川西南部上三叠统须二段低渗透砂岩储层裂缝分布的控制因素

川西坳陷南部上三叠统须家河组二段低渗透砂岩储层发育有构造裂缝、成岩裂缝以及与异常高压有关的裂缝共3种类型,其中以构造裂缝为主。受印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期多期水平构造挤压、白垩纪深埋藏形成的异常流体压力以及新近纪以来的构造抬升剥蚀等造成的应力作用,该区主要形成有4组裂缝,其发育程度受岩性、层厚、构造部位、应力及流体压力等因素的控制。裂缝发育带主要沿南北向和北东—南西向构造带分布,在南北向构造带,近南北向裂缝和近东西向裂缝较其他两组裂缝更发育;而在北东向构造带,北东向裂缝和北西向裂缝较其他两组裂缝更发育。裂缝发育带控制了该区天然气的富集规律。     

川东北巴中—通南巴地区须家河组致密砂岩储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素

以岩芯及野外观察、分析测试、测井等资料为基础,分析了川东北巴中—通南巴地区致密砂岩储层裂缝的类型及成因,结合裂缝充填矿物包裹体分析,厘定裂缝形成期次。在此基础上,探讨了岩性组合、岩层厚度、断层、褶皱变形强度对裂缝发育的控制作用。研究表明:研究区须家河组裂缝具有多成因、多期次、差异分布的特点。主要发育构造裂缝,且主要分布于致密砂岩储层中,可划分为3期:燕山中期(中侏罗世)的NNW和NWW向共轭构造缝,被细粒方解石充填;燕山晚期(白垩纪)的NE向断层、褶皱伴生高角度缝,被粗粒方解石或石英充填;喜马拉雅期(古近纪)的NW和近SN向断层伴生缝,被粗粒方解石半充填或未充填。成岩裂缝和超压裂缝的成因与黏土矿物失水收缩及烃源岩大量生烃引起的流体增压有关,主要形成时间为晚侏罗世—早白垩世。裂缝发育的差异性主要受控于岩性组合、地层厚度、断层及褶皱变形强度,单层厚度小、距断层距离近、褶皱变形强度大的中、细砂岩储层,裂缝最为发育。     

九龙山构造须二段致密砂岩储层裂缝特征及成因

裂缝是川西北地区九龙山构造上三叠统须家河组二段致密砂岩天然气藏分布的重要控制因素。利用野外露头、岩心、成像测井和薄片等资料,并结合实验分析,对该区裂缝的成因类型、发育特征、形成期次及其形成机理进行了分析。研究区须二段致密砂岩储层发育有构造裂缝和成岩裂缝两种类型,其中以构造裂缝为主,主要有北东东-南西西向、北北东-南南西向和北西-南东向3组。按照裂缝的倾角,构造裂缝又可分为高角度构造裂缝和低角度构造裂缝。其中,高角度构造剪切裂缝主要是在印支晚期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅期3期构造作用下形成,形成构造裂缝的力源来自于龙门山以及米仓山-大巴山的水平构造挤压作用、深埋藏造成的异常高压流体压力以及抬升剥蚀造成的应力作用。低角度构造裂缝主要与构造挤压作用下断层的逆冲作用或层间滑动造成的近水平剪切作用有关。     

川西坳陷东坡沙溪庙组气藏成藏演化模式

川西坳陷东坡气藏主力产层为沙溪庙组,其圈闭类型以构造-岩性圈闭为主,多为致密砂岩储层,但断层发育,有效改善了储层物性,断砂匹配样式与构造演化对油气成藏过程有重要影响。基于前人已有的认识,通过沙溪庙组气藏成藏动力演化、气水分布特征及生烃期次分析,结合构造演化、成藏幕次等研究,认为沙溪庙组天然气成藏受构造古隆起、断砂配置、储层物性、构造演化影响,形成了“构造控向、断砂控运、储层控藏、演化控调”的成藏演化模式,同中存异,高庙子地区古构造的控制作用更为明显,而中江地区岩性控制作用占主导。沙溪庙组气藏间歇性充注具“燕山期三幕成藏,喜山期调整改造”的成藏特征,多期构造演化和较强的储层非均质性影响了含气饱和度,导致沙溪庙组气藏分布、气藏产能差异大。     

四川西南峨眉地区晚三叠世瑞替期须家河组地球化学特征及其对物源和构造背景的指示

基于砂岩碎屑组成、古流向恢复、全岩地球化学分析并结合已报道岩相古地理等研究成果的综合分析,探讨川西南晚三叠世瑞替期须家河组的物源体系、沉积记录及其形成的构造背景。砂岩碎屑组成分析结果显示,峨眉川主地区须家河组砂岩成分成熟度较低,组分与已报道的须家河组砂岩组分相似,物质以再旋回造山带来源为主;古流向测试数据统计显示须家河组主要接受来自东至东北部和东南部的物源,少量接受来自西南部和西北部的物源;地球化学主量元素及风化指数显示峨眉川主须家河组形成于构造活动背景下以被动大陆边缘和活动大陆边缘为主的沉积环境,物源成分成熟度较低;微量和稀土元素分析提示须家河组来源于长英质碎屑且含有较多古老沉积组分的加入,其球粒陨石标准化配分模式、原始地幔标准化微量元素模式与上地壳配分形式具有高度相似性,且物源主要与再旋回的扬子西南攀西-滇黔地区太古代-二叠纪变质岩、秦岭造山带前中生界变质岩和沉积岩、江南雪峰造山带西段的新元古代沉积有关,少量来自康滇古陆新元古代-元古代变质岩和龙门山周缘三叠纪沉积岩。结合须家河组已报道的岩相古地理数据,表明川西南峨眉地区晚三叠世瑞替期须家河组物源主要来自东南部的江南雪峰构造带和北部的秦岭造山带,少量来源于西南部的康滇古陆和西北部的龙门山构造带,川西南峨眉地区形成了主要受江南雪峰构造带、秦岭造山带为主控制的须家河组海陆交互相-陆相沉积盆地。     

Geological Controls on High Production of Tight Sandstone Gas in Linxing Block,Eastern Ordos Basin,China

Tight sandstone gas in the Linxing Block, eastern Ordos Basin, has been successfully exploited. The high performance is mainly a result of the special geological conditions. The key geological controls for high production have been discussed on the basis of seismic data, field observation, sample features, mercury porosimetry, mechanical properties, and basin modeling. Firstly, the coal measures have good gas generation potential, not only because of the existence of coalbeds and organic-rich shales, but also because coal laminae and microbial mats in the shales significantly increase their total organic carbon(TOC) contents. Secondly, except for the uplifted zone of the Zijinshan complex and the eastern fault zone, rare large faults develop in the Carboniferous–Permian sequence, ensuing the sealing capacity of cap rock. Small fractures generally concentrated in the sandstones rather than the mudstones. Thirdly, gas accumulation in the Linxing Block was controlled by the tectonic, burial and thermal histories. Gas accumulation in the Linxing Block started in the Late Triassic, followed by three short pauses of thermal maturation caused by relatively small uplifts;the maximum hydrocarbon generation period is the Early Cetaceous as a combined result of regional and magmatic thermal metamorphisms. Field profiles show abundant fractures in sandstone beds but rare fractures in mudstone beds. Mechanical properties, determined by lithostratigraphy, confine the fractures in the sandstones, increasing the permeability of sandstone reservoirs and retaining the sealing capacity of the mudstone cap rocks. The modern ground stress conditions favor the opening of predominant natural fractures in the NNW-SSE and N-S directions. These conclusions are useful for exploring the potential tight sandstone gas field.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油气成藏与构造运动的关系

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国著名的大型中生代含油气盆地,上三叠统延长组和侏罗系延安组为盆地主要含油层系,该含油层系经历了印支、燕山和喜山三期大的构造运动。通过中、新生代不同地质历史时期应力场分析以及构造热事件研究,结合裂缝性质、裂缝方位及裂缝中包裹体特征等,讨论了中生界油气成藏与构造运动的关系。研究认为盆地主要发育E—W向、NNE向和NE向三组区域性裂缝。其中,弱充填的NE向剪裂缝为印支期S—N向挤压环境下形成的剪裂缝,或基底断裂形成的诱导张裂缝;近E—W向展布的弱充填裂缝为燕山期NW—SE挤压环境下形成的剪切裂缝;强烈充填的NNE向张裂缝形成于喜山期NNW—SSE拉张环境。盆地中、新生代地层所经历的每一期构造运动都对盆内油气的运移和聚集起控制作用。印支运动使得盆地沉积了中生界最为重要的一套烃源岩;燕山运动产生的构造热事件使烃源岩达到了生排烃高峰期,使得油气成藏大多定型于燕山期;喜山运动使油气进行大规模的运移和调整,从而使中生界上部油气的分布与基底断裂带走向相吻合。中、新生代这三期构造运动对鄂尔多斯盆地发展和油气成藏产生了重要影响。     

川西南部须二段低渗透砂岩储层裂缝类型及其形成序列

裂缝是川西坳陷须二段低渗透砂岩天然气藏分布的重要控制因素.利用地表露头、岩心、薄片和成像测井等资料, 对该区裂缝的成因类型、分布特征及其形成序列进行了分析.须二段低渗透砂岩储层主要发育有构造裂缝、成岩裂缝以及与异常高压有关的裂缝等3种裂缝类型, 其中以构造剪切裂缝为主, 主要有近南北向、北东向、近东西向和北西向4组, 它们的发育程度依次由强变弱.但在现今应力场作用下, 北西向裂缝表现为主渗流裂缝.此外, 该区还发育有大量被沥青或碳质充填的裂缝扩张脉群, 结合岩石的声发射等实验结果, 表明该区在白垩纪中晚期曾经经历过异常高压作用, 其最大压力系数可达1.6~2.1, 在新近纪中晚期释放以后的压力系数为1.2~1.3.在中粗粒砂岩中, 还发育大量在构造挤压作用下由于断层的逆冲作用或层间滑动造成的剪切作用有关的近水平剪切裂缝.构造裂缝主要在三叠纪末、白垩纪末和新近纪末—早更新世末形成.      

深埋藏致密砂岩中相对优质储层形成机理——以川西坳陷新场构造带须家河组为例

川西坳陷中部新场构造带须家河组砂岩主要分布在须二段和须四段,由于埋藏深,普遍经历了复杂的成岩作用,普遍为特低孔隙、低渗透超致密砂岩,但仍较发育有一定数量的相对优质储层并形成致密砂岩气藏。为了更有效地预测和扩展须家河组致密砂岩的相对有利优质储层,则需理清相对优质储层的形成机理。本文通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、物性测试、阴极发光及电子探针等测试分析手段,以岩石与矿物学特征、储层特征、成岩作用研究为基础,重点分析物质组成、结构特征、早期胶结作用、流体-岩石相互作用、构造活动、生排烃期次等对于原生孔隙保存及次生孔隙的形成、保存两大方面的影响,最终达到对研究区须家河组致密砂岩中相对优质储层形成机理的系统性研究和认识。结果表明,主要形成机理包括残余原生孔隙的保存和次生孔隙的形成两个方面,其中残余原生孔隙的保存机制主要为早期绿泥石环边、早期适度碳酸盐胶结、部分裂缝导致的油气充注,而次生孔隙则主要来自于长石和少量不稳定岩屑的溶蚀作用,以及破裂作用形成裂缝及其引起的溶蚀作用。     

川西坳陷深层叠复连续型致密砂岩气藏成因及形成过程

川西坳陷深层上三叠统须家河组发育典型的致密砂岩气藏,由于该气藏多期构造演化、多期生排烃过程、多期成藏及储层致密化过程复杂的特点,其成因类型和成因机制经过多年的勘探和研究仍然存在争议。文章在剖析典型气藏的基础上,结合研究区构造演化、烃源岩生排烃史和储层致密化过程的研究,综合判识了致密气藏的成因类型,并分析其成因机制。研究结果表明：川西坳陷深层须家河组致密砂岩气藏具有“叠复连续资源潜力大、构造高点低点富气共存、高孔低孔储层含气共存、高压低压气层共存、气水分布复杂”的地质特征。目前气藏的成因类型为“后成”型致密气藏与“先成”型致密气藏的叠加复合型,属叠复连续型致密气藏。川西坳陷深层须家河组演化过程中存在浮力成藏下限和成藏底限,致密砂岩气藏形成和演化受控于2个界限控制下的3个流体动力场的分布和演化。叠复连续型致密砂岩气藏成藏过程可划分为4个阶段：①三叠纪沉积初至三叠纪末,初期天然气成藏条件准备阶段;②三叠纪末至中侏罗世末,早期常规气藏形成阶段;③中侏罗世末至晚侏罗世末,“先成”型致密气藏与“后成”型致密气藏形成阶段;④早白垩世至今,叠复连续型致密油气藏形成及改造阶段。     

东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及形成期次

根据露头、 岩心、 薄片、 古地磁、 成像测井、 岩石力学实验等资料;对东濮凹陷北部三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及形成期次进行分析。东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层主要发育北北东、 北东和近东西向3组高角度构造裂缝;裂缝走向近于平行或垂直主断层;倾向为北西和南东。二马营组裂缝较为发育;和尚沟组和刘家沟组裂缝相对不发育。储层裂缝为3期;分别为燕山早期的北西向扩张裂缝和北北西、 北西西向剪切裂缝;燕山晚期形成北东向拉张裂缝;喜马拉雅期形成北北东、 北东向拉张裂缝、 北北东向剪切裂缝和东西向扩张裂缝。古、 今构造应力场和岩石力学性质的各向异性分析表明;现今构造应力场最大水平主应力和岩石抗压强度的各向异性均影响燕山早期北西向裂缝的张开度及有效性。储层裂缝表现为两期;分别为燕山晚期的北东向拉张裂缝、 喜马拉雅期的北北东、 北东向拉张裂缝;北北东向剪切裂缝和东西向扩张裂缝。研究结果阐明了东濮凹陷北部三叠系砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及发育规律。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7油组页岩层系天然裂缝发育特征及主控因素

利用地表露头、岩心、薄片和测井资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组陆相页岩层系天然裂缝的成因类型、发育特征和主控因素进行研究。按地质成因,鄂尔多斯盆地南部长7油层组页岩层系的天然裂缝可以分为构造裂缝和成岩裂缝两大类,其中构造裂缝主要包括剪切裂缝和张性裂缝;成岩裂缝主要包括层理缝、页理缝和收缩裂缝。不同岩性中的天然裂缝发育情况明显不同,致密砂岩中以构造裂缝为主,层理缝仅在粉砂岩和局部细砂岩中发育;页岩和凝灰岩中页理缝、层理缝和构造裂缝均比较发育。不同类型的天然裂缝主控因素明显不同,构造裂缝的发育主要受岩性和岩石力学层层厚控制;砂岩中层理缝的发育主要受碳质纹层、粘土矿物转化程度等因素控制;凝灰岩中层理缝的发育主要受刚性玻屑脱玻化作用的控制;页岩中页理缝的发育主要受纹层、TOC含量和黄铁矿含量的控制。     

南祁连盆地上三叠统阿塔寺组碎屑岩地球化学特征及其源岩

南祁连盆地在晚三叠世时期处于陆相沉积,上三叠统阿塔寺组碎屑岩十分发育。盆地三叠系砂岩的岩性及岩相特征与二叠系非常相似,但是源岩构造背景、物质组成及物质来源与二叠系有所差异。根据地球化学主量元素、微量元素分析结果,上三叠统阿塔寺组源岩构造背景活动性较强,以活动性较强的大陆岛弧及活动大陆边缘为主,源岩物质组成以长英质火成岩为主。结合区域地质构造背景判断,南祁连盆地上三叠统阿塔寺组沉积物源区以北物源为主,以南物源为辅,中祁连的前震旦系及下古生界变质结晶岩系及花岗岩为其主要物源。     

四川盆地马路背地区上三叠统须家河组致密砂岩储层成因分析

马路背构造位于四川盆地东北部,该地区须家河组发育致密砂岩储层,却形成了“高产、稳产”的规模气藏。论文充分利用各种岩矿分析化验资料,从岩石学特征、成岩作用、孔隙演化等方面深入探讨了马路背地区须二段（T₃x2）致密砂岩储层的成因。结果表明:马路背地区须家河组以大巴山变质岩为母岩沉积了一套三角洲前缘中粒岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩;无论是石英砂岩还是岩屑砂岩,无论埋深大小,铸体薄片下孔隙均不发育,扫描电镜偶见微孔,物性很差;强烈的埋藏压实作用造成各种孔隙的缩小与消失;早燕山期（199~100 Ma）、中晚燕山期（100~65 Ma）、喜山期（65 Ma以来）等多期构造强挤压进一步造成孔隙减小和消失,构造压实减孔量大约4%;埋藏压实与构造强压实减孔的同时,产生了不同规模断层和裂缝（颗粒裂纹—粒间微裂缝—层间断层）,沟通微孔,形成断层—裂缝—微孔隙组成的断缝储集体。这类储集体主要受构造应力大小控制,构造挤压最强的部位,裂缝最发育;其次受岩性和砂岩厚度控制,中—薄层石英砂岩中最发育。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中东部三叠系、侏罗系露头区裂缝体系展布特征

通过对研究区内三叠系、侏罗系露头区裂缝(节理)的观察与统计,对鄂尔多斯中东部地区三叠系、侏罗系裂缝体系的展布特征进行了研究,并分析了裂缝体系形成的构造应力场背景。研究表明在中新生代不同时期构造应力场及其联合作用的控制下,研究区裂缝体系中一组通常为压剪性质,而另一组多为张剪性质,区内NE向和NNE向裂缝体系多具张剪性质。裂缝体系主要发育于脆性岩层当中,且以垂直裂缝(节理)最发育,在某一确定地区裂缝带成对出现,并相互交切,共同组成平面X型共轭剪节理。     

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal‐Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China: Case Study of the Ordos,Sichuan, and Tarim Basins

This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China's Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China's tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 m under a formation pressure of 20–30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of 95%, with CH4 content 90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions, δ13 C1 and δ13 C2 mainly ranges from-42‰ to-28‰ and from-28‰ to-21‰, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity(e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin) presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium-maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas "sweep spots," and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad.     

Accumulation and Reformation of Silurian Reservoir in the Northern Tarim Basin

Silurian sandstone in Tarim Basin has good reservoir properties and active oil and gas shows, especially thick widely-distributed bituminous sandstone. Currently, the Silurian was found containing both bitumen and conventional reservoirs, with petroleum originating from terrestrial and marine source rocks. The diversity of their distribution was the result of "three sources, three stages" accumulation and adjustment processes. "Three sources" refers to two sets of marine rocks in Cambrian and Middle-Upper Ordovician, and a set of terrestrial rock formed in Triassic in the Kuqa depression. "Three stages" represents three stages of accumulation, adjustment and reformation occurring in Late Caledonian, Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan, respectively. The study suggests that the Silurian bitumen is remnants of oil generated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks and accumulated in the sandstone reservoir during Late Caledonian-Early Hercynian and Late Hercynian stages, and then damaged by the subsequent two stages of tectonic uplift movements in Early Hercynian and Pre-Triassic. The authors presumed that the primary paleo-reservoirs formed during these two stages might be preserved in the Silurian in the southern deep part of the Tabei area. Except for the Yingmaili area where the Triassic terrestrial oil was from the Kuqa Depression during Late Himalayan Stage, all movable oil reservoirs originated from marine sources. They were secondary accumulations from underlying Ordovician after structure reverse during the Yanshan-Himalayan stage. Oil/gas shows mixed-source characteristics, and was mainly from Middle-Upper Ordovician. The complexity and diversity of the Silurian marine primary properties were just defined by these three stages of oil-gas charging and tectonic movements in the Tabei area.     

致密砂岩气藏天然裂缝发育特征及有效性评价——以四川盆地元坝地区须家河组为例

天然裂缝发育特征及有效性是制约致密砂岩气藏有效勘探开发的瓶颈。以四川盆地元坝地区须家河组为例,运用野外露头、岩心、薄片、成像测井、实验分析以及生产动态等资料,对须家河组天然裂缝发育特征及有效性开展综合研究。结果表明：元坝地区须家河组天然裂缝比较发育,以构造剪切缝为主,裂缝有效性较好。按倾角划分,裂缝以高角度缝为主,多与岩层面垂直,主要走向为：NW-SE向、近E-W向、近S-N向以及NE-SW向;天然裂缝可划分为4期：Ⅰ成岩期;Ⅱ燕山构造运动中-晚期;Ⅲ喜马拉雅构造运动早-中期;Ⅳ喜马拉雅构造运动晚期;裂缝的有效性受控于裂缝的充填程度和开度、裂缝形成时期以及现今最大主应力等。结论认为,不同类型、不同产状裂缝有效性差异性明显,其中高角度缝、直立缝以及NW-SE向、近E-W向裂缝有效性最好,对致密砂岩气藏的开发具有重大意义。     

The Relationship between Fractures and Tectonic Stress Field in the Extra Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir at the South of Western Sichuan Depression

The formation and distribution of fractures are controlled by paleotectonic stress field,and their preservative status and effects on development are dominated by the modern stress field. Since Triassic,it has experienced four tectonic movements and developed four sets of tectonic fractures in the extra low-permeability sandstone reservoir at the south of western Sichuan depression. The strikes of fractures are in the S-N,NE-SW,E-W,and NW-SE directions respectively. At the end of Triassic,under the horizontal compression tectonic stress field,for which the maximum principal stress direction was NW-SE,the fractures were well developed near the S-N faults and at the end of NE-SW faults,because of their stress concentration. At the end of Cretaceous,in the horizontal compression stress fields of the NE-SW direction,the stress was obviously lower near the NE-SW faults,thus,fractures mainly developed near the S-N faults. At the end of Neogene-Early Pleistocene,under the horizontal compression tectonic stress fields of E-W direction,stress concentrated near the NE-SW faults and fractures developed at these places,especially at the end of the NE-SE faults,the cross positions of NE-SW,and S-N faults. Therefore,fractures developed mostly near S-N faults and NE-SW faults. At the cross positions of the above two sets of faults,the degree of development of the fractures was the highest. Under the modern stress field of the NW-SE direction,the NW-SE fractures were mainly the seepage ones with tensional state,the best connectivity,the widest aperture,the highest permeability,and the minimum opening pressure.     

青藏高原晚三叠世构造-古地理综述

遵循刘宝珺院士提出的“构造控盆、盆地控相”指导思想，在系统厘定地层格架和构造单元划分基础上，确定青藏高原巨型造山带晚三叠世构造-古地理从北往南依次发育：羌塘-三江多岛海、班公湖-双湖-怒江洋、冈底斯-喜马拉雅多岛海和若干次级构造-古地理单元。班公湖-双湖-怒江洋是分隔冈瓦纳大陆和欧亚大陆的特提斯大洋，南羌塘地块是漂浮在特提斯大洋中的块体。本次重点对北羌塘前陆盆地和北喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘盆地的沉积相带展布和古地理进行了研究。造成两个盆地沉积序列及古气候差别的主要因素是构造地质事件。构造事件决定了盆地性质，盆地性质又控制了沉积相带的空间展布。北喜马拉雅盆地位于冈瓦纳构造域，晚三叠世盆地基底南浅北深，继承了古生代构造离散型被动大陆边缘沉积，印支造山作用不发育；北羌塘盆地位于泛华夏构造域，晚三叠世发育印支挤压造山作用及其前陆盆地沉积记录。盆地分析研究表明，北羌塘南部江爱达日那和热觉茶卡等地下三叠统康鲁组底部均发现灰紫色中厚层复成分砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、细砂岩组成向上变细的海侵型地层结构，沉积相为滨岸三角洲；上三叠统土门格拉群沉积相为含煤盆地边缘三角洲。从沉积相展布型式和北东向古水流方向分析，三叠纪北羌塘沉积盆地的物源主要来自羌塘中部双湖造山剥蚀区或“中央隆起带”。