渤海湾西岸全新世以来沉积物地球化学与黏土矿物特征及其对环境和气候的响应

通过对渤海湾西岸BXZK11孔沉积物黏土矿物、地球化学元素组分、粒度分析以及AMS14C年代测定并与研究区周边6个具有较好年龄控制的钻孔剖面对比,结合黏土矿物蒙脱石/(伊利石+绿泥石)比值以及元素Al/Si和Al/Na比值对气候变化的响应,探讨了渤海湾西岸地区全新世以来沉积环境以及气候变化过程。结果表明,末次盛冰期到8830 cal.aBP,海平面快速上升,海水临近研究区,沉积物以黄河古河道沉积为主,气候温凉略湿;8830~6255 cal.aBP,海侵范围达到最大,研究区主要为潮坪-浅海环境,气候温暖湿润;6255~3650 cal.aBP,海平面逐渐降低,沉积环境为前三角洲沉积,沉积物为黄河三角洲的一期超级叶瓣,气候转为温凉稍湿;3650~2780 cal.aBP,海平面趋于稳定,三角洲不断进积,为三角洲前缘环境,气候向凉干方向变化;2780 cal.aBP至今,古黄河三角洲不断进积,该区变成三角洲平原环境,气候凉干与现今相似。     

伶仃洋东岸晚更新世以来硅藻组合及环境意义

通过分析伶仃洋东岸sz17QZ-20-3钻孔硅藻分布特征,结合测年、岩性和粒度,重建了该地区晚更新世以来的古环境演化。依据沉积物岩性粒度变化判断,晚更新世时期在23.6~11.0 m层段发育了一套河床相-溺古湾相-岸滩相-冲积相的垂向沉积序列,在花斑黏土层中有海水种Ethmodiscus rex碎片的存在,指示晚更新世海侵海退旋回。早全新世海侵在9000 cal.aBP左右到达研究区,海水种硅藻含量开始迅速增加,发育滨海平原相沉积;在8000 cal.aBP左右达到最高海平面,海水种硅藻含量最高;随后研究区处于海平面停滞状态,并缓慢下降,发育浅海相沉积;中晚全新世4.2~0 m层段为海退时期,发育河口湾相沉积。中全新世4.4~4.2 m层位海水种含量突然增加和4.4~4.6 m层位贝壳碎屑层指示可能有风暴潮事件发生;晚全新世0.3~0 m层段表层沉积物中硅藻丰度异常偏高,受人类活动影响较大。     

珠江三角洲中部全新世以来的微体动物群记录与古环境重建

通过分析珠江三角洲中部钻孔沉积物的微体动物群(有孔虫和介形类)组成和分布特征,结合测年、岩性、沉积物粒度和软体动物群数据,重建了珠江三角洲中部全新世以来的古环境演化。受末次冰期影响,珠江三角洲地区暴露地表遭受风化剥蚀,普遍发育杂色黏土。随着冰后期气候回暖,海平面快速回升,海水经多个口门自南向北侵入珠江三角洲地区。南部较早接受海侵,约9010cal.aBP海水入侵至中部地区,研究区开始发育河口湾环境,并持续至4510cal.aBP。期间,钻孔记录的微体动物群组成和丰度特征反映了2次短周期的水体条件波动,最大水深发生于约7000～5630cal.aBP,微体动物群的丰度达到最高值。约4510cal.aBP以来为持续海退期,河流作用逐渐增强,发育三角洲平原环境。     

南澳岛青澳湾沉积物粒度与烧失量指示的全新世沉积环境变化

通过对粤东南澳岛青澳湾NA6、NA9号钻孔剖面的岩性、粒度和烧失量特征进行综合分析,结合AMS14 C测年结果,讨论了该地区8 500cal.aBP以来沉积环境的演变过程。结果显示,烧失量反映的有机碳变化与沉积物粒度组分有十分密切的关系,表明海岸带水动力条件的改变与陆源有机碳的富集有关。潮下带淤泥沉积以及滨岸的!湖沉积较有利于有机碳的富集。相反,砂质堆积的有机碳含量较低,与高能的海浪作用有关。钻孔研究表明,该区沉积环境演变主要受全新世海平面变化的控制:8 500~5 500cal.aBP为海平面快速上升期,研究区被海水所淹没为潮下带沉积,沉积物中发现许多完整的近岸海相软体动物,且有机碳含量较高;5 500~3 000cal.aBP为砂质沉积,潮间带砂坪表明海平面稳定或略有下降;3 000~1 300cal.aBP水下沙坝-沙丘沉积,海平面基本稳定在现今高度;1 300cal.aBP以后为湖沉积,最后在洪积物冲积的堆积作用和海退下形成平原。     

中全新世以来冲绳海槽氧化还原环境重建及其气候效应

通过对位于冲绳海槽黑潮主轴流经区的GHN056-09柱状沉积物进行粒度、常微量元素、AMS ~(14)C分析,获得了中全新世以来粒度和常微量元素随时间变化的高分辨率曲线。结果表明,6235aBP以来研究区沉积环境稳定,沉积物中MnO/Al_2O_3、U/Th和V/Cr等3个地球化学指标在近6235aBP以来均发生了数次不同程度的波动,大致可以划分为3个阶段:阶段1(1830aBP至今)的生产力和氧化还原程度强烈波动期、阶段2(4000～1830aBP)的低生产力和弱还原期、阶段3(6235～4000aBP)的高生产力和相对较强还原期。中全新世以来地球化学指标可共同识别出的6次极值揭示了同期的相对高生产力和较强还原状态,分别发生在R1(260aBP)、R2(1200aBP)、R3(2125aBP)、R4(2700aBP)、R5(4250aBP)和R6(5700aBP),且与海水温度和黑潮强度关系密切,揭示了中全新世以来冲绳海槽区海气相互作用的区域性响应特征。     

全新世以来长江口底栖有孔虫组合及古环境演化

对长江口YD0903孔的底栖有孔虫组合进行了定量统计分析,结合沉积地层学、AMS14 C测年、沉积物粒度等,重建了全新世以来研究区的沉积环境演化。主要划分为6个环境演化阶段:11 260~10 150cal.aBP,以Ammonia beccarii vars.组合为标志的滨岸环境;10 150~7 730cal.aBP,以Epistominella naraensis-Ammonia beccarii vars.奈良小上口虫-毕克卷转虫变种组合为标志的滨岸—浅海过渡环境;7 730~3 610cal.aBP,以Epistominella naraensis奈良小上口虫组合为标志的溶解氧偏低的浅海环境;3 610~2 930cal.aBP,以Quinqueloculinaspp.组合为标志的温度、盐度相对较高的浅海环境;2 930~2 150cal.aBP,以Bolivinaspp.组合为标志的低氧富营养的前三角洲—浅海环境;2 150~220cal.aBP,以Protelphidium tuberculatum组合为标志的低温的前三角洲—浅海环境。     

海南岛鹿回头珊瑚礁与全新世高海平面

通过实地考察和资料分析,海南岛南部全新世以来以沉降活动为主要特征,鹿回头珊瑚礁能够反映全新世以来的海平面变化,鹿回头岸礁礁坪面上的原生珊瑚礁是全新世高海平面时期的产物.全新世以来南海北部至少存在过4期相对高海平面阶段：7 300～6 000、4 800～4 700、4 300～4 200和3 100～2 900 cal.aBP.其中7 300～6 000 aBP是整个全新世最高海平面时期,也是鹿回头珊瑚礁发育的繁盛期,基本形成了现代珊瑚礁的地貌格局,后来不同时期发育的珊瑚礁是在此时期形成的礁塘或礁坑等低洼地中形成,并在鹿回头半岛两侧向外发展,现代珊瑚礁则发育于全新世珊瑚礁的外礁坪和礁前斜坡带.另外,鹿回头珊瑚礁反映的南海北部全新世高海平面时间与南海其他地区高海平面时间可以衔接或对应,说明南海地区全新世高海平面具有全球背景,至少在南海是一致的,且与气候变暖紧密相联.     

兴凯湖沉积物磁化率和色度反映的28kaBP以来区域古气候环境演化

对兴凯湖长269 cm的沉积岩心的研究结果显示:沉积物的色度和磁化率特征可以较好地反映区域气候环境变化。沉积物明度分别与红度、磁化率、黏土和有机质含量之间及磁化率与黏土之间有很好的相关性;红度高值与明度低值对应暖湿气候环境,磁化率低值反映沉积物较粗的较低湖面,对应冷干气候。28480~26160 cal.aBP,湖区处于温湿气候时期;22880~18170 cal.aBP,岩心孢粉浓度很低,流域处于末次盛冰期疏桦林草原环境;18170~12650 cal.aBP处于Bφlling/Older Dryas/Allerφd暖期。岩心深度90~78 cm段,对应于新仙女木期;11500~4570 cal.aBP,进入全新世暖期,其中8000~5000 cal.aBP,本区处于全新世大暖期(气候适宜期);4570~1470 cal.aBP气候变为凉干;1470 cal.aBP以来,流域又变为暖湿气候环境,同时,人类活动逐渐增强造成水土流失加剧。     

珠江口盆地晚第四纪地层及环境初步研究

本文利用珠江口盆地四个工程钻井的古生物、古地磁、同位素及沉积物资料，对钻孔所揭露的地层进行划分，认为所钻遇的地层包括下更新统（上部）、中更新统、上更新统及全新统。依据古生物分异度及含量作出海平面变化曲线，识别出十个海侵期，利用钙质超微化石特征种的初现面和末现面资料，将本区海平面变化曲线与太平洋Ｖ＿（２８－２３９）氧同位素曲线对比，分析了本区晚第四纪以来的沉积环境和气候，认为早更新世晚期，中更新世中期，晚更新世早期及全新世本区气候温暖，沉积环境属陆架浅海环境。     

全新世海面变化与盐阜平原地理空间结构的演变

盐阜平原地处苏北平原东部.全新世以来,由于海面变化使本区地理空间结构经历了三个阶段的演化:早全新世,海面上升,本区成为浅海环境,空间结构较为单一.中全新世,海面稳定,古砂堤发育,砂堤两侧形成了泻湖与浅海的二元结构,其西侧的里下河区成为封闭的泻湖,而东部仍以浅海为主.晚全新世,海面下降,本区完成了由海到陆的演变过程,形成了盐阜平原地理空间三元结构的格局:北部为黄淮平原的一部分;西部里下河地区湖泊沼泽面积不断缩小,演变为里下河平原;而东部海岸东迁,形成广袤的滨海平原.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,