2000年冬季阿勒泰区域性大-暴雪成因分析

对形成2000年冬季阿勒泰地区出现的6场区域性大－暴雪天气过程的欧亚大尺度环流与天气尺度影响系统的特征、水汽条件及垂直运动条件等进行综合分析，得出形成阿勒泰区域性大－暴雪天气的重要指标，从而进一步提高阿勒泰区域性大－暴雪天气的预报准确率，对防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

新疆北部地区一次特大暴雪天气诊断分析

使用NCAR再分析资料,对新疆北部阿勒泰地区2000.11.20-24特大暴雪天气进行诊断分析,结果表明:500hPa极涡、贝加尔湖后部的东南气流、850hPa暖切变以及地面气旋的共同作用是产生新疆北部阿勒泰地区2000.11.20-24特大暴雪天气过程的环流背景条件。特大暴雪天气发生在较强的能量锋区、高湿区和水汽通量辐合区内。特大暴雪天气发生时,在阿勒泰地区上空形成一个由低层到高层强盛的动力性纬向垂直环流圈,为冷暖气流共同作用提供了持续不断的动力条件。正涡度的输送,使得阿勒泰地区上空的低值系统和锋区得以维持和加强。高空急流加强了特大暴雪天气的上升运动;低空偏南急流将巴尔喀什湖以南的高温高湿的不稳定大气源源不断地输送到阿勒泰地区上空,为特大暴雪天气提供了热力、水汽和不稳定能量的条件。     

T_(213)预报产品在阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪过程中的解释检验分析

采用T2 13 产品预告资料 ,逐个考察它们对阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪天气过程的预报能力 ,结果表明 :5 0 0hPa高度场、85 0hPa温度场、地面气压场、70 0～ 85 0hPa温度露点差、相对湿度、水汽通量散度、涡度、垂直速度、风场、流场等预报量对阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪天气过程有较强的预报能力 ,从而进一步提高阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪天气的预报准确率 。     

北京一次冬季回流暴雪天气过程的数值分析

回流天气是华北地区冬、春、秋季节产生降雨（雪）的主要天气类型,预报员常常因对回流天气系统结构特征认识不足和诊断失误而导致预报的失败,是降雨（雪）预报的难点和重点。利用北京地区高分辨率快速循环同化中尺度数值预报系统（BJ-RUC）对2010年1月2—3日一次典型的回流暴雪天气过程进行模拟,分析数值模式的模拟能力,研究各层主要影响系统结构特征及形成暴雪的关键性条件,探讨典型回流暴雪天气过程的形成机理。主要结论为：数值模式对此次暴雪过程的近地面回流冷空气、中低层低值系统及变化特征、主要降雪时段和降雪量模拟效果较好,对降雪落区的模拟存在一定偏差。低层回流偏东风遇到地形后引起垂直运动主要在低层800 hPa以下,所产生的降雪量不大,而其与上游850～700 hPa低涡系统发展东移其前部的上升运动汇合所形成的大范围、深厚、强烈的上升运动是产生明显降雪的关键性条件。上游低涡系统前部西南暖湿气流相对应的大湿度区移近是产生较强降雪的重要条件。持续的低层回流冷空气湿度较大,对于低层大气起到水汽输送的作用。回流冷空气使低层大气维持长时间的水汽输送并与其上层东移的大湿度区相结合,增加湿层厚度,有利于降雪持续而形成较强降雪。降雪开始时间和降雪强度的变化与对流层中下转偏南风的时间和偏南风风速增大有关。     

内蒙古中部地区一次降雪天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年11月22日内蒙古中部地区出现的一次降雪天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雪天气过程有5个站达到极端降水天气事件;短波槽和地面倒槽是本次暴雪过程的主要影响系统。暴雪区强烈的水汽辐合和深厚的湿层为降雪天气提供了充足的水汽;系统性抬升为暴雪天气提供了动力条件,高层辐散、低层辐合的垂直配置有利于上升运动的加强;700hPa低空急流和较强风速切变的维持使动力不稳定发展和维持,低层θ_(se)高能舌向东北伸展,有利于热力不稳定的增长;动力和热力共同作用使大气层结不稳定,触发了本次降雪天气过程。     

2005年11月哈密暴雪天气 过程的诊断分析

2005年11月18日凌晨至20日，哈密出现罕见暴雪天气过程，此次降雪强度大，范围集中，南部大，北部小。利用NCEP1°×1°的6小时分析资料和非常规观测资料，对此次哈密地区的暴雪天气过程的环流背景、影响天气系统进行了动力和热力的诊断分析，并利用Q矢量及螺旋度方法作了天气动力学诊断分析。结果表明：（1）新疆西部高压脊东移发展，引导萨彦岭低涡东移南压，移入哈密地区，造成哈密暴雪天气。（2）萨彦岭低涡是一较深厚系统，是低层辐合高层辐散的垂直上升气旋性涡柱，为暴雪发生提供了有利的动力机制。（3）冷暖平流交汇，增强了斜压性，有助于低涡的发展加强。冷平流对锋生起到重要作用。（4）Q矢量辐合区及螺旋度正值区与低涡有较好的对应关系，对哈密降雪的预报有一定的指示作用。     

2011年初湖南暴雪过程的成因和数值模拟分析

利用多种观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2011年1月1720日湖南一次大范围暴雪过程进行了诊断分析,并使用WRF模式对其云微物理特征及降水相态转换机制进行数值模拟,旨在探讨本次强雨雪过程降水相态变化和暴雪形成及其发展成因。结果表明：乌拉尔山前部南下的冷空气与来自孟加拉湾及南海的暖湿气流在湖南长时间交汇产生锋生强迫,在静止锋区上界形成强辐合上升运动,是湖南大范围暴雪天气持续的主要原因;强烈的上升运动和持续的水汽辐合为本次暴雪过程提供了动力、水汽条件,“冷空气楔”上爬升的暖湿气流维持时间较长,是持续性大范围暴雪产生的重要热力条件;WRF模式能较好地模拟降雪量级及强降雪落区。雪粒子的产生和发展不仅与液水比含量大小有关,还与其上空冰晶的含量及分布密切相关,雪的凝华增长、冰晶向雪的自动转化和雨水与雪碰并成雪可能是本次降雪发生、发展最主要的物理过程,冰雪粒子大值中心及强上升运动区对预报强降雪带位置有较好的指示作用。     

2011年山西省一次连续性降雪过程成因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐日6h再分析资料和常规观测资料,分析了2011年2月25-28日山西的一次连续降雪天气过程.结果发现:此次降雪过程经历了3个阶段,分别是2月25日的倒槽冷锋降雪阶段,26-27日的回流降雪阶段,28日的低空切变降雪阶段.过程涵盖了华北地区大到暴雪的3个类型,分别是倒槽冷锋类、回流类、低空切变线类.25-27日的降雪属东路冷空气影响,28日的降雪则由西北路径冷空气影响所致.暴雪过程有不同的影响系统,26日的暴雪天气是850 hPa东北急流、700 hPa西南急流及暖切变和边界层切变线共同作用的结果,28日的暴雪天气则是500 hPa西北冷平流和西南暖平流导致的地面锋生以及700 hPa暖切变共同作用的结果,条件性对称不稳定是28日降雪维持的机理对于低空切变类暴雪天气,对流层中层湿核的出现与消失对降雪的开始和结束有较好的指示意义;对于回流类暴雪天气,低层回流对降雪起到了冷垫作用,低空东北急流、西南急流的建立使降雪增幅.26日受东路冷空气影响的回流降雪,从形势特征和高低空配置的完整性分析,预报员相对容易预报暴雪的落区和强度28日在西北路径冷空气影响下产生的暴雪天气是一个预报难点,对这类天气的预报需关注暖湿空气的活动及其维持机制,假相当位温低谷期的开始对降雪的预报有12～24 h的提前量.     

2012年黑龙江省一次特大暴雪成因分析

2012年11月11—12日黑龙江省出现了一次大范围暴雪天气过程。文章利用常规资料、区域自动气象站、NCEP1o×1o资料对其环境条件进行分析,探讨了天气形势特征以及物理量场与暴雪落区的对应关系。结果表明:500h Pa低涡和地面江淮气旋是此次暴雪天气过程的主要影响系统。在低涡暖湿切变与低空偏东急流出口区左侧出现暴雪。同时强降雪出现在850 h Pa涡度和200 h Pa散度大值区内;强上升运动大值区的位置及移动与暴雪过程的时空演变基本一致。低空西南急流和东南风急流使得暖湿气流被源源不断地输送到黑龙江省,并得以聚集,从而为降雪增强提供了有利条件。     

新疆北部冬季暖区大降雪过程中尺度云团特征分析

利用1997-2006年深秋到冬季新疆阿勒泰地区出现的17次暖区大降雪天气过程的卫星云图资料、常规观测资料和地面降雪量资料,并选取其中3次典型的暖区大降雪过程,对暖区大降雪天气过程的中尺度云团演变特征进行了详细分析,进一步揭示暖区大降雪天气的成因。结果表明:500 hPa极涡是造成新疆北部阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪过程的天气尺度影响系统,极涡中心南部或东南部分裂出的中尺度短波是造成暖区大降雪天气的直接影响系统;TBB≤-60℃的中-β和中-α尺度系统云团是造成暖区大降雪天气的主要系统。暖区大降雪的TBB≤-60℃的中-β和中-α尺度系统云团是在绕极涡移动的高空锋区短波槽前和暖平流输送区形成,并位于极涡中心南部或东南部的低层到高层强锋区中,在随着天气尺度云系移动的同时,绕极涡中心逆时针旋转,移速缓慢或稳定少动,移动中逐渐加强或合并,其多表现为椭圆形或圆形,暖区大降雪发生在TBB≤-60℃的中-β和中-α尺度云团边缘TBB等值线梯度最大处。中-β和中-α尺度云团面积越大、生命史越长,造成的暖区大降雪范围就越大、强度也越强;TBB≤-60℃的中-β和中-α尺度云团在阿勒泰地区上空维持数小时可造成阿勒泰地区暖区大降雪天气。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on