电感耦合等离子体质谱原理和应用

内容简介：本书全面介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的仪器结构和基本原理，以四极杆ICP—MS为主，同时对近年来发展的其他类型的ICP—MS仪器进行了简要介绍。以地质应用为主，介绍了几种痕量超痕量元素分析方法及应用。全书共分12章：绪论，包括ICP—MS的起源、现状与发展趋势；ICP—OMS仪器结构和基本原理；ICP—MS分析性能与基本概念；扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪；飞行时间等离子体质谱；激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱；ICP—MS中的干扰；常用的地质样品处理方法；地质样品中痕量超痕量元素分析；铂族元素分析；同位素比值分析；ICP—MS联用技术在形态分析中的应用。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱原理和应用

本书全面介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的仪器结构和基本原理，以四极杆ICP—MS为主，同时对近年来发展的其他类型的ICP—MS仪器进行了简要介绍。以地质应用为主，介绍了几种痕量超痕量元素分析方法及应用。全书共分12章：绪论，包括ICP—MS的起源、现状与发展趋势；ICP—QMS仪器结构和基本原理；ICP—MS分析性能与基本概念；扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪；飞行时间等离子体质谱；激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱；ICP—MS中的干扰；常用的地质样品处理方法；地质样品中痕量超痕量元素分析；铂族元素分析；同位素比值分析；ICP—MS联用技术在形态分析中的应用。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱原理和应用

内容简介：本书全面介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的仪器结构和基本原理，以四极杆ICP—MS为主，同时对近年来发展的其他类型的ICP—MS仪器进行了简要介绍。以地质应用为主，介绍了几种痕量超痕量元素分析方法及应用。全书共分12章：绪论，包括ICP—MS的起源、现状与发展趋势；ICP—OMS仪器结构和基本原理；ICP—MS分析性能与基本概念；扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪；飞行时间等离子体质谱；激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱；ICP—MS中的干扰；常用的地质样品处理方法；地质样品中痕量超痕量元素分析；铂族元素分析；同位素比值分析；ICP—MS联用技术在形态分析中的应用。     

编辑附言

本刊以增刊形式出版了唐修义、黄文辉等著《中国煤中微量元素研究》（专辑）。专辑系统地对我国煤中微量元素的种类、丰度和在煤中的赋存状态作了概略介绍；重点论述了其中１９种元素和稀土元素；并对倍受关注的煤燃烧过程中微量元素的迁移、富集及其对环境的影响等方面进行了较深入的分析。各篇中所列举的大量测试数据，显示我国迄今所检测到的煤中微量元素的状况。可以认为，本专辑几乎概括了２０世纪我国公开发表的煤中微量元素测试研究成果，并对国外的研究状况作了简要介绍，是今后这一领域研究工作的基础，必将对我国煤炭资源与伴生元…     

电感耦合等离子体质谱原理和应用

本书全面介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的仪器结构和基本原理，以四极杆ICP—MS为主，同时对近年来发展的其他类型的ICP—MS仪器进行了简要介绍。以地质应用为主，介绍了几种痕量超痕量元素分析方法及应用。全书共分12章：绪论，包括ICP—MS的起源、现状与发展趋势；ICP—OMS仪器结构和基本原理；ICP—MS分析性能与基本概念；扇形磁场等离子体质谱仪；飞行时间等离子体质谱；     

电感耦合等离子体质谱应用实例

电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）是质谱分析方法之一，由于其检测灵敏度高，主要用于痕量分析，如动植物组织、食品、地质样品、水及环境样品中痕量元素的分析。本书介绍了ICP—MS技术的起源、发展与基本概念，结合编者所在ICP—MS示范实验室的诸多分析实例，重点介绍了ICP—MS在水质分析、土壤及沉积物、大气颗粒物、中药材和食品分析、公安法医等领域以及半导体行业高纯试剂、高纯材料、地质样品及同位素分析中的应用，并阐述了ICP—MS中存在的多种干扰（包括多原子离子干扰）及其消除。本书充分反映了我国ICP—MS研究与应用的现状，具有较强的实用性。     

扫描质子探针及其在地学研究中的应用

扫描质子探针是近年发展起来的微区分析、痕量元素分析和元素空间分布分析手段。本文简要介绍扫描质子探针的方法原理、特点、实验装置及其应用,特别指出了在地学研究领域中的应用前景。     

同步辐射X荧光分析进展

介绍了同步辐射光源性能的改进及其发展概况，同步辐射Ｘ荧光分析装置、分析方法以及该该项技术的延伸，并概述了同步辐射Ｘ荧光分析的应用研究。引用文献６４篇。     

建筑装饰中的清水混凝土

本文通过对清水混凝土与其它装饰的对比分析；清水混凝土所用的材料及其发展的叙述；采用清水混凝土应注意的相关问题，为大家开拓一原始而又崭新的装饰之路。     

国内外地质实验测试技术装备的跟踪及发展趋势

论述了目前国内地质实验测试技术（仪器）装备的现状，在无机痕量多元素分析、同位素分析、微区分析方面具有一定优势，在有机组分、形态、价态分析方面有待加强。同时，介绍了21世纪国外发达国家重视支撑地质科学和地质调查工作的主要测试技术装备（仪器）的发展趋势。在目前国内研制开发大型精密分析仪器缺乏应有的条件时，应加强科学仪器支撑装置和系统的研制、开发和推广应用。     

可靠度分析中梯度求解方法的研究

在岩土工程的可靠度分析中，功能函数的形式非常复杂，甚至是隐式的。而对于常用的可靠度分析方法，如一阶可靠性方法（FORM）、二阶可靠性方法（SORM）等，一个重要的问题是求功能函数对基本随机变量的梯度。因此，对于隐式的或复杂的显式功能函数，必须采用数值微分方法来求解功能函数的梯度。对于可靠度分析中常用的有限差分法（FDM）及有理多项式法（RPT）这两种数值微分方法，本文详细研究了二者问的异同及其求导结果与步长的关系，指出了对于相同的步长控制系数及取样方式，FDM是RPT在线性情况下的特例；对于连续的线性功能函数，可直接用3点FDM求导：对于连续的非线性功能函数，可用5点RPT求导；对于非连续的功能函数，应采用RPT求导。建议取步长控制系数等于1。     

边坡可靠度分析的支持向量机法

提出了基于支持向量机（SVM）的边坡可靠度分析新算法。该方法采用均匀设计确定样本点,通过一定数量的确定性计算来训练SVM,拟合边坡的功能函数;采用一阶可靠度方法（FORM）和迭代算法优化SVM模型,获得可靠度指标和验算点信息;在SVM模型基础上进一步通过二阶可靠度方法（SORM）和蒙特卡罗模拟（MCS）计算边坡的失稳概率。以两个典型边坡为例,通过与其他方法比较,证明了该方法的准确性和高效性。结果表明：提出的在标准正态空间（U空间）中取样并构建SVM,在原始空间（X空间）中计算功能函数的算法,有效地解决了具有相关非正态分布变量的可靠度分析问题,并且可很容易扩展到SORM的计算。算例结果证明,该方法的精度高于FORM;而效率优于MCS。分析过程中,边坡安全系数计算和可靠度分析相互独立。因此,该方法既适用于具有显式功能函数的简单问题,也适用于需要软件计算安全系数的实际边坡问题。     

层状地基上弹性地基梁的有限元-边界元耦合分析

将地基视为多层各向同性弹性体,对Euler-Bernoulli梁进行有限单元离散分析,对地基-梁接触面采用边界积分法求解,根据地基-梁接触面的竖向位移协调和光滑接触条件,应用有限元与边界元耦合的方法推导出各向同性成层弹性地基上的Euler-Bernoulli梁的半数值半解析解。基于文中理论,编制了相应的程序,通过与现有文献对比,验证了文中理论的正确性,对比分析了分层地基与等效均匀地基两种模型上的弹性地基梁。研究结果表明,分层地基与等效均匀地基两种模型上弹性地基梁性状差异较大,实际弹性地基梁计算中应采用分层地基模型。     

An adaptive high-dimensional model representation method for reliability analysis of geotechnical engineering problems

In this study, a new reliability analysis method was developed based on the adaptive high-dimensional model representation (HDMR) and applied to geotechnical engineering problems. For practical problems requiring finite element (FE) analysis or other numerical methods to evaluate system responses such as stresses and deformations, an efficient and accurate metamodeling technique is needed because it is not efficient or straightforward to directly adopt the conventional sampling-based or gradient-based reliability analysis approaches. In this work, an adaptive metamodeling approach was created and studied based on the HDMR framework and augmented radial basis functions (ARBFs). In this adaptive ARBF-HDMR technique, a simple and inexpensive first-order ARBF-HDMR metamodel was first constructed to explicitly express a performance function, and an alternate first-order reliability method (FORM) was applied to locate the design point and compute the reliability index. A local window was then defined such that additional sample points were generated and a higher-order HDMR component function was created using ARBF and added to the existing ARBF-HDMR metamodel. The accuracy of the ARBF-HDMR metamodel was improved through this adaptive process, especially in the region surrounding the design point. One mathematical and four geotechnical engineering problems were studied and solved using the proposed adaptive ARBF-HDMR approach. The proposed method was found to be capable of obtaining accurate reliability indices within a few iterations in all test problems.     

Applying disk-based discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) to simulate Donghekou landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake

In this paper, for the first time, disk-based discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is applied to simulate a real landslide triggered by an earthquake. For this purpose, the kinematic behaviour of the Donghekou landslide triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake is simulated and the results obtained using disk-based DDA are compared with actual data. The comparisons show that there is a good agreement between the results obtained using disk-based DDA and observed data. The simulation results provided an understanding of the failure behaviour and temporal evolution of the landslide. This study shows that disk-based DDA is a practical numerical tool that can be used to simulate the post-failure behaviour of landslides triggered by an earthquake.     

Displacement‐controlled method and its applications to material non‐linearity

For the analysis of non‐linear problems, the displacement‐controlled method (DCM) has a more extensive application scope and more powerful abilities than the load‐controlled method (LCM). However, difficulties of the DCM's procedure not amenable to most finite element implementations of the conventional LCM have restricted its applications in geomechanics. By means of Sherman–Morrison's theorem, the solution of DCM is improved. The improved procedure is characterized by high efficiency, good numerical stability and a programme structure similar to LCM. Two aspects of applications of DCM are illustrated. The first application is to compute the response of a structure under a given load level like the conventional finite element analysis. The second application is to trace the equilibrium path of a structure under a given load distribution type. A simple but effective algorithm is presented for automatically adjusting the step length in tracing the equilibrium path. Examples illustrate that the proposed procedures are suited for modelling complicated non‐linear problems in geomechanics. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationships among some locally conservative discretization methods which handle discontinuous coefficients

This paper presents the relationships between some numerical methods suitable for a heterogeneous elliptic equation with application to reservoir simulation. The methods discussed are the classical mixed finite element method (MFEM), the control-volume mixed finite element method (CVMFEM), the support operators method (SOM), the enhanced cell-centered finite difference method (ECCFDM), and the multi-point flux-approximation (MPFA) control-volume method. These methods are all locally mass conservative, and handle general irregular grids with anisotropic and heterogeneous discontinuous permeability. In addition to this, the methods have a common weak continuity in the pressure across the edges, which in some cases corresponds to Lagrange multipliers. It seems that this last property is an essential common quality for these methods. T.F. Russell: Partially supported by the National Science Foundation Grant Nos. DMS-0084438 and DMS-0222300.     

珠江口盆地东部定量生物地层划分对比及沉降历史分析

用定量生物地层学的方法(RASC 和 CASC)对珠江口盆地东部34口井的古生物资料进行统计分析,建立了最佳生物地层序列。根据化石事件间的 RASC 距离,将这个最佳序列划出10个化石组合带,用 CASC 方法建立了区域地质年表,展示了地质年代、地层和RASC 分带之间的关系,并完成了井间对比。最后,根据 CASC 所提供的钻井时-深曲线,对10口井进行了沉降史分析,揭示了该区中新世以来构造沉降的时空特征。     

Sphere-boundary edge and sphere-boundary corner contacts model in DDA for simulating particulate media in 3-D

In modelling particulate media, such as soils, using 3-D DDA, there are four types of contacts: sphere to sphere, sphere to boundary face, sphere to boundary edge, and sphere to boundary corner contacts. The first two were studied by the authors in a previous work (Beyabanaki and Bagtzoglou 2012). In this paper, we present a new contact model for sphere-boundary edge and sphere-boundary corner contacts in sphere-based 3-D DDA. The model includes a new algorithm to search for contacts, detect the contact types and calculate contact points. Moreover, formulas for contact sub-matrices are derived. The proposed contact model has been implemented into a sphere-based 3-D DDA program and three test cases are studied in order to verify the workability of the new contact model. The numerical results obtained demonstrate the capability of the model to deal with sphere-boundary interaction in particulate media.     

静力压桩数值模拟的位移贯入法

在通用软件ANSYS平台上对静力压桩进行数值分析。提出了位移贯入法,巧妙地利用边界位移条件使桩体贯入,可以考虑弹塑性本构关系、大变形和桩-土滑动摩擦等复杂问题,更符合静力压桩实际情况,具有仿真效果。