重矿物在东海全新统分层和研究中的应用

本文根据七个钻孔中重矿物参数在垂直方向上的变化,将东海陆架晚更新世—全新世四万年以来的地层划分为4—6层。其中,大部分钻孔早、中、晚全新世地层发育完全,少数钻孔的全新世地层缺失。通常各矿物参数变化明显转折的层位就是地层分层界线之所在,并与岩性、古生物、~(14)C年代地层学的结果大体一致。文章还探讨了重矿物组合分区对横向地层对比、沉积环境、碎屑沉积特征和物质来源的意义。这些结论与中美联合调查所获得的东海陆架河口现代物质通量和扩散范围的沉积动力学状况基本吻合。     

鲁东南滨海平原全新世海进地层研究

本文主要根据对钻孔样品的粒度分析、矿物分析、微体古生物分析、孢粉分析及14C测年资料,探讨了鲁东南滨海平原地区全新世海进地层的划分和对比、沉积特征、沉积古地理环境及其演变规律.在早全新世阶段,该区处于滨海环境,广泛发育了下全新亚统滨海沼泽相沉积层;中全新世时,该区遭受海侵,为河口湾、滨岸沉积环境,发育了中全新亚统海陆过渡相沉积层;自晚全新世以来,该区成为冲积海积平原环境,上全新亚统陆相沉积层得以发育形成.     

黄骅全新世古黄河三角洲的特点及演化研究

通过对黄骅地区的实地调查，根据钻孔的分析对比，对黄骅地区全新世以来古黄河三角洲的特点、分布及其演化有了更进一步的认识。从沉积物的矿物成分，粒度变化、垂向结构等方面与现代黄河三角洲对比研究，证明黄骅地区全新世以来确实存在古黄河三角洲，其各方面特征与现代黄河三角洲相近或相同。只是因多期迭覆，后期改造，使之成为一个不十完整的、复杂的古黄河三角洲的复合体。     

全新世安塞剖面的磁学特征变化历史及其受控因子分析

黄土高原黄土是第四纪古气候研究的主要对象之一,磁化率是黄土古气候研究的主要代用指标。然而,黄土地层磁学特征的主控因子依然存在争论。本文选取黄土高原中部的安塞黄土剖面为研究对象,对地层进行系统的磁学特征分析。安塞剖面在早全新世至中全新世早期(~10000~8500a)黄土层中磁性矿物含量较低且呈递增趋势,中全新世(8000~3000a)古土壤层中磁性矿物含量较高,在中全新世中期(7000~5000a)达到最高随后呈递减趋势,晚全新世(3000a以来)黄土层中磁性矿物含量很低并呈递减趋势。此外,地层的磁学特征表现出3次快速变化:6500a前后,地层中磁性矿物含量迅速增加;4500a前后和2700a前后,地层中磁性矿物含量快速降低。通过与全新世降水和气温等气候因子对比发现降水量是控制安塞剖面中次生强磁性矿物含量变化的关键性气候因子,低温并不能增加地层中强磁性矿物含量,而高温则可能限制地层中强磁性矿物的形成。土壤中强磁性矿物含量变化对气候好转响应迟缓,对气候恶化响应迅速。     

深圳湾北岸新民孔的Q_3~3-Q_4~1气候记录

对深圳湾北岸新民钻孔岩心沉积物中铁、钒元素、矿物鉴定的伊利石以及生物指标贝类介壳揭示的环境特征资料进行了分析,研究初步表明,该钻孔岩心沉积物理深12．12～10．91m层段的杂色花斑粘土中存有晚更新世晚期至早全新世气候波动的记录。钒元素和伊利石分析也得到了相应的证实。所记录的短期降温和升温事件可能表明,在第四纪末次冰期-冰消期中,气候曾强烈波动,并逐渐由晚冰期向冰后期过渡。这对研究晚武木冰期最低海面时期以来,海面回升及晚更新世晚期／早全新世的古环境方气候影响提供有价值的资料。     

黄海SYDP103孔黏土矿物组成及古气候意义

利用1997年国土资源部青岛海洋地质研究所和韩国资源研究所合作在南黄海东南侧泥质沉积区所取得的两个全取芯钻孔(SYDP102,SYDP103)资料,对SYDP103孔黏土矿物进行了专门研究.结果表明,该孔黏土矿物组合特征为伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙脱石型,其物质来源于长江、周边陆源区及相邻海域细粒物质的再改造沉积.沉积区的涡旋作用是本研究区黏土矿物沉积的动力因素.该孔黏土矿物的分布特征和含量变化,与冰消期以来的孢粉组合有明显的对应关系,反映了气候特征决定了黏土矿物的形成组合特征,并与全新世全球性四个气候期(北方期、大西洋期、亚北方期、亚大西洋期)相吻合.     

深圳湾北岸新民孔的Q33-Q14气候记录

对深圳湾北岸新民钻孔岩心沉积物中铁、钒元素、矿物鉴定的伊利石以及生物指标贝类介壳揭示的环境特征资料进行了分析,研究初步表明,该钻孔岩心沉积物埋深12.12～10. 91 m层段的杂色花斑粘土中存有晚更新世晚期(Q33)至早全新世(Q14)气候波动的记录.钒元素和伊利石分析也得到了相应的证实.所记录的短期降温和升温事件可能表明 ,在第四纪末次冰期-冰消期中,气候曾强烈波动,并逐渐由晚冰期向冰后期过渡.这对研究晚武木冰期最低海面时期以来,海面回升及晚更新世晚期/早全新世的古环境古气候影响提供有价值的资料.     

全新世海侵以来现行黄河口区域沉积层序及古气候演化

本文对位于现行黄河口深度30.73m的BH6钻孔粒度分布、岩性特征、常量元素、有孔虫介形虫种类及分布、14 C年代进行了分析,讨论了研究区全新世海侵以来的沉积层序和古气候演化。钻孔连续记录了近黄河口区域全新世海侵以来的沉积历史,从上至下可以分为5个沉积相,(1)(0~4.87m)为河口三角洲前缘亚相,(2)(4.87~8.08m)为前三角洲相沉积,(1)(2)共同组成三角洲相沉积,(3)(8.08~12.08m)应为近岸浅海沉积,(4)(12.08~23.85m)为河口边滩至潮坪相沉积,(5)(23.85m~)为陆相湖泊沉积。利用钻孔常量元素特征比值对古气候演化进行讨论,认为全新世海侵期以来BH6钻孔古气候总体经历了相对暖-温凉-暖-温凉的过程。     

黄河三角洲地区全新世环境演化及海平面变化

利用钻孔沉积物的粒度、矿物和元素地球化学测试信息,研究了黄河三角洲地区全新世沉积环境、气候及海平面的演化特征。研究表明,本区全新世环境演化分为6个阶段：①早全新世早期,10900～9100aBP,海平面较低,尚未淹没本区,为近岸氧化环境或氧化－还原过渡环境;②早全新世晚期,9100～8000aBP,海水上涨,本区时淹时退,为浅海或潮坪环境,生物钻孔发育;③中全新世主体,8000～4150aBP,海平面快速上升,完全淹没,Fe^2＋／Fe^3＋介于0.7395～1.9123之间,为全新世中最高段,表明还原程度强、全球气候变暖（大暖期）;④中全新世后期,4150～2850aBP,海水有所下降,仍为浅海环境,Fe^2＋／Fe^3＋较高,多在1.0以上;⑤晚全新世,2850～1310aBP,海平面进一步下降,本区时常暴露,其中2150～1310aBP以还原环境为主,为潮下带,2150～2850aBP以氧化还原过渡环境为主,为潮间带;⑥1855AD以来,海平面基本稳定,稍有上升,为现代黄河三角洲沉积时期。本区全新世至少存在5期冷热交替的旋回性气候变化。     

全新世以来江苏中部地区海岸的淤进

全新世以来，江苏中部地区经历了由海洋向陆地的演化过程，海岸线的演化以淤进为主，大致经历了三个过程：早全新世（10～7kaBP）本区为浅海环境，海岸线抵西部山地,中全新世（7～3kaBP）海岸以缓慢淤进为主，古砂堤发育．晚全新世（3kaBP以来）因黄河夺淮，海岸东迁迅速，形成广袤的滨海平原．     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来，在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步，做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展，概述了取得的主要科研成果，分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战，并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。