飑线结构和强度对低层湿度和环境垂直风切变的敏感性研究

利用数值模式WRF进行二维飑线理想数值试验。通过改变初始场低层湿度和低层环境垂直风切变探讨了初始环境场对飑线在触发阶段与发展初期结构和强度的影响。低层湿度试验表明,增加低层湿度有利于初始启动阶段对流的发生从而使对流系统强度更强;飑线强度增加,对流上升运动增强,更有利于冷池前沿激发出新生对流单体,系统发展更快;同时激发更多降水,冷池强度增强。低层环境垂直风切变试验表明,在飑线触发阶段,更强的环境垂直风切变使对流主体前倾趋势更大,对对流的触发有阻碍作用;冷池和环境垂直风切变的相互作用被认为是飑线发展的重要机制,基于RKW理论,在飑线发展初期,近地面冷池相对较弱,在更弱的环境垂直风切变作用下更容易使对流结构呈直立状态从而产生更强和更深的上升运动,飑线强度增强。     

东北冷涡影响下江淮地区一次飑线过程的模拟分析

利用四维变分同化分析系统模拟和雷达拼图资料分析了2012年5月16日东北冷涡影响下的弱飑线过程。结果表明:较强的地面辐合线是该次过程在较弱稳定条件下被触发的重要原因,也是系统前期快速发展的重要原因;东北冷涡影响下中层不断输送干冷空气到江淮地区,飑线内对流部分由降水拖曳导致的下沉气流遇到夹卷进入下沉气流内的环境干空气,使得其中雨滴蒸发造成空气冷却,下沉到地面形成冷池;冷池形成之后,垂直风切变方向不垂直于系统,且切变值较弱,造成水平涡度不平衡,是该飑线发展相对较弱的主要原因,此外不稳定条件和湿度条件较差也可能是系统没有发展为强飑线的原因。该次飑线过程的重要特点是较强的地面辐合线;较干的环境条件,意味着凝结潜热释放较少,而系统中的垂直运动更多取决于冷池和垂直风切变之间的水平涡度平衡。     

弱垂直风切变下台前飑线不同发展阶段的热、动力特征分析

以2014年7月18日09号超强台风"威马逊"影响期间,发生在湘赣地区的一次台前飑线过程为例,讨论了在垂直风切变明显弱于中纬度飑线情况下台前飑线的生成与发展机制。研究表明:1)在飑线初生阶段,弱垂直风切变与较弱冷池相平衡使得飑线垂直发展,其前部上干冷下暖湿的不稳定环境条件是其发展加强的热力因素;台风倒槽右侧风向水平切变、飑线前侧的阵风锋是其发展的动力条件。2)在飑线成熟阶段,飑线后侧的地面冷池范围变大、强度变强,导致飑线前方的水汽及能量补给减弱;同时飑线后部中层干冷空气入侵加强,飑线上升气流向冷池方向倾斜,垂直抬升条件减弱,不利于台前飑线的发展维持。成熟阶段的这两个特点表明台前飑线由盛转衰。3)在飑线消散阶段,由于飑线远离台风,台风的影响减弱,导致台前飑线水汽和动力条件不足,从而消亡。     

连续两次飑线大风成因对比分析

采用多源气象观测资料,对2018年5月16日江苏省北部的连续两次飑线过程进行综合观测对比分析和数值模拟研究。结果表明:(1)两次飑线过程在相同天气系统影响下的不同环境场中产生,大别山背风坡的背风波扰动是这两次飑线的共同触发机制。(2)两次过程的雷达回波图上均有后部入流急流和中层径向辐合特征,第一次过程的后部入流急流强度更强、高度更高,中层径向辐合的强度更强、厚度更厚,环境风垂直切变的差异是两次飑线组织结构特征存在明显差异的主要因素。(3)在CAPE值相近条件下,第一次过程的整层水汽更丰富、垂直风切变更强、垂直切变伸展高度更高,导致第一次飑线对流系统发展强度更强。(4)两次飑线大风形成的主要物理机制不同,第一次飑线的后部入流急流引导中高层(5~8 km)干暖空气下沉并入侵风暴体,促使其降水粒子强烈蒸发并形成冷池,同时引导高层动量下传产生强烈的出流气流,最终导致地面大风的形成;而第二次飑线后部入流急流引导中低层(3~5 km)干冷空气入侵对流系统,形成冷池和地面大风。(5)第一次过程环境场垂直风切变条件下形成的飑线组织结构特征,更有利于降水粒子强烈蒸发形成更强的冷池和下沉气流,致使第一次飑线地面大风较第二次飑线更强。     

一次长三角地区飑线过程的数值预报分析北大核心

2019年4月9日,长三角地区发生了一次罕见的长历时强飑线天气过程。在分析其天气形势背景和发展演变基础上,利用新一代华东区域数值模式对此次过程进行了预报分析,初步分析了其演变过程中的中尺度结构特征。结果表明,此次飑线发生在高空槽前、低层强烈辐合抬升天气背景下,强的垂直风切变、冷空气向南侵入与低层暖湿气流叠加建立了强的对流不稳定层结,是飑线发生发展和长时间维持的重要原因。数值模式成功模拟了飑线前部低层暖湿空气上升和后部中层干冷空气下沉这两支入流,以及飑线过境时边界层高度和大气可降水量迅速下降,地面中尺度冷池向东南方向的传播过程,冷池与对流风暴的移动速度基本一致,导致对流前部低层一直有风场的切变辐合抬升,有助于对流维持并发展。     

水汽含量对飑线组织结构和强度影响的数值试验

利用2009年6月3～4日一次产生大风、冰雹强对流天气的飑线个例进行数值试验,研究整层水汽含量及其垂直分布对中尺度对流系统的发生发展过程、组织类型和强度等的影响。本文的试验表明环境场中不同的水汽含量和垂直分布,会影响下沉气流和冷池的强度,从而影响对流的组织形态、维持时间和强度。整层水汽试验表明,增加（减少）水汽,对流增强（减弱）,冷池和雷暴高压增强（减弱）导致大风增强（减弱）。增加水汽越多发展阶段冷池强度越强,最大风速越强,但成熟阶段后期冷池减弱的越快,层状云区的后部入流减弱,不利于雷暴大风的出现和维持。不同层次水汽试验表明,在保持整层水汽含量不变的情况下,线状对流和雷暴大风易发生在中层干、下层湿的环境中,这种层结条件对雷暴高压的增强有重要作用,但不利于整个对流系统的长时间维持。     

大气环境条件对夜间飑线影响的敏感性试验

利用CM1数值模式,以2017年8月7日发生在长江三角洲地区的一次夜间飑线过程为例,开展弱切变背景下中层相对湿度、低层风切变和对流有效位能的敏感性试验。结果表明:中层相对湿度升高,有利于夜间飑线雷达回波面积、回波强度和地面降温幅度增大。湿度降低,虽导致夜间飑线的雷达回波宽度变窄,但有利于夜间飑线结构和强度的维持。中层相对湿度的改变对夜间飑线成熟阶段的地面最大风速的影响并不十分明显,但是中层相对湿度的降低会增大地面最大风速的波动;低层风切变的增大使夜间飑线雷达回波强度增强、面积增大、移速变慢,也使飑线冷池强度增强,而对成熟飑线的冷池厚度和地面最大风速影响不大,但是更弱的环境风垂直切变更容易出现脉冲风暴地面强风。低层风切变的减小不利于夜间飑线的发展以及成熟夜间飑线结构和强度的维持;对流有效位能越大,越有利于夜间飑线雷达回波强度和回波面积以及冷池强度和厚度的增大,也有利于夜间飑线地面降温幅度和地面最大风速的增大。中等大小的对流有效位能更有利于成熟夜间飑线强度和结构的维持。低对流有效位能不利于夜间飑线发展,但在中层湿环境条件下依然能发展成为成熟的夜间飑线。该研究揭示了中层相对湿度、低层风切变和对流有效位能等大气环境条件对夜间飑线发生、发展的影响机制,为夜间飑线的预报提供了参考依据。      

不同雷达观测资料同化对一次罕见飑线天气模拟的影响

选用WRF(weather research and forecasting)模式及其3D-Var(three-dimensional variation)同化系统,针对2018年3月4日发生在江西的一次罕见强飑线天气,探讨同化多普勒雷达不同观测资料对极端雷暴大风天气模拟预报的影响。结果表明:仅同化由雷达反射率反演的雨水、雪和霰粒子以及由其估算的水汽不能稳定改善模式对飑线雷达反射率的预报效果,尤其对地面大风和降水的预报起反效果;当联合同化雷达反射率与雷达径向风资料后,显著改进了模式对飑线发展演变过程中雷达反射率、地面降水和地面大风的预报效果,雷达反射率的同化呈现显著正效果。原因是仅同化雷达反射率对初始水成物及热力场影响较大,而对动力场调整微弱,随着积分时间增加,热力场对动力场的反馈作用不真实,高层出现虚假辐散风场,飑线前侧模拟出虚假层状云区,且未能改进飑线系统低层垂直风切变、冷池以及对流层中下层后侧入流的模拟,模拟的飑线移动和演变过程与实况有很大差距;当联合同化雷达反射率与雷达径向风资料后明显调整了初始动力、热力和水成物场,物理配置更符合实际,形成更有利于强飑线发生的垂直风切变和风场结构,产生与实况接近的强冷池,模拟结果与实况的吻合度明显高于仅同化雷达径向风资料的试验。     

对流移入杭州湾后飑线发展机制分析

为加深对杭州湾影响下飑线维持机制的理解,利用多普勒天气雷达、常规和加密观测资料以及NCEP GFS资料,分析了2014年7月27日浙北飑线成因,并重点探讨了此次飑线过程中对流从北岸和南岸移入杭州湾的演变过程及对飑线整体发展的作用。分析表明:南北向辐合线触发新的雷暴单体生成及中等强度的深层垂直风切变,是此次飑线生成和发展的关键环境条件;飑线中对流从南北两岸移入杭州湾后强度均加强,使得飑线得到更好的维持发展;杭州湾上更好的水汽和更强不稳定能量条件,使从北岸移入杭州湾的对流单体加强并连接苏南、浙北两条线状对流,这是进而使得飑线持续发展的重要原因;杭州湾表面与陆地相当的温度和湿度,以及海上较强的垂直风切变,使南岸入海对流强度维持,并在地面冷池和后侧入流的共同影响下发展成弓形回波,这也是飑线维持的重要因素。     

福建省一次强飑线过程的强度和移动特征分析

利用常规观测资料、区域自动站数据、雷达组合反射率因子以及NCEP GFS分析场资料(水平分辨率0.25°×0.25°),对2016年4月26日影响福建地区的一次强飑线过程的强度和移动特征进行分析。结果表明:此次飑线过程前期和后期的强度、结构、移动以及影响天气等方面存在显著差异。前期阶段,强的低层垂直风切变、对流层中层干冷空气卷入以及近地面辐合线的触发、低层切变线的动力抬升和低空急流的水汽输送是造成飑线进入福建境内强度显著加强的主要原因;后期阶段,减弱的飑线与西侧福建龙岩和粤北地区的新生单体合并形成后部扩建型飑线,位置停滞少动造成闽中地区大范围强降水。利用改进的移动矢量计算方法得到的向前传播型和后部扩建型飑线的移速和移向与实况基本吻合,在短时临近预报业务中具有实际应用价值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on