南沙西南海域新生代构造活动特征与盆地演化

南沙海域处于已俯冲消亡的古南海和海底扩张形成的新南海洋盆之间, 其研究对于了解中生代末期以来南海北部陆缘张裂、新南海海底扩张和古南海向南俯冲消亡等构造过程具有重要意义.通过利用平衡剖面反演对该区新生代以来的构造活动和盆地演化进行研究.结果发现, 该区新生代以来的构造活动具有显著的分区性特征, 表现为以区内深大断裂为界, 所分隔的3个块体其构造活动的主导因素和活动阶段性存在差异.南沙块体构造活动的主导因素为NW向应力, 构造活动以中—晚中新世为界前张后压, 具有明显的阶段性; 万安盆地构造活动受万安断裂控制, 构造活动阶段性不明显; 曾母块体构造活动特征与南沙块体类似, 具有明显的阶段性, 但具体表现不同.在此基础上, 将该区主要盆地的演化划分为4个阶段, 即裂陷阶段、同沉积阶段、挤压阶段和区域沉降阶段.其表现又因盆地成因类型而有所不同: 北康盆地裂陷和挤压阶段突出, 沉降阶段缺失; 南薇西盆地裂陷阶段南弱北强; 万安盆地缺少挤压阶段; 曾母盆地则4个阶段均非常明显.      

南海中北部陆架-陆坡区新生代构造-沉积演化

南海中北部陆架-陆坡区作为南海地区的一个重要地质构造单元,记录了大陆张裂到海盆扩张的丰富信息。通过对研究区地震剖面的解释,分析了该地区新生代的构造与沉积特征,同时通过平衡剖面恢复工作,建立了新生代演化模型。研究显示南海中北部陆架-陆坡区新生代构造演化可以分为三个阶段：古新世—始新世的裂陷阶段、渐新世—早中新世的裂陷-坳陷过渡阶段以及中中新世以来的坳陷阶段。沉积环境经历了河流-湖泊、浅海和深海的演化过程。南海北部陆缘下NW-SE方向流动的地幔流的存在使得伸展活动具有由北向南发育的机制。同时陆坡区盆地（如白云凹陷）显示出韧性伸展的特征,这与地幔上涌热岩石圈伸展引起的该区域地壳强烈韧性减薄和颈缩变形相关。     

张性边缘海的成因演化特征及沉积充填模式——以珠江口盆地为例

珠江口盆地的形成和演化过程经历了晚白垩世至渐新世的裂陷-晚渐新世至中中新世的热沉降-晚中新世至今的断块升降3个演化阶段,沉积了陆相-半封闭海相-开阔海相3套不同的沉积体系组合。总结归纳出珠江口盆地新生代3个阶段的沉积充填模式,并发现：裂陷阶段以充填式堆积和河湖沉积为特征,形成盆地最重要的湖相烃源岩--文昌组泥岩;热沉降阶段以海陆交替、海相沉积体系为特征,为形成良好的储盖组合创造了条件,沉积了珠江口盆地内最主要的储油层系--珠海组、珠江组以及韩江组,主要为滨海相、三角洲相等碎屑岩沉积;晚期盆地整体下沉,区域性盖层形成。该沉积组合反映了张性边缘海盆地的演化特点,盆地演化与资源效应表现在裂陷期、热沉降期及断块升降期的生储盖配置,故勘探目的层段为热沉降阶段所形成的三角洲碎屑岩与陆棚碳酸盐岩。     

南海南部陆缘盆地裂陷-漂移-前陆期构造演化及沉积响应: 以礼乐盆地为例

通过礼乐盆地构造-地层-沉积分析,查明了其构造演化及沉积充填特征,揭示了其与南海扩张事件的成因联系,为南海边缘海演化研究提供了参考。研究结果表明:礼乐盆地新生代构造-沉积演化经历了3个差异显著的阶段,即古新世-早渐新世陆缘裂陷-滨浅海碎屑岩沉积阶段、晚渐新世-早中新世裂离漂移-浅海碳酸盐岩沉积阶段、中中新世以来周缘前陆挠曲沉降-区域差异沉积阶段。古新世-早渐新世,古南海向东南俯冲,华南古陆陆缘因水平引张力作用发生被动裂陷,形成礼乐盆地;此时以滨浅海环境为主,受碎屑物源供给控制,在盆地西北部发育一系列规模相对较大的辫状河三角洲,礼乐盆地东部、南部邻近古南海,仅在孤立隆起边缘发育规模较小的扇三角洲。晚渐新世-早中新世,古南海持续俯冲,新南海扩张,礼乐-巴拉望地块裂离华南古陆,向南漂移,盆地沉降缓慢,断层活动弱;此时以浅海-半深海环境为主,碎屑物源匮乏,盆地北部发育大型碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁,南部总体为半深海环境。中中新世以来,新南海扩张停止,礼乐-巴拉望地块向菲律宾岛弧俯冲碰撞,礼乐盆地进入周缘前陆期,以非对称挠曲沉降为特点,水深增大,断层活动增强;此时以半深海-浅海为主,盆地北部总体以碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁为特色,盆地南部局部发育深水重力流沉积。礼乐盆地构造-沉积演化与古南海俯冲-消亡、新南海扩张-关闭过程密切相关。     

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

万安盆地构造沉降与沉积速率及其油气资源前景

万安盆地是南海重要的新生代含油气盆地之一,是较为典型的新生代走滑拉张盆地。根据对横穿盆地的地震反射剖面的平衡剖面模拟和构造沉降速率、沉积速率的计算,认为万安盆地曾经历了3次快速的构造沉降。2.6Ma以来,沉积速率最大。万安盆地的沉降与沉积速率和盆地构造演化过程密切相关,各构造演化阶段分别控制了盆地中油气的生成、运聚和保存等成藏条件与过程。     

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地构造演化特征

南海南部海域主要沉积盆地沿南沙块体南部、西部两条不同的边界分布，其成盆时代、盆地类型、盆地演化历史以及油气资源效应都有较大的差异，它们的发生发展均与南海的两次海底扩张有关；构造演化具有明显的阶段性，早期均与区域拉张作用有关，都经历了中中新世末期的变形、改造和随后的区域沉降过程，并受到礼乐运动、西卫运动和南沙运动的影响。万安、曾母和北康盆地是南海南部海域具有代表性的新生代沉积盆地，分属于不同的盆地类型。万安盆地是叠置在较薄地壳和高热流值背景之上的一个新生代走滑拉张盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。曾母盆地是南沙块体向南俯冲与婆罗洲块体发生软碰撞而形成的一个周缘前陆盆地，经历了四个不同的构造演化阶段。北康盆地是在南沙块体上于白垩纪末一第三纪早期由于地壳拉伸、裂陷而形成的一个陆缘张裂盆地，经历了三个构造演化阶段。     

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷新生代沉降特征

在对渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷区域构造特征的22条地震剖面解释的基础上,分析了黄骅坳陷沉降特征。通过对黄骅坳陷的9个主要凹陷沉降史的研究表明,黄骅坳陷新生代构造沉降量的时空差异性分布明显。时间上,黄骅坳陷具有"幕式"沉降特征,孔店组沉积期为裂陷Ⅰ幕、沙三段沉积期为裂陷Ⅱ幕、沙一段和沙二段沉积期和东营组沉积期为裂陷Ⅲ幕、馆陶组和明化镇组下段沉积期为热沉降幕、明化镇组上段和第四系的沉积期为加速热沉降幕。不同沉积期盆地沉降在空间分布上,沉降速率上都有明显差异。通过对凹陷尺度单井的埋藏史曲线,构造沉降曲线,基底沉降图和沉降中心迁移图对比分析表明,空间上,黄骅坳陷新生代沉降作用具有明显的迁移规律,总体是自南向北,自西向东迁移,现今的沉降中心位于歧口凹陷海域部分。     

黑龙江省东部残留盆地群构造演化特征及其油气勘探意义

由牡丹江断裂、敦-密断裂、依-舒断裂和大和镇断裂所控制的中新生代盆地群是东北地区重要的合煤、含油气盆地。该盆地群的中新生代成盆过程以脆性伸展为主，发育断陷或裂陷层序，而坳陷层序(热沉降层序)不发育。古构造发育史、盆地沉降史和伸展史研究表明，研究区盆地群普遍经历了早期快速沉降(断陷期)-盆地衰减、抬升剥蚀-后期快速沉降-稳定衰减(或抬升剥蚀)。区内的成盆与构造演化过程分为涉及全区的中生代陆缘断陷期(J3-K1)、第一构造反转期(K2-E1)、新生代陆内裂陷期(E2-E3)和第二构造反转期(N)4个阶段，反映了两大盆地构造演化旋回。构造演化特征一方面为油气的多期成藏提供了盆地动力学条件，另一方面改造或破坏动、静态地质要素的时空分布及其匹配关系。     

琼东南盆地古近纪幕式裂陷及构造、层序和沉积的综合响应过程

通过对区域性角度不整合、构造沉降阶段性演化以及断裂幕式活动和古构造格架变化等信息的识别与厘定,揭示了琼东南盆地古近纪构造活动的幕式演化过程及其特征。进一步结合层序地层与沉积充填综合分析,系统论述了幕式裂陷作用对沉积层序形成与演化的控制。研究表明：琼东南盆地古近纪经历了3个裂陷阶段,即裂陷Ⅰ幕（S₁₀₀-S₈₀）、裂陷Ⅱ幕（S₈₀-S₇₀）和裂陷Ⅲ幕（S₇₀-S₆₀）,分别对应盆地的初始断陷期、主断陷期和断坳转换期。裂陷活动早期以强烈的差异性块断作用为主导,而晚期逐渐被区域性坳陷作用和少量断裂活动共同控制的均一化沉降作用所取代,整体呈现出弱-强-弱的演化特征。裂陷作用的幕式过程及不同裂陷幕同沉积构造活动的差异性通过对可容纳空间、沉降速率、同沉积断裂活动和古构造格架的深刻影响,进而控制了盆地内层序地层单元与沉积旋回的整体发育、沉积与沉降中心的时空展布以及层序地层格架下沉积体系域的构成样式。     

南海南部三大盆地油气地质条件差异性

前人对万安、曾母、文莱-沙巴盆地的油气地质条件开展大量研究,对盆地之间的油气地质条件差异性研究较少.以前人大量研究成果为基础,综合利用钻井、地震、油气测试等资料,对中国南海南部万安、曾母、文莱-沙巴三大盆地的主要油气地质条件开展差异性分析.研究认为:3个盆地新生代均经历了两期构造演化阶段,主要发育海陆过渡相和海相沉积环境;3个时期（渐新世、中新世和上新世）发育三角洲煤系和陆源海相两类烃源岩,主力烃源岩发育时期从西往东逐渐变新;发育碎屑砂岩和碳酸盐岩两类储层,呈现"近岸砂、远岸礁"分布特征,储层发育时期从西往东逐渐变新;发育近岸的自生自储型和远岸的下生上储型2种生储组合.      

Differences in the Tectonic Evolution of Basins in the Central‐Southern South China Sea and their Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions

To reveal the causes of differences in the hydrocarbon accumulation in continental marginal basins in the centralsouthern South China Sea,we used gravity-magnetic,seismic,drilling,and outcrop data to investigate the tectonic histories of the basins and explore how these tectonic events controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in these basins.During the subduction of the Cenozoic proto-South China Sea and the expansion of the new South China Sea,the continental margin basins in the central-southern South China Sea could be classified as one of three types of epicontinental basins:southern extensional-foreland basins,western extensional-strike slip basins,and central extensional-drift basins.Because these basins have different tectonic and sedimentary histories,they also differ in their accumulated hydrocarbon resources.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the southern South China Sea generally progressed through three stages:faulting and subsidence from the late Eocene to the early Miocene,inversion and uplift in the middle Miocene,and subsidence since the late Miocene.Hydrocarbon source rocks with marine-continental transitional facies dominated byⅡ-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in extremely thick Miocene sedimentary series with the filling characteristics being mainly deep-water deposits in the early stage and shallow water deposits in the late stage.With well-developed sandstone and carbonate reservoirs,this stratum has a strong hydrocarbon generation potential.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the western South China Sea also progressed through the three developmental stages discussed previously.Hydrocarbon source rocks with lacustrine facies,marine-continental transitional facies,and terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅡ2-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in the relatively thick stratum with the filling characteristics being mainly lacustrine deposits in the early stage and marine deposits in the late stage.As a reservoir comprised of self-generated and self-stored sandstone,this unit also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.Throughout those same three developmental stages,the basin groups in the central South China Sea generated hydrocarbon source rocks with terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅢkerogen that have developed in a stratum with medium thicknesses with the filling characteristics being mainly sandstone in the early stage and carbonate in the late stage.This reservoir,which is dominated by lower-generation and upper-storage carbonate rocks,also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.     

Development of the Miocene Guangle Carbonate Platform in the South China Sea: Architecture and Controlling Factors

This study investigates the evolution of the Miocene Guangle carbonate platform(or Triton Horst)of the northwestern South China Sea margin.The platform is located at a junction area surrounded by Yinggehai basin,Qiongdongnan basin and Zhongjiannan basin.Well and regional geophysical data allow the identification of the morphologic and stratigraphic patterns.The Guangle carbonate platform was initiated on a tectonic uplift during the Early Miocene.The early platform was limited at Mesozoic granitic basement,pre-Paleogene sediments localized tectonic uplift and was small extension at the beginning stage.While during the Middle Miocene,the carbonate buildup flourished,and grow a thrived and thick carbonate succession overlining the whole Guangle Uplift.The isolated platforms then united afterward and covered an extensive area of several tens of thousands of square kilometers.However,it terminated in the Late Miocene.What are the control factors on the initiation,growth and demise of the Guangle carbonate platform?The onset of widespread carbonate deposits largely reflected the Early Miocene transgression linked with early post-rift subsidence and the opening of the South China Sea.Stressed carbonate growth conditions on the Guangle carbonate platform probably resulted from increased inorganic nutrient input derived from the adjacent uplifted mainland,possibly enhanced by deteriorated climatic conditions promoting platform drowning.Therefore,tectonics and terrigenous input could be two main controlling factors on the development of the Guangle carbonate platforms and main evolution stages.     

南海礼乐滩碳酸盐台地的发育及其新生代构造响应

为了探索碳酸盐台地在海盆演化过程中的作用,对南海南部礼乐滩区域碳酸盐台地的发育及其与新生代构造沉降特征的相关性进行研究.对多道地震数据的分析表明:在研究区广泛发育包括碳酸盐台地和生物礁在内的碳酸盐沉积,其发育时间主要集中在晚渐新世至早中新世期间,在中中新世后开始退积和淹没.通过对穿越礼乐滩区的两条NW-SE向测线NH973-2和DPS93-2的构造沉降反演,进行沉降量、沉降速率计算和构造分析.结果表明:沉降速率及沉降量随不同时期的构造活动而发生变化,可分为缓慢沉降期(古新世-早渐新世,张裂阶段)、隆升剥蚀期(晚渐新世-早中新世,漂移阶段)、加速沉降期(早中新世末期,后漂移阶段1)、强烈沉降期(中新世,后漂移阶段2)和稳定沉降期(晚中新世至今,后漂移阶段3)5个发育期.碳酸盐台地的发育期和南海海盆的漂移阶段相对应,构造沉降的分析表明该期间具有构造抬升作用,其与相对上升的海平面结合有利于碳酸盐沉积的发育.在南海扩张期间主地幔对流的控制下,南部陆缘区礼乐地块和礼乐滩盆地之间较大的地壳厚度差异会导致侧向上地温梯度的差异,从而形成礼乐滩盆地之下的次生对流.该次生对流控制了研究区在晚渐新世至早中新世期间的隆升剥蚀作用.      

博格达南、北缘成盆过程演化及其对油气形成影响

以博格达地史演化为主线,探讨博格达构造域成盆—成烃—成藏的演化过程。研究认为,博格达构造域时空演化具有明显的分期性、分段性,其演化历程大体经历三个阶段:①泥盆纪—早二叠世西博格达为陆内裂谷阶段,东博格达经历泥盆纪—石炭纪裂谷演化阶段后于石炭纪末期裂谷回返形成褶隆;②晚二叠世—侏罗纪西博格达为裂谷后坳陷阶段,东博格达褶隆进一步隆升形成界山雏形,南缘进入弱压陷—挠曲沉降阶段;③侏罗纪末期—第四纪西博格达裂谷开始回返隆升成山,北缘形成阜康前陆,东博格达界山雏形再度隆起,南缘形成前陆。成盆—成烃—成藏演化史表明,西博格达经历裂谷后期坳陷阶段湖相烃源岩发育（P2）,后期（T-J）深埋,晚期（J末-Q）裂谷回返隆升造山致使油气破坏阶段,造山前期远源运聚成藏较为有利;东博格达南缘经历多期压陷-挠曲沉降,发育湖-沼相多套泥质、煤系烃源岩（P2-J2）互层,前侏罗纪构造格局控制上二叠统油气系统远源运聚成藏,侏罗纪末期以来造山运动所形成的构造格局控制中、下侏罗统油气系统源内（或近源）垂向运聚成藏。     

广西罗城—鹿寨地区石炭系沉积相类型及沉积环境演化

本文据区内6个石炭纪地层剖面的岩性组合,垂向层序及生物组合特征的研究,将沉积相区分为陆源碎屑潮坪沉积、三角洲沉积、浅水开阔台地和极浅水局限台地碳酸盐沉积以及半深水台盆沉积五种类型。研究表明,在石炭纪不同时期的沉积环境具有不同的组合特点。早石炭世沉积类型比较复杂,具有陆源碎屑潮坪-三角洲-开阔台地-台盆环境组合形式;而中晚石炭世则主要为极浅水局限台地环境,总体上表现出向上变浅的环境演化特点。本文指出台地向上变浅的机理是在总体浅进超覆的背景下由碳酸盐沉积物的快速沉积造成的。     

Petroleum System in Deepwater Basins of the Northern South China Sea

The northern South China Sea margin has experienced a rifting stage and a post-rifting stage during the Cenozoic.In the rifting stage,the margin received lacustrine and shallow marine facies sediments.In the post-rifting thermal subsidence,the margin accumulated shallow marine facies and hemipelagic deposits,and the decpwater basins formed.Petroleum systems of deepwater setting have been imaged from seismic data and drill wells.Two kinds of source rocks including Paleogene lacustrine black shale and Oligocene-Early Miocene mudstone were developed in the deepwater basin of the South China Sea.The deepwater reservoirs are characterized by the deep sea channel fill,mass flow complexes and drowned reef carbonate platform.Profitable capping rocks on the top are mudstoues with huge thickness in the post-rifting stage.Meanwhile,the faults developed during the rifting stage provide a migration path favournble for the formation of reservoirs.The analysis of seismic and drilling data suggests that the joint structural and stratigraphic traps could form giant hydrocarbon fields and hydrocarbon reservoirs including syn-rifting graben subaqueous delta,decpwater submarine fan sandstone and reef carbonate reservoirs.     

Tectonic inversion in a segmented foreland basin from extensional to piggy back settings: The Tucumán basin in NW Argentina

The Tucumán foreland basin is bounded by: 1) basement cored ranges with elevations over 6000 m in the west; 2) inverted extensional grabens to the north; 3) basement thrust blocks in the south and 4) basement cored small ranges in the east. This foreland basin is located between two geological provinces: the Sierras Pampeanas and the Santa Bárbara system.Cretaceous Salta rifting extended southwards covering the entire eastern part of the province of Tucumán in NW Argentina. Syn-rift and post-rift deposits can be recognized in accordance with their architectural geometries. Foreland basin sediments progressively covered the rift deposits as the Andean orogen propagated towards the east.Despite some early studies, the Tucumán basin is poorly documented. For the present study, 44 sections of 2D seismic surveys amounting to more than 730 km were used to describe the structure and the depositional evolution of the basin. The present structure is the result of a long sequence of events that includes a compressional deformation during the Paleozoic, a rifting stage during the Cretaceous and a foreland stage during the late Cenozoic. Although tectonic inversion, which has played a role during the foreland stage since the Miocene, can be observed in many sectors of the basin, it is more prominent along the margins. Reactivation of old basement discontinuities and inversion of Cretaceous normal faults produced the compartmentalization of the foreland, giving rise to the present shape of the Tucumán basin. This evolution is recorded in the Neogene deposits.