瞬变电磁法理论与应用研究进展

对国内外瞬变电磁法的方法研究概况、理论研究、仪器状况以及在应用领域的研究进展情况做出了综述性评价.瞬变电磁法的理论研究主要涉及正演方法、反演方法、资料处理方法.瞬变电磁法的应用领域包括地面、海洋、航空以及地下等不同工作场地.同时指出瞬变电磁法的发展趋势为研究三维正反演、多分量观测、成像技术、微信号分析等，以及注重发展海洋、井下、航空瞬变电磁法等.     

航空瞬变电磁法一维正反演研究

优化了航空瞬变电磁法一维正演算法,采用新的汉克尔变换系数,理论上提高了正演的精度.提出了航空瞬变电磁法一维反演算法——模型交替调整反演算法,阐述了该算法的原理和计算方法,编写出反演程序,以已知模型正演响应作为实测数据,对若干典型模型进行了反演计算,取得了较理想的反演效果,与Zohdy法相比,该方法有更高的精度.     

瞬变电磁法正演计算进展

详细介绍了瞬变电磁法正演计算的方法、现状和发展趋势.瞬变电磁法一维正演计算需要将电磁场从频率域转换至时间域,转换方法有三种,分别是Gaver-Stehfest算法、余弦变换和Guptasarma算法.在这三种方法中,使用较多的是Gaver-Stehfest算法和余弦变换,Gaver-Stehfest算法速度较快,但精度不及余弦变换.瞬变电磁法的数值模拟主要集中于2.5维和三维,使用的数值计算方法有积分方程法、有限差分法、有限单元法和SLDM法.积分方程法主要在三维数值模拟中使用,现已很少使用;有限差分法和有限单元法是目前瞬变电磁法2.5维和三维数值模拟的主要方法;SLDM法主要应用于三维数值模拟.我国瞬变电磁法正演计算成果主要集中在回线源激发的瞬变电磁场一维数值计算和利用有限单元法进行2.5维和三维数值模拟.瞬变电磁法正演计算的发展趋势有:数值算法的改进、提高计算效率和研究地形对瞬变电磁场的影响规律.     

频率域航空电磁法2.5维正反演研究（英文）

频率域航空电磁法具有经济、高效和适应能力强等特点,广泛应用于矿产普查、地质填图、地下水资源调查等领域。目前,实测数据处理技术以电阻率深度转换成像技术以及一维反演方法为主。然而,对二、三维复杂地电模型,一维反演往往难以达到满意的结果。虽然三维正反演能较好的解决该问题,但其计算效率难以满足海量实测数据的计算要求。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上开展了三维源二维地电模型(2.5维)的频率域航空电磁法正反演算法研究。将总场分解为一次场和二次场来消除源的奇异性,一次场在均匀全空间或层状介质中求得,二次场用等参有限元方法计算得到,利用大规模系数矩阵并行直接求解器计算线性方程组,有效提高了计算效率。在正演的基础上,实现了基于奇异值分解(SVD)的阻尼最小二乘反演算法,通过"拟正演"和互换定理来计算雅克比矩阵。通过理论模型计算和实测数据很好的验证了本文方法在频率域航空电磁数据正反演应用中的准确性和有效性。     

大地电磁非线性共轭梯度拟三维反演

提出了非线性共轭梯度法大地电磁拟三维反演.该方法选取共轭梯度反演算法为拟三维反演的核心.在计算灵敏度（Jacobian）矩阵时,吸取近似灵敏度矩阵思想,采用一维灵敏度矩阵来代替三维灵敏度矩阵,并对非测点的灵敏度元素提出一种近似方法.在第一次反演之后,采用拟牛顿法更新灵敏度矩阵.拟三维反演法在很大程度上节省了计算时间,并且理论模型和实际资料的反演试算结果表明大地电磁拟三维反演法具有一定的实用价值.     

海洋瞬变电磁法研究进展

随着海洋电磁法的研究逐渐转向浅水域,海洋瞬变电磁法得到了更多的关注.瞬变电磁法相比频域电磁法,对浅水域海底高阻油气藏具有更高的分辨率,并且瞬变电磁法能够有效的分离空气波与海底地层响应.近几年来,海洋瞬变电磁法得到了快速的发展.本文回顾了海洋瞬变电磁法的历史发展与现状,总结了海洋瞬变电磁法的三维正反演理论的最新进展,并对海洋瞬变电磁法的各种装置类型进行了相关评述.目前海洋瞬变电磁法的问题主要在于数据采集成本高,没有很好的集成到整个勘探流程系统中.未来发展方向包括(1)探索新的装置系统,节约数据采集成本,提高海洋瞬变电磁法的市场竞争力.(2)海洋瞬变电磁法与其他方法的联合解释技术,提高海洋瞬变电磁法数据解释的有效性.(3)海洋瞬变电磁法的三维正反演理论的进一步发展.     

基于瞬变电磁矩变换的快速三维反演方法

瞬变电磁法的严格三维反演计算复杂、占用资源多,在普通计算机上难以实现.本文引入瞬变电磁矩变换的概念,提出一种快速三维反演方法.该方法基于阻性限制(resistive limit)特性,建立包含异常体的三维大地的一阶矩响应正演算法,根据不同约束条件,选择优化的最速下降法实现瞬变电磁快速三维反演.文中通过含异常体的三维大地正演一阶矩与仿真数据一阶矩的对比,验证了快速三维正演算法的有效性,之后在不同约束条件下,利用优化的最速下降法实现了对含噪声的仿真瞬变电磁数据的快速三维反演.结果表明,该方法能够在普通计算机上短时间内较为准确地反演出地下异常体的体积和位置,在瞬变电磁数据的实时解释工作中具有良好的应用前景.     

陆地可控源电磁法三维勘探的激电效应影响研究

可控源电磁法(CSEM)的正演模拟与反演解释中常忽略激电介质的影响.本文基于电磁三维正反演开源平台ModEM,分别开展了陆地CSEM三维正反演以及考虑激电介质的陆地CSEM三维正演研究,并与一维模型解析解对比验证了三维计算的准确性.数值模拟结果显示,模型含激电效应与不含激电效应的电场E_x频率响应差异明显,激电效应会导致电场E_x幅值减小、相位增加,且对E_x的影响程度与激电异常体的频谱特性及观测的收发距均相关.合成数据的陆地CSEM反演结果显示,数据中含激电效应会使得反演出的异常体在深度、规模和电阻率值上都与真实异常体存在较大偏差,忽略观测数据中的激电效应会明显影响观测的准确性.本文研究表明当陆地CSEM三维观测资料中包含激电效应时,有必要考虑其影响.     

基于MPI的一维大地电磁并行计算研究

在大地电磁中运用并行处理技术来减少计算时间,提高运算效率.结合一维广义逆矩阵法反演的计算特点,详细分析了串行程序并行化方法,主要采用主从并行模式、分频并行计算的并行方案.在Linux系统上使用Fortran和MPICH2相结合的开发工具编写了并行程序,通过理论模型和实测数据对实现的并行程序进行试算,并与串行程序对比验证了该算法的可行性、正确性,为二维、三维的正反演并行计算提供了研究基础.     

多通道瞬变电磁法资料处理方法技术综述

多通道瞬变电磁法是近年来国际发展的油气资源探测新方法,为了实现这种方法由油气资源领域向矿产资源勘查领域的拓展,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所牵头对其装备与数据处理解释系统开展技术攻关.针对上述自主研发的多通道瞬变电磁装置,基于其数据采集、数据处理与解释等技术要求,本文对与之匹配开发的多通道瞬变电法磁数据处理解释系统(包含预处理、大地响应正演模拟、二维和三维数据偏移成像等模块)的性能进行分析,结果表明:经过对多通道瞬变电磁法数据处理方法的技术攻关,形成了包含数据处理、正演模拟、二三维偏移成像、解释与可视化等模块的多通道瞬变电磁数据处理解释系统,为多通道大功率电法勘探系统的应用提供了良好的支撑作用.     

On Some Aspects of the Inversion Problem of Magnetostatics

Debye potentials and vector spherical harmonics were applied to a magnetostatic problem. By these mathematical methods it is shown that the inverse problem of the magnetostatics cannot be solved though the divergence of vector M is given.     

任意方向震源二维兰姆问题的一个精确解

均匀弹性半空间表面或内部震源产生的地震波场的解析解属于Lamb问题,采用Cagniard-deHoop方法,对与水平面呈任意夹角的表面线源,求解了其作用于弹性半空间时的拉普拉斯-傅里叶双积分变换解.以δ-脉冲函数为例,给出了任意方向作用力下波场的构成,并定量解出了P波、S波、首波和Rayleigh波等各波的位移表达式,分析了不同作用方向下各波位移的相对大小.建立数值模型并进行数值模拟,模拟结果验证了理论研究的正确性.研究成果为近地表地震波场的研究提供了理论依据.     

利用走时反演二维多孔介质渗透率

综合利用直接方法和优化方法研究二维多孔介质渗透率反演问题. 问题的提法与前人不同,是由区域内各点流体渗透的走时来反演渗透率. 该反问题的求解可分成两步进行,归结为两个相应的子问题进行研究. 首先由流体走时反演二维多孔介质速度场的数值算法,然后由二维多孔介质速度场反演二维多孔介质渗透率的数值算法,最后给出数值例子. 数值结果表明了所用数值方法的正确性和有效性.     

Pilot points method incorporating prior information for solving the groundwater flow inverse problem

The pilot points method is often used in nonlinear geostatistical calibration. The method consists of estimating the values of the hydraulic properties at a set of arbitrary (pilot) points so as to best fit the aquifer response as measured by available indirect observations (i.e., heads or drawdowns). Though this method remains general and appealing, no prior information of the hydraulic properties is usually included in the optimization process, which constrains the number of pilot points to ensure stability. In this paper, we present a modification of the pilot points method, including prior information in the optimization process by adding a plausibility term to the objective function to be minimized. This results from formulating the inverse problem in a maximum likelihood framework. The performance of the method is tested on a synthetic example. Results show that including the plausibility term improves the identification of heterogeneity. Furthermore, this term makes the inverse problem more stable and allows the use of larger number of pilot points, thus improving the identification of the heterogeneity as well. Therefore, the use of the plausibility term is recommended.     

Imaging of elastic seismic data by least-squares reverse time migration with weighted L2-norm multiplicative and modified total-variation regularizations

Least-squares reverse time migration has the potential to yield high-quality images of the Earth. Compared with acoustic methods, elastic least-squares reverse time migration can effectively address mode conversion and provide velocity/impendence and density perturbation models. However, elastic least-squares reverse time migration is an ill-posed problem and suffers from a lack of uniqueness; further, its solution is not stable. We develop two new elastic least-squares reverse time migration methods based on weighted L2-norm multiplicative and modified total-variation regularizations. In the proposed methods, the original minimization problem is divided into two subproblems, and the images and auxiliary variables are updated alternatively. The method with modified total-variation regularization solves the two subproblems, a Tikhonov regularization problem and an L2-total-variation regularization problem, via an efficient inversion workflow and the split-Bregman iterative method, respectively. The method with multiplicative regularization updates the images and auxiliary variables by the efficient inversion workflow and nonlinear conjugate gradient methods in a nested fashion. We validate the proposed methods using synthetic and field seismic data. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods with regularization improve the resolution and fidelity of the migration profiles and exhibit superior anti-noise ability compared with the conventional method. Moreover, the modified-total-variation-based method has marginally higher accuracy than the multiplicative-regularization-based method for noisy data. The computational cost of the proposed two methods is approximately the same as that of the conventional least-squares reverse time migration method because no additional forward computation is required in the inversion of auxiliary variables.     

ABAQUS中动力问题边界条件的选取

数值模拟是研究半无限域中结构地震反应的重要手段,而边界条件的选取则直接影响到数值模拟结果的可靠性.本文应用有限元软件ABAQUS,分别采用固定边界条件、黏性边界条件和远置边界条件对简单弹性半无限介质的波源问题和散射问题进行了数值模拟分析,结果显示:使用固定边界时,波动不能穿过边界面进入半无限介质,这与波动在半无限介质中...     

消除多次透射公式高频振荡失稳的一种措施

多次透射公式（MTF）物理概念简单,便于在计算机上实现时空解藕的高精度波动数值模拟。然而,MTF与其它局部人工边界条件类似,存在数值模拟失稳问题,如高频振荡便是可能出现的失稳现象。本文在分析MTF高频振荡失稳机理的基础上,提出了在波动有限元数值模拟中消除MTF高频振荡失稳的一种措施,即在整个有限元数值模拟区内施加与应变速率成正比的较小粘性阻尼;同时,讨论了这一稳定措施的有效性及其对数值计算精度的影响,并通过数值试验检验了这一稳定措施的可行性。结果表明,消除高频振荡失稳的措施行之有效,且只对波动有限元数值模拟中无意义的高频分量具有抑制作用,而对有意义的较低频段内的波动有限元数值模拟精度影响较小。     

Fluid dispersion effects on density-driven thermohaline flow and transport in porous media

This study introduces the dispersive fluid flux of total fluid mass to the density-driven flow equation to improve thermohaline modeling of salt and heat transports in porous media. The dispersive fluid flux in the flow equation is derived to account for an additional fluid flux driven by the density gradient and mechanical dispersion. The coupled flow, salt transport and heat transport governing equations are numerically solved by a fully implicit finite difference method to investigate solution changes due to the dispersive fluid flux. The numerical solutions are verified by the Henry problem and the thermal Elder problem under a moderate density effect and by the brine Elder problem under a strong density effect. It is found that increment of the maximum ratio of the dispersive fluid flux to the advective fluid flux results in increasing dispersivity for the Henry problem and the brine Elder problem. The effects of the dispersive fluid flux on salt and heat transports under high density differences and high dispersivities are more noticeable than under low density differences and low dispersivities. Values of quantitative indicators such as the Nusselt number, mass flux, salt mass stored and maximum penetration depth in the brine Elder problem show noticeable changes by the dispersive fluid flux. In the thermohaline Elder problem, the dispersive fluid flux shows a considerable effect on the shape and the number of developed fingers and makes either an upwelling or a downwelling flow in the center of the domain. In conclusion, for the general case that involves strong density-driven flow and transport modeling in porous media, the dispersive fluid flux should be considered in the flow equation.     

Combined inversion of first-arrival travel times and reflection travel times

In this work, we propose a method for determining reflection travel times based on the acquisition of first-arrival travel times via the fast sweeping method. The accuracy of this scheme was proven by conducting model experiments to establish a foundation for first-arrival tomography, reflection tomography and combined tomography. Reflection tomography was subsequently achieved using the adjoint-state method; on this basis, we propose a combined tomography method involving both first-arrival and reflection tomography. In the model experiments, excellent results were obtained via first-arrival tomography, reflection tomography and our combined tomography method. Finally, full-waveform inversion was performed, with the inversion produced by combined tomography used as the initial model. Excellent results were obtained using this approach. However, combined tomography reproduced and characterized the model much more realistically.