中国矿产资源国情调查评价历史回顾及对推动国民经济发展的作用

矿产资源储量家底是一个国家的基础根基，矿产资源及矿产品(含重要工业产品)是一个国家实施工业化及促进现代化建设的物质基础，是一个国家综合国力的体现。要以科学的精神，评价矿产资源。有多少家底，办多大事情，一步一个脚印地支撑国家经济建设。本文在回顾1949年新中国建立以来70余年地质矿产资源勘查、矿产资源开发利用及工业化取得了举世瞩目的成就的基础上，对自1952年以来中国矿产资源国情调查与评价历史进行系统评价，经综合集成研究，总结提出中国矿产资源国情调查与评价的发展演变规律，所得出的研究结论与认识对于推进我国矿产资源国情调查与评价工作具有一定的现实意义。研究认为：矿产资源在我国工业化与经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用，基于中国矿产资源储量管理体制及职能的变化，以矿产资源储量管理为核心，将中国矿产资源国情调查与评价的发展演变阶段划分为5个时期：启动期(1952～1965年)、规范期(1966～1993年)、改革期(1994～2006年)、发展期(2007～2017年)与深化期(2018年-),阐述了各时期的特点与发展演变规律，以及查明资源储量和矿产品的变化规律。在每个时期，我国均依靠国家力量，组织...     

Urbanization and sustainable metropolitan development in China: Patterns, problems and prospects*

The path of urbanization in the People's Republic of China is largely shaped by the nation's industrial development strategies. In the first three decades of socialist construction, and especially after the Sino-Soviet rift at the end of the 1950s, the adoption of strategies of self-reliance had led to urban biased patterns of development. The introduction of economic reforms and the open door policy in 1978 paved the way for and facilitated national economic development. Two issues, which feature significantly in the processes of development in China, are assessed. The first is the relationship between economic development and the protection of arable land. The second is the quest for a coordinated hyper-development in both urban and rural areas. This paper concludes by proposing a sustainable metropolitan development strategy that suits the case of China. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

可持续发展理论与《中国21世纪议程》

可持续发展与２１世纪议程是当代全球十分关注的两个新概念。我国政府已将可持续发展作为现代化建设中的一个重大战略决策，将《中国２１世纪议程》作为制定国民经济和社会发展计划的指导性文件。文章从国际可持续发展面面观和我国学者对可持续发展理论的理解与探讨等几个层次上剖析了可持续发展的内涵，并结合全球第一个国家级２１世纪议程──《中国２１世纪议程》的制定与实施，阐明了《中国２１世纪议程》的主要内容、特点及其与可持续发展的联系，为地学工作者理解我国这一重大战略和贯彻实施《中国２１世纪议程》提供了导向性信息。     

基于植被区划和生态敏感性的中国煤矿生态恢复策略

煤炭是我国的主要能源,也是我国长期以来发展的最重要驱动力,并且在未来很长一段时间内将继续作为我国社会与经济发展的主要能源。但我国长期的煤炭开采活动已经对生态环境造成严重破坏,亟待进行全面生态恢复。目前,我国煤矿生态恢复大多局限于一处或几处矿区这类小尺度范围,缺乏国土空间层面的生态修复规划,相应的生态恢复策略也仍待明确。煤矿生态恢复是一项全国性系统生态工程,应以“借自然之力恢复自然”为理念,以当地生态敏感性问题为依据,以停止破坏自然生态系统并且继续提供生态系统服务为宗旨,以改善矿区人居环境质量为出发点。全国煤矿生态恢复策略的制定基于以下4个方面:第一,以我国植被区划为基础,因地制宜地选择潜在植被类型;第二,计算归一化综合生态敏感性(NIES)用以表征煤矿生态恢复紧迫性,再借助空间自相关性分析判断不同NIES煤矿的聚集关系与模式;第三,对煤矿和当地人口分布情况进行缓冲区分析,得到煤矿生态恢复的获益人口;第四,将煤矿的NIES和煤矿恢复获益人数进行聚类分析,判断煤矿生态恢复的优先区域。综合上述结果,根据我国煤矿的空间分布情况分区域制定相应的生态恢复策略。      

城市地下空间开发面临的机遇与挑战

随着我国社会经济的发展和城市化进程的加速,我国大城市土地资源变得紧缺。各要素的高度集聚出现各种矛盾,城市空间容量供需矛盾日益突出,使得地下空间开发的需求日趋明显,这也为城市地下空间开发带来机遇,但同时也面临种种挑战。本文从目前政策法规、开发现状及用途等存在问题入手,结合国外发达国家地下空间开发模式,提出我国城市地下空间健康发展的解决之道,以此展望我国城市地下空间发展前景。     

农业与农村可持续发展的地理学研究

农业和农村可持续发展是世界性的重大论题,对中国尤其重要。地理学应该以自己独特的视角和理论、方法,针对我国农业与农村可持续发展所面临的关键问题,联系国际经验以及我国传统农业中的可持续因素,以自然结构为基础,以人地关系为核心,探讨农业与农村可持续发展的转换机制,从区域尺度探讨农业与农村可持续发展的指标体系、实现途径及区域系统模式,为实施农业和农村发展的“两个转变”和“两大战略”提供区域对策和操作手段。     

Comparative analysis of the international carbon verification policies and systems

Carbon verification, which can guarantee the reliability and credibility of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission data, is the most important part of the daily operations of the carbon emission right trading system. Many international institutions, countries and regions have conducted research on and have practiced carbon verification policies and systems. Through comparative analysis of the international carbon verification policies and systems, they can provide experience for Chinese unified national carbon market to start supporting carbon verification. The paper study concludes that (1) carbon verification systems developed by international institutions focus on the scientific level of verification methods; (2) carbon verification policies and systems issued by important countries and regions draw on International Standardization Organization (ISO)14064 standards based on their national conditions and focus on the scientific level and reasonableness of verification methods; (3) major international experience includes complete verification policies and systems, strict standard verification procedures, diversified verification forms and a focus on key emission sources. Based on the differences in China’s carbon emissions characteristics caused by unbalanced regional economic development and the conditions of carbon verification in seven pilot carbon trading areas, this thesis proposes the following suggestions: pushing forward the establishment of carbon verification policies and systems by accelerating legislation on climate changes; facilitating carbon verification in a coordinated manner; regulating key GHG emission sources; establishing and improving supervision on carbon verification; and intensifying international exchanges and cooperation.

     

纳米比亚矿产开发现状及投资前景分析

纳米比亚矿产资源丰富，储量巨大，有“战略金属储备库”之称。铀矿储量居世界第五位、金刚石储量居世界第六位，铜、铅、锌、金等资源也较为丰富，在全球矿业投资市场极具吸引力。中纳两国外交关系良好，经贸往来频繁，为我国在非第二大投资国。矿业是纳米比亚经济的三大支柱产业之一，目前约有60余家企业在纳米比亚进行矿业勘查开发活动，包括B2黄金公司等国际矿业公司和中国广核集团有限公司、中国核工业集团有限公司等中资企业，纳米比亚对于中国海外矿业发展布局至关重要。本文系统梳理了纳米比亚主要矿产资源分布、矿床类型、储量等概况及勘查开发现状，从矿业法律法规、税收、外资管理政策及基础设施、人力资源条件等方面对纳米比亚的矿业投资环境进行了系统分析，认为纳米比亚具有丰富的矿产资源以及相对良好的投资环境，但需谨慎评估开发成本、环保政策及汇率变动、土地所有权方面等因素。     

The spatial context of manpower policy: Implications of current Canadian policy on regional development and planning

Macro government policies are often considered outside the context of their spatial impact. Following recent discussions of the problem, this paper is concerned with a critical review of Canadian Manpower policy in the context of national efficiency, regional equity and their interaction. Thus Manpower policy is analysed with respect to its implications concerning regional development as well as implicit regional policy. It is contended that many of the problems of Manpower policy in the spatial context can be traced back to the implicit theoretical background of Manpower policy; Human Capital theory. A radical critique of Human Capital theory is presented and a brief discussion of the ‘functional’ relationship between regional inequality and national macro-planning is also noted. In general the paper concludes that Manpower and regional policies in Canada tend to be contradictory although more research is needed to analyse the spatial impact of macro-policy which may overwhelm spatial policy and significantly influence the future of the spatial economy.     

Competition policies for water environment technology imports in China

This paper analyzes the current state of water environment protections in China and explores the need for technology imports in this field. Few studies have discussed the import of water environment technologies in China. In particular, there is a lack of research on the competition policies of technology-importing countries. Based on the retrieval and analysis of technology patents in the water environment field, as well as the research on relevant competition policies, this paper indicates that China shall import and learn about related technologies from developed countries, such as the US and the EU. In addition, China ought to pay more attention to relevant EU competition policies. The relationship between water environment protections and EU market competition policies could serve as a reference for green exemption practices in Chinese anti-trust law. Lastly, this paper analyzes China’s relevant competition policy. It is also helpful for potential foreign investors to understand the transparent institutional framework.     

Socioeconomic transformation in rural Romania through the eyes of experts: Demographic and social issues

There is no standard model of transformation for post- socialist countries and each country encounters specific problems rooted in the geographical characteristics of the areas concerned. The human resources are of the greatest importance because it really matters how people (especially the decision-makers) perceive system change and continually reformulate their expectations and strategies; so investigations into the views of people caught up in the transformation can provide a deeper understanding of the background to structural change. Working the national, regional level and local levels in Romania, experts were asked to consider the advantages and disadvantages arising out of the transformation, the most important problems and constraints for future rural development and the policies needed. The paper examines the responses on demographic and social issues. It emerges the most detailed responses were supplied by local-level representatives while respondents at the regional level steered a middle course between the need to address local problems and the prime importance of stimulating the Romanian economy so as to generate resources for welfare programmes (with the latter issue the overriding concern of interviewees at national level). There was general agreement on the importance of foreign investment and European integration for economic development, with local actors taking only small steps in line with the existing opportunities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Using LMDI method to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries

China’s petrochemical industries are playing an important role in China’s economic development. However, the industries consume large amounts of energy and have become primary sources of carbon emission. In this paper, the change in carbon emissions from China’s petrochemical industries between 2000 and 2010 was quantitatively analyzed with the Log-Mean Divisia Index method, which was decomposed into economic output effect, industrial structural effect and technical effect. The results show that economic output effect is the most important factor driving carbon emission growth in China’s petrochemical industries; industrial structural effect has certain decrement effect on carbon emissions; adjustment of industrial structure by developing low-carbon emission industrial sectors may be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions; and the impact of technical effect varies considerably without showing any clear decrement effect trend over the period of year 2000–2010. The biggest challenge is how to make use of these factors to balance the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions. This study will promote a more comprehensive understanding of the inter-relationships of economic development, industrial structural shift, technical effect and carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries and is helpful for exploration of relevant strategies to reduce carbon emissions.     

Sustaining China’s large rivers: River development policy,impacts, institutional issues and strategies for future improvement

The sustainable management of China’s rivers is very important to the well-being of both the environment and its people. Yet the country’s rivers are now facing imminent threats from river overexploitation. The deteriorating condition serves as a stark reminder that relevant policies must be revised to ensure their wiser stewardship. In this short critical review, we first briefly stated river development history and various impacts arising from river overexploitation. We then elaborated the issues in river management, which connived numerous behaviors neglecting river degradation happened at all institutional levels. Based on the weakness, we proposed some policy recommendations to sustain China’s rivers and balance river development and conservation. The article concludes by proposing the development of a national river protection law to reinforce integrated river management, improve the implementation of environment impact assessments, and fulfill long-term goals for river conservation and sustainable development.     

水文科技发展回顾及思考

水文科技是水文工作和水利科技一个重要组成部分,长期以来水文科学技术对我国水文与水利事业的发展和国民经济建设起到了巨大的推动作用,我国水文科学技术发展随着水文、水利与国民经济的发展和科学技术的进步取得了巨大成就,有些技术达到获接近国际先进水平。本文对我国水文科技取得的主要成就进行了总结,对目前水文科技存在主要问题进行了分析;结合水资源可持续利用支持社会经济可持续发展的需求,对水文科技发展的重点和策略进行了分析和探讨。     

Kenya’s Secondary Cities Growth Strategy at a Crossroads: Which Way Forward?

Kenya has been promoting equitable urban and regional development since the 1970s despite the lack of a clearly formulated national urban policy or an urban and regional development policy. A key element of the country’s equitable urban and regional development effort is the promotion of secondary cities that would relieve population pressure in the countryside, help to better integrate the country’s rural and urban economies, help to reduce congestion and improve the quality of life in the metropolitan cities of Nairobi and Mombasa, and help increase the modernization spin-off which urban centers provide to the surrounding rural areas. Using recent census and economic survey data, this paper examines the current state of Kenya’s secondary cities in the context of its urban and regional development strategies. The paper finds that: (1) the country’s urban and regional development strategies have failed to work as planned largely because of insufficient devolution of power and fiscal responsibility to municipal and other local government units, (2) the country’s secondary cities are faced with immense challenges that undermine their ability to live up to expectations, (3) some of these cities have significantly grown economically over the last four decades despite immense challenges, and (4) Nairobi’s dominance of Kenya’s economy continues because of policies that unwittingly concentrate investments there. The paper concludes with strategies that could enhance the country’s urban and regional development programs and, in the process, aid the development of its secondary cities.     

航空物探“九五”进展综述

简要回顾了“九五”以来我国国土资源系统航空物探的工作概况、主要技术进展与应用成就,并对今后我国航空物探的发展趋势进行了分析与预测。     

区域发展地学基础综合研究的意义、进展与任务

区域发展问题是一个重大的地学问题。由于背景和驱动力的变化,我国的区域发展正面临着一系列复杂问题;解决这些问题很大程度上依赖于对我国区域发展"地学基础"的深刻认识和研究。这种研究不但具有重大实际意义,也是发展地理科学和深化地球表层系统研究的重要途径。论述了区域发展地学基础综合研究的意义,回顾和评价了国内外在此领域内的研究进展,提出研究的目标和任务。国内外近年来的研究表明,人文与自然要素的交叉和综合研究正在成为区域发展研究的前沿领域。我国在影响区域发展的单要素和多要素研究上取得了丰富的积累,而且地球表层系统中"人地关系"综合研究思想也已经兴起了10多年,但真正的交叉和综合研究还很少。进行我国区域发展地学基础综合研究的目标是阐明我国自然和人文要素的区域分异特征及其与区域发展分异之间的耦合关系,揭示地学因素在各时期影响我国区域发展的综合作用机制。     

Using LMDI method to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries

China’s petrochemical industries are playing an important role in China’s economic development. However, the industries consume large amounts of energy and have become primary sources of carbon emission. In this paper, the change in carbon emissions from China’s petrochemical industries between 2000 and 2010 was quantitatively analyzed with the Log-Mean Divisia Index method, which was decomposed into economic output effect, industrial structural effect and technical effect. The results show that economic output effect is the most important factor driving carbon emission growth in China’s petrochemical industries; industrial structural effect has certain decrement effect on carbon emissions; adjustment of industrial structure by developing low-carbon emission industrial sectors may be a better choice for reducing carbon emissions; and the impact of technical effect varies considerably without showing any clear decrement effect trend over the period of year 2000–2010. The biggest challenge is how to make use of these factors to balance the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions. This study will promote a more comprehensive understanding of the inter-relationships of economic development, industrial structural shift, technical effect and carbon emissions in China’s petrochemical industries and is helpful for exploration of relevant strategies to reduce carbon emissions.

     

矿产资源与区域可持续发展

对可持续发展战略的形成进行了简单的回顾,并结合我国矿产资源特点和形势分析了研究矿产资源与区域可持续发展的重要意义,详细地探讨了通过利用矿产资源实现区域可持续发展目标的５条途径：（１）正确进行了矿产资源区划;（２）制定合理的区域矿业发展战略;（３）改革矿权制度,实现两权流转;（４）改善投资环境,吸引外资,促进矿业发展;（５）进一步加强资源与区域可持续发展关系的理论研究。     

我国海洋科学发展现状与未来展望

海洋是生命的摇篮、资源的宝库和国家安全的屏障,是未来人类可持续发展的重要战略空间。到目前为止,广袤深邃的海洋只有5%的区域被人类探索,加快海洋科技创新、提高海洋资源开发能力、保护海洋生态环境是实现“关心海洋、认识海洋、经略海洋”的根本,事关国家发展的命脉。海洋问题的复杂性使其无法通过单一学科的研究得以解决。目前,我国海洋科学的研究已逐步从过去的跟跑阶段进入并跑阶段,但原始创新能力明显不足。本文回顾分析了我国海洋科学领域的研究进展与发展态势,对标找出与世界先进国家的差距,展望了今后的发展方向,指出围绕海洋多尺度相互作用与气候变化、健康海洋、海洋生命过程、跨圈层流固耦合、快速变化的极地系统、海岸带可持续发展等重大科学前沿,加强顶层设计和战略布局,开展跨尺度、跨圈层的多学科交叉研究,组织并发起我国主导的国际大科学计划,从而显著提升我国在海洋科学研究领域的国际影响力,切实提高保障国家安全和服务社会经济发展需求的能力,为建设海洋强国、构建人类命运共同体提供重要科技支撑。