IPCC能源清单指南进展及其对中国的影响

综述了《IPCC 2006国家温室气体清单指南》在能源活动温室气体清单编制指南方面的最新进展,初步分析了未来中国采用2006年能源清单指南面临的问题和挑战。     

土地利用变化和林业清单方法学进展

介绍IPCC土地利用变化和林业（LUCF）国家温室气体清单方法学指南的进展,特别是针对IPCC土地利用、土地利用变化和林业（LULUCF）优良做法指南和IPCC 2006国家温室气体清单指南的重大改进,以及我国未来LUCF清单编制面临的挑战作了简要的介绍。     

土利利用变化和林业清单方法学进展

介绍IPCC土地利用变化和林业(LUCF)国家温室气体清单方法学指南的进展,特别是针对IPCC土地利用、土地利用变化和林业(LULUCF)优良做法指南和IPCC 2006国家温室气体清单指南的重大改进,以及我国未来LUCF清单编制面临的挑战作了简要的介绍。     

《对2006 IPCC国家温室气体清单指南的2013增补:湿地》的解析

为了填补《2006 IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》有关湿地的温室气体排放与吸收清单编制方法学指南的空缺,IPCC于2014年2月底发布了《对2006IPCC国家温室气体清单指南的2013增补:湿地》。该指南在考虑人类活动影响以及对湿地定义进行重新梳理的基础上,给出了湿地排干、还湿的温室气体排放与吸收的估算方法;同时,也增补了滨海湿地、用于污水处理人工湿地的温室气体排放与吸收的估算方法。该指南的发布为清单编制者估算人类活动所导致的湿地温室气体排放与吸收提供了较全面的方法学。当然,受到科学认识水平与文献的限制,该指南在随排水流失的颗粒有机碳损失量的估算、随还湿来自于湿地外其他生态系统有机碳的进入所产生排放量估算等方面存在着需进一步完善的内容。     

参加“IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库编委会第7次会议”和“第3次关于农田、草地土壤碳的数据收集专家会议”总结

1 IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库编委会第7次会议 IPCC温室气体排放因子数据库（EFDB：Greenhouse Gas Emission Factor Database）作为世界范围内的温室气体清单编制的免费资源,伴随着《IPCC温室气体清单指南》,供编制者在编制清单时使用。     

美国加州温室气体清单编制经验及其启示

分析阐述了美国加州温室气体清单编制历程、清单边界界定原则、清单采用的方法、活动水平和排放因子数据来源、清单报告格式和最新的强制性温室气体报告制度。结合中国省级温室气体清单编制现状,提出了尽早确定电力转移排放归属地、改善统计数据基础、做好我国国民经济行业分类与IPCC部门分类对应工作、研究重点排放源温室气体报告制度等方面的建议。     

中国省级土地利用变化和林业温室气体清单编制方法

省级土地利用变化和林业（LUCF）温室气体清单主要评估“森林和其他木质生物质生物量碳储量的变化”和“森林转化温室气体排放”两类主要温室气体的排放源或吸收汇。省级LUCF温室气体清单编制方法以政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）有关国家温室气体清单指南为基础,结合中国LUCF活动的实际情况,特别是在考虑核心关键数据的可获得性与可靠性的基础上制订完成。同时还建立了适用于不同省的关键排放因子和参数数据库,旨在为科学合理地编制中国省级LUCF温室气体清单提供方法学依据。     

电力行业温室气体排放核算方法体系研究

调研了主要发达国家的温室气体清单编制方法和国内相关经验,结合我国电力行业特点和温室气体清单编制目标、尺度、方法等,提出以IPCC推荐的详细技术为基础的第二类(T2)方法为主,更精确的第三类(T3)方法为辅的我国电力行业温室气体清单编制方法的基本原则;借鉴国外温室气体排放核算的优良做法,结合我国电力行业实际情况,对我国电力行业温室气体清单编制进行实体分类和分析,根据清单编制的范围、定义和数据可得性等建立符合我国国情的电力行业温室气体清单编制方法体系框架。     

国家温室气体清单时间序列一致性和2005年清单重算研究

《巴黎协定》透明度后续实施细则对发展中国家温室气体清单时间序列一致性方面的要求显著增强。文中基于IPCC清单指南中对温室气体清单重算的要求,对作为我国国家自主贡献基年的2005年温室气体清单进行重算。由于增加了新的排放源或吸收汇、更新部分活动水平或排放因子数据以及采用了更新的方法学,重算后的2005年国家温室气体清单排放量（以CO₂当量计,下同）为80.15亿t（不包括土地利用、土地利用变化和林业,即LULUCF),相比重算前增加了6.6%。能源领域对重算后总排放量上升影响最大,增加了4.26亿t,其中CO₂增长主要来自第三次全国经济普查（三经普）对2005年化石燃料消费量的修订,甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放上升主要原因是新增加了排放源。未来我国将更频繁地对以往清单年份开展重算,建议结合《巴黎协定》实施细则要求加强对我国温室气体清单时间序列一致性问题的研究,以更好地支撑国内应对气候变化决策分析,以及满足未来《巴黎协定》下的履约要求。     

国际气候谈判背景下的国家温室气体排放清单编制

基于"共同但有区别的责任"原则,《联合国气候变化框架公约》对附件I和非附件I缔约方提交国家温室气体排放清单的要求不尽相同。2007年以来,发展中国家自主减缓行动透明度、以国家温室气候排放清单为核心的国家信息通报提交频率及其磋商分析问题成为气候谈判争论的焦点之一,发展中国家承担的相关义务有不断增加的趋势。通过阐述该公约对发达国家和发展中国家排放清单编制的不同要求,特别是通过对目前发达国家所接受的清单审评制度和我国国家温室气体排放清单编制情况的分析论述,明确我国国家清单编制所面临的挑战,并提出相应的对策建议。     

城市温室气体清单研究

介绍了国际上城市温室气体清单研究进展。分析了城市清单主流方法体系、模式以及编制原则、边界、范围,并且比较了城市清单和国家清单在方法体系及模式上的差异和其自身特点。重点分析了城市清单编制的“混合模式”和3个尺度范围。最后提出国内城市清单研究面临的困难和建议。     

The improvement of greenhouse gas inventory as a tool for reduction emission uncertainties for operations with oil in the Russian Federation

The high quality inventory is an important step to greenhouse gas emission mitigation. The inventory quality is estimated by means of the uncertainty analysis. The level of uncertainty depends upon the reliability of activity data and the parameters used. An attempt has been made to improve the accuracy of the estimates through a shift from production-based method (IPCC Tier 1) (IPCC 2000) to enhanced combination of production-based and mass balance methods (IPCC Tier 2) (IPCC 2006) in the estimation of emissions from operations with oil that are key in the national greenhouse gas inventory of the Russian Federation. The IPCC Tier 2 (IPCC 2006) was adapted for the national conditions. The greenhouse gas emissions were calculated for 1990 to 2009 with the use of both methods. The quantitative uncertainty assessment of the calculations was performed, and the outcomes were compared. The comparison showed that the estimates made with the use of higher tier method resulted in higher accuracy and lower uncertainties (26 % respectively compared to previously derived 54 %).     

Assessing progress in MRV capacity development: experience with a scorecard approach

This article reports experiences gathered in 12 developing countries in Latin America and Africa with capacity development for national GHG inventory systems. The national systems and their ability to deliver on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) requirements is assessed using a scorecard that covers the transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and comparability of the GHG inventory as well as its institutional set-up and management aspects. The analysis shows that a quantitative assessment of GHG inventory systems with a scorecard is feasible and useful, and could commonly be used for tracking progress in MRV capacity development.

Policy relevance

A large number of capacity development initiatives are underway to advance national GHG inventory systems in developing countries, particularly in the land-use sector. These aim to promote the reliable MRV of GHG emissions and removals, which is expected to underpin developing countries’ contributions to global mitigation efforts, including through results-based payments. Although MRV is a cornerstone of climate change policy and despite widespread capacity gaps, there is little conclusive evidence about the effectiveness of such capacity development. This article relates the positive experience from one initiative, the Capacity Development for REDD+ project, which employed a novel, scorecard-based approach to results monitoring. Considerable progress is observed and provides reassurance regarding the soundness of development agencies’ significant investments in MRV. Disaggregating scores by countries and by underlying criteria also provides insights to prioritize further investments.     

澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制经验及对我国的借鉴意义

通过对澳大利亚能源活动温室气体排放清单编制的分析,介绍了澳大利亚清单编制的研究框架、组织管理形式,在此基础上提出了健全我国清单编制管理机构、建立稳定畅通的数据来源渠道、逐步开展企业联网直报等建议。这些工作将有助于促使我国清单编制工作逐步常规化和标准化,及时为政策研究和决策制定提供基础数据并积极应对可能面临着递交频率增加和接受国际磋商和分析的挑战。     

Regional spatial inventories (cadastres) of GHG emissions in the Energy sector: Accounting for uncertainty

An improvement of methods for the inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is necessary to ensure effective control of commitments to emission reduction. The national inventory reports play an important role, but do not reflect specifics of regional processes of GHG emission and absorption for large-area countries. In this article, a GIS approach for the spatial inventory of GHG emissions in the energy sector, based on IPCC guidelines, official statistics on fuel consumption, and digital maps of the region under investigation, is presented. We include mathematical background for the spatial emission inventory of point, line and area sources, caused by fossil-fuel use for power and heat production, the residential sector, industrial and agricultural sectors, and transport. Methods for the spatial estimation of emissions from stationary and mobile sources, taking into account the specifics of fuel used and technological processes, are described. Using the developed GIS technology, the territorial distribution of GHG emissions, at the level of elementary grid cells 2 km?×?2 km for the territory of Western Ukraine, is obtained. Results of the spatial analysis are presented in the form of a geo-referenced database of emissions, and visualized as layers of digital maps. Uncertainty of inventory results is calculated using the Monte Carlo approach, and the sensitivity analysis results are described. The results achieved demonstrated that the relative uncertainties of emission estimates, for CO₂ and for total emissions (in CO₂ equivalent), depend largely on uncertainty in the statistical data and on uncertainty in fuels’ calorific values. The uncertainty of total emissions stays almost constant with the change of uncertainty of N₂O emission coefficients, and correlates strongly with an improvement in knowledge about CH₄ emission processes. The presented approach provides an opportunity to create a spatial cadastre of emissions, and to use this additional knowledge for the analysis and reduction of uncertainty. It enables us to identify territories with the highest emissions, and estimate an influence of uncertainty of the large emission sources on the uncertainty of total emissions. Ascribing emissions to the places where they actually occur helps to improve the inventory process and to reduce the overall uncertainty.     

国内外企业温室气体排放核算标准的比较分析

企业是国内外温室气体排放核算标准化工作关注的重点领域。随着全球应对气候变化工作新需求的出现,国内外标准化领域也发生着与需求相呼应的变化。国际上,企业层面的核算标准已经提高了对企业供应链排放的核算与报告要求,同时,针对具体行业的企业温室气体核算标准也进入制定程序;国内企业核算标准更加贴合中国实施重点企业直报、碳排放权交易等任务的需要,注重与国内现有标准体系、企业计量基础的衔接,更具可操作性。通过对ISO 14064-1修订版、ISO 19694系列标准及GB/T 32150、GB/T 32151系列标准的比较发现,这些标准采用了基本一致的核心方法,为未来可能的交流衔接提供了基础;标准间的差异主要源自适用范围与施用对象的不同,体现在排放源划分方式、数据获取方法、体现特定导向的要求等方面;虽然这些新变化有利于不同市场、地域或行业的企业更好地体现其排放特点,但也对企业未来开展温室气体排放核算与报告提出了更高的要求,建议中国企业梳理温室气体核算的核心工作,建立基础的数据收集体系;同时也理清各标准差异,建立相适应的报告能力;建议中国标准制定机构关注标准的适用性与可操作性,根据国内温室气体管理的政策与措施分阶段制定相关标准。     

中国城市矿产开发对温室气体减排的影响分析

随着我国城市矿产开发的大力进行,其各方面的积极效益日益凸显。本文分析了我国城市矿产开发利用现状,并利用IPCC 提供的温室气体排放清单计算方法,对2011-2014 年我国废钢铁、废纸和废塑料的回收引起的CO₂ 和CH₄ 减排量进行统计分析。结果表明：2011-2014 年我国主要城市矿产开发的再生资源累计回收量为803.275 Mt,其中废钢铁、废纸和废塑料回收量最大,分别占2014 年回收总量的62.2%、18.0% 和8.2%;2011-2014 年废钢铁、废纸和废塑料回收引起的温室气体累计减排量分别为27.962 Mt CO₂-eq,954.695 Mt CO₂-eq 和22.502 Mt CO₂-eq,合计 1005.159 Mt CO₂-eq,温室气体减排效益明显。