochemical data from metavolcanic rocks in the Ben Nevis area, Ontario

A study of the lithogeochemistry of metavolcanics in the Ben Nevis area of Ontario, Canada has shown that factor analysis methods can distinguish lithogeochemical trends related to different geological processes, most notably, the principal compositional variation related to the volcanic stratigraphy and zones of carbonate alteration associated with the presence of sulphides and gold. Auto- and cross-correlation functions have been estimated for the two-dimensional distribution of various elements in the area. These functions allow computation of spatial factors in which patterns of multivariate relationships are dependent upon the spatial auto- and cross-correlation of the components. Because of the anisotropy of primary compositions of the volcanics, some spatial factor patterns are difficult to interpret. Isotropically distributed variables such as CO ₂ are delineated clearly in spatial factor maps. For anisotropically distributed variables (SiO ₂ ), as the neighborhood becomes smaller, the spacial factor maps becomes better. Interpretation of spatial factors requires computation of the corresponding amplitude vectors from the eigenvalue solution. This vector reflects relative amplitudes by which the variables follow the spatial factors. Instability of some eigenvalue solutions requires that caution be used in interpreting the resulting factor patterns. A measure of the predictive power of the spatial factors can be determined from autocorrelation coefficients and squared multiple correlation coefficients that indicate which variables are significant in any given factor. The spatial factor approach utilizes spatial relationships of variables in conjunction with systematic variation of variables representing geological processes. This approach can yield potential exploration targets based on the spatial continuity of alteration haloes that reflect mineralization.List of symbols c _i Scalar factor that minimizes the discrepancy between andU _i - D Radius of circular neighborhood used for estimating auto- and cross-correlation coefficients - d Distance for which transition matrixU is estimated - d _ij Distance between observed valuesi andj - E Expected value - E _i Row vector of residuals in the standardized model - F(d _ij) Quadratic function of distanced _ij F(d _ij)=a+bd _ij+cd _ij ² - L Diagonal matrix of the eigenvalues ofU - _i Eigenvalue of the matrixU;ith diagonal element ofL - N Number of observations - p Number of variables - Q Total predictive power ofU - R Correlation matrix of the variables - R _0j Variance-covariance signal matrix of the standardized variables at origin;j is the index related tod andD (e.g.,j=1 ford=500 m,D=1000 m) - R _1j Matrix of auto- and cross-correlation coefficients evaluated at a given distance within the neighborhood - R _m ² Multiple correlation coefficient squared for themth variable - S _i Column vectori of the signal values - s _k ² Residual variance for variablek - T _i Amplitude vector corresponding toV _i;ith row ofT=V ^–1 - T Total variation in the system - U Nonsymmetric transition matrix formed by post-multiplyingR ₀₁ ^–1 byR _ij - U _i Componenti of the matrixU, corresponding to theith eigenvectorV _i;U _i= _iV_iT_i - U* _i ComponentU _i multiplied byc _i - U _ij Sum of componentsU _i+U _j - V _i Eigenvector of the matrixU;ith column ofV withUV=VL - w Weighting factor; equal to the ratio of two eigenvalues - X _i Random variable at pointi - x _i Value of random variable at pointi - y _i Residual ofx _i - Z _i Row vectori for the standardized variables - z _i Standardized value of variable     

Synthetic MgGa2O4-Mg2GeO4 spinel solid solution and β-Mg3Ga2GeO8: chemistry, crystal structures, cation ordering, and comparison to Mg2GeO4 olivine

 Structural parameters and cation ordering are determined for four compositions in the synthetic MgGa₂O₄-Mg₂GeO₄ spinel solid solution (0, 8, 15 and 23 mol% Mg₂GeO₄; 1400 °C, 1 bar) and for spinelloid β-Mg₃Ga₂GeO₈ (1350 °C, 1 bar), by Rietveld refinement of room-temperature neutron diffraction data. Sample chemistry is determined by XRF and EPMA. Addition of Mg₂GeO₄ causes the cation distribution of the MgGa₂O₄ component to change from a disordered inverse distribution in end member MgGa₂O₄, ^[4]Ga = x = 0.88(3), through the random distribution, toward a normal cation distribution, x = 0.37(3), at 23 mol% Mg₂GeO₄. An increase in a_o with increasing Mg₂GeO₄ component is correlated with an increase in the amount of Mg on the tetrahedral site, through substitution of 2 Ga³⁺⇄ Mg²⁺+Ge⁴⁺. The spinel exhibits high configurational entropy, reaching 20.2 J mol⁻¹ (four oxygen basis) near the compositional upper limit of the solid solution. This stabilizes the spinel in spite of positive enthalpy of disordering over the solid solution, where ΔH _D  = αx + βx ², α = 22(3), β = −21(3) kJ mol⁻¹. This model for the cation distribution across the join suggests that the empirically determined limit of the spinel solid solution is correlated with the limit of tetrahedral ordering of Mg, after which local charge-balanced substitution is no longer maintained. Spinelloid β-Mg₃Ga₂GeO₈ has cation distribution ^M1[Mg_0.50(2)Ga_0.50(2)] ^M2[Mg_0.96(2)Ga_0.04(2)] ^M3[Mg_0.77(2) Ga_0.23(2)]₂ (Ge_0.5Ga_0.5)₂O₈ (tetrahedral site occupancies are assumed). Octahedral site size is correlated to Mg distribution, where site volume, site distortion, and Mg content follow the relation M1<M3<M2. The disordered cation distribution provides local electrical neutrality in the structure, and stabilization through increased configurational entropy (27.6 J mol⁻¹; eight oxygen basis). Comparison of the crystal structures of Mg_{1+ N} Ga_{2−2 N} Ge _N O₄ spinel, β-Mg₃Ga₂GeO₈, and Mg₂GeO₄ olivine reveals β-Mg₃Ga₂GeO₈ to be a true structural intermediate. Phase transitions across the pseudobinary are necessary to accommodate an increasing divergence of cation size and valence, with addition of Mg₂GeO₄ component. Octahedral volume increases while tetrahedral volume decreases from spinel to β-Mg₃Ga₂GeO₈ to olivine, with addition of Mg and Ge, respectively. Furthermore, M-M distances increase regularly across the join, suggesting that changes in topology reduce cation-cation repulsion. Received: 9 November 1998 / Revised, accepted: 3 August 1999     

Conceptual problems with remote element synthesis

The notion of remote element synthesis has recently been modified to explain the presence of nucleogenetic isotopic anomalies and decay products of short-lived nuclides by injection of a small amount ofexotic nucleogenetic material. Even with this modification, remote element synthesis seems inconsistent with the following observations:

Pyrite–anhydrite–magnetite–pyroxene-type deposits and coexisting hydrothermal fluids in Mesozoic volcanic basins, Yangtze River Valley, China

Anhydrite–pyrite–magnetite–pyroxene–type deposits occur in the Mesozoic volcanic areas of the Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley in China. These deposits are hosted in alkaline basaltic rocks, and are generally accompanied by melanocratic and leucocratic alteration zones, both of which are characterized by a distinct vertical zonation pattern. Investigation of these zones indicates that the chemical compositions of solid solutions and polymorphs of various minerals vary spatially in the alteration profile, upwards from the lowest level, and outwards from the center.Here we report a case study on the Luohe deposit. In the melanocratic-alteration zone, the composition of magnetite (including trace elements Ti, V, Mg, Mn), pyroxene (Mg, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al₂O₃), plagioclase (An_xAb_{1 − x}), pyrite (Co, Ni) and apatite (F, CeO₂ + Y₂O₃ + La₂O₃) changes with depth. The isotherms of hydrothermal fluids determined from fluid inclusion data, including homogenization temperature and salinity, also vary with depth.Activity diagrams were constructed from mineral and isotherm analysis to estimate the chemical constraints on the alteration-mineral assemblages and the coexisting hydrothermal solutions for the Na₂O–K₂O–CaO–MgO–FeO–Fe₂O₃–A1₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂SO₄–H₂S–HCI–H₂O system at 350 to 600 °C and 500 bars (50 MPa), assuming that the major alteration mineral assemblages along the profile reflect the nature of the coexisting hydrothermal solutions. The activity diagrams adopted the major minerals as buffers to fix the activities of the aqueous species in the system, simulating the physicochemical conditions of the magnetite–anhydrite–pyroxene equilibrium and of solid solutions of diopside–hedenbergite, grossular–andradite and anorthite–albite found in the profile.This study provides an approach to modeling the chemical constraints of coexisting fluids in ore-alteration zones based on field observations.     

Heat capacity of γ-Fe2SiO4 between 5 and 303 K and derived thermodynamic properties

A multi-anvil device was used to synthesize 24 mg of pure γ-Fe₂SiO₄ crystals at 8.5 GPa and 1,273 K. The low-temperature heat capacity (C _p) of γ-Fe₂SiO₄ was measured between 5 and 303 K using the heat capacity option of a physical properties measurement system. The measured heat capacity data show a broad λ-transition at 11.8 K. The difference in the C _p between fayalite and γ-Fe₂SiO₄ is reduced as the temperature increases in the range of 50–300 K. The gap in C _p data between 300 and 350 K of γ-Fe₂SiO₄ is an impediment to calculation of a precise C _p equation above 298 K that can be used for phase equilibrium calculations at high temperatures and high pressures. The C _p and entropy of γ-Fe₂SiO₄ at standard temperature and pressure (S°₂₉₈) are 131.1 ± 0.6 and 140.2 ± 0.4 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, respectively. The Gibbs free energy at standard pressure and temperature (ΔG° _f,298) is calculated to be −1,369.3 ± 2.7 J mol⁻¹ based on the new entropy data. The phase boundary for the fayalite–γ-Fe₂SiO₄ transition at 298 K based on current thermodynamic data is located at 2.4 ± 0.6 GPa with a slope of 25.4 bars/K, consistent with extrapolated results of previous experimental studies.     

Metamorphic history and geodynamic significance of high-grade metabasites from the ophiolitic mélange beneath the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites, Xigaze area, Tibet

Blocks of highly foliated amphibolite are locally embedded within a serpentinite mélange underlying the Yarlung Zangbo ophiolites in the Xigaze area of southern Tibet. The ophiolites are remnants of an Early Cretaceous back-arc basin within the Permo-Cretaceous Tethys Ocean, which are exposed along in the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ). These amphibolites are interpreted as fragments of a dismembered dynamothermal sole. Three types of amphibolite are present: (1) common amphibolite with assemblages of Hbl + Pl ± Ep ± Ap ± Ttn, (2) clinopyroxene-bearing amphibolite with Hbl ± Pl ± Cpx ± Ep ± Ttn ± Qtz ± Ap and (3) garnet–clinopyroxene-bearing amphibolite characterized by the assemblages Hbl + Cpx + Grt + Pl ± Rt and Grt + Hbl + Pl (corona assemblage). In all three types, plagioclase is pseudomorphed by late albite–prehnite. Retrograde cataclastic veins containing assemblages of Prh + Ab + Ep ± Chl are also present. P–T estimates indicate that the amphibolites reached peak metamorphic conditions of 13–15 kbar and 750–875 °C. Partial replacement of pyrope-rich (up to 35 mole%) garnet by Al-tschermakite (Al₂O₃ up to 21 wt%) reflects a high pressure (≈18 kbar, 600 °C) metamorphic event followed by rapid exhumation. Soon after exhumation, the amphibolites were intruded by very fine-grained diabase dykes that were then hydrothermally altered. The field relationships and metamorphic history of the amphibolites indicate formation during inception of subduction within a back-arc basin prior to obduction of the ophiolites onto the Indian passive margin.     

Determination of Sr/Sr mass-dependent isotopic fractionation and radiogenic isotope variation of Sr/Sr in the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation

We measured both mass-dependent isotope fractionation of δ⁸⁸Sr (⁸⁸Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and radiogenic isotopic variation of Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) for the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation that deposited as a cap carbonate immediately above the Marinoan-related Nantuo Tillite. The δ⁸⁸Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compositions showed three remarkable characteristics: (1) high radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values and gradual decrease in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, (2) anomalously low δ⁸⁸Sr values at the lower part cap carbonate, and (3) a clear correlation between ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ⁸⁸Sr values. These isotopic signatures can be explained by assuming an extreme greenhouse condition after the Marinoan glaciation. Surface seawater, mixed with a large amount of freshwater from continental crusts with high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lighter δ⁸⁸Sr ratios, was formed during the extreme global warming after the glacial event. High atmospheric CO₂ content caused sudden precipitation of cap carbonate from the surface seawater with high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and lighter δ⁸⁸Sr ratios. Subsequently, the mixing of the underlying seawater, with unradiogenic Sr isotope compositions and normal δ⁸⁸Sr ratios, probably caused gradual decrease of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the seawater and deposition of carbonate with normal δ⁸⁸Sr ratios. The combination of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and δ⁸⁸Sr isotope systematics gives us new insights on the surface evolution after the Snowball Earth.     

The Effects of Small Amounts of H2O, CO2 and Na2O on the Partial Melting of Spinel Lherzolite in the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 {+/-} H2O {+/-} CO2 {+/-} Na2O at 1{middle dot}1 GPa

The effects of small amounts of H₂O (<4 wt % in the melt)on the multiply saturated partial melting of spinel lherzolitein the system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ ±Na₂O ± CO₂ have been determined at 1·1 GPa inthe piston-cylinder apparatus. Electron microprobe analysisand Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analysethe experimental products. The effects of H₂O are to decreasethe melting temperature by 45°C per wt % H₂O in the melt,to increase the Al₂O₃ of the melts, decrease MgO and CaO, andleave SiO₂ approximately constant, with melts changing fromolivine- to quartz-normative. The effects of CO₂ are insignificantat zero H₂O, but become noticeable as H₂O increases, tendingto counteract the H₂O. The interaction between H₂O and CO₂ causesthe solubility of CO₂ at vapour saturation to increase withincreasing H₂O, for small amounts of H₂O. Neglect of the influenceof CO₂ in some previous studies on the hydrous partial meltingof natural peridotite may explain apparent inconsistencies betweenthe results. The effect of small amounts of H₂O on multiplysaturated melt compositions at 1·1 GPa is similar tothat of K₂O, i.e. increasing H₂O or K₂O leads to quartz-normativecompositions, but increasing Na₂O produces an almost oppositetrend, towards nepheline-normative compositions. KEY WORDS: H₂O; CO₂; FTIR; hydrous partial melting; mantle melting; spinel lherzolite; system CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ ± H₂O ± CO₂ ± Na₂O     

Some parameters of rockbursts derived from underground seismological measurements

A total of 240 three-component recordings from 80 rockbursts, which occurred in various coal mines in the Ostrava-Karviná Coal Basin (Czech Republic) between 1993 and 2005, was used to examine the decrease in maximum particle velocities u_i (m/s) with a scaled distance of d = d/√E (m/√J) or d/³√E (m/³√J) and the rate of predominant frequencies of body waves. The energetic span of rockbursts was within the interval of E = 6.2 × 10³ − 5.0 × 10⁸ J, while calculated hypocentral distances d of four underground seismic stations varied from 0.6 to 7 km. The slopes b of regression straight lines for the maximum particle velocities u_i (m/s) of P- and S-waves in the bilogarithmic scale correspond to the values of − 1.004, − 1.297, − 1.183 and − 1.527. The results of the linear regression are as follows:

P_max-waves u_i = 1.184 × 10^− 4 × d^− 1.004 (m/s) (square root scaling)

P_max-waves u_i = 3.055 × 10^− 3 × d^− 1.297 (m/s) (cube root scaling)

S_max-waves u_i = 5.280 × 10^− 4 × d^− 1.183 (m/s) (square root scaling)

S_max-waves u_i = 2.397 × 10^− 2 × d^− 1.527 (m/s) (cube root scaling).

The evaluation of the abovementioned dynamic parameters was based on seismic events data gathered in the database of the regional seismic array, and calculations were carried out either by using special programs applied as part of the automated data processing in the computation center, or by usual linear regression approaches. The aim of the detailed analysis of the maximum particle velocity and predominant frequencies was a) to set up input data from underground seismological observations for laboratory experiments dealing with the comparison of rock mass behaviour under modeled laboratory conditions simulating manifestation of rockbursts, and b) to incorporate particle velocity into the design of support in order to control damage and evident devastation of workings by rockbursts. The investigation of peak particle velocities was based on the recognition that they are the best criterion to assess vibration damage to surface structures and in mines.     

The aeolian sedimentation record of the Thar desert

A review of the aeolian sedimentary record of the Thar desert is presented. This includes a regional survey of the major dune forms, their genesis and their relationship to climate and other regional landforms. A key aspect of this work is the chronometry of the dunes using luminescence methods. Luminescence dating of sand has enabled quantification of the duration of the phases of sand aggradation and quiescence, time scales of dune migration and the dating of pedogenic carbonates. We demonstrate that the conventional wisdom of synchronicity of dune aggradation with glacial epoch is not true in the context of Thar sands and here only a short durationwindow of opportunity existed for dune aggradation. Luminescence ages further suggest that this window occurred during a transitional climatic regime from glacial to interglacial about 4–10 ka after the glacial epoch. Other inferences included are that: