辽东半岛全新世海平面变化及近5000年来的地壳运动

本文用~(14)C样品年代测定资料讨论了辽东半岛全新世以来的海平面变化,并用数理统计法对5000年以来的地壳运动作了研究,发现与现代形变场的资料是一致的。说明现代地壳运动具有继承性。     

水平应力及其形变与相转换问题

一些学者从地壳深部的相转换来探索地球动力学过程。他们提供的各种相转换模式，从温度和压力的影响来说明相转换与地壳运动的关系。但是，压力的影响也仅仅是剥蚀和堆积的静压力，很少涉及到应力，特别是侧向应力及其形变对相转换的影响。     

短基线集InSAR技术用于黄河三角洲地面沉降监测与人为因素影响北大核心CSCD

利用2007—2010年间存档的30景Envisat ASAR数据,运用SBAS技术对黄河三角洲地区地面沉降进行全面具体监测,获取黄河三角洲地区地表形变特征场,分析了典型沉降区形变时间序列特征,结合相关资料对三角洲地区地面沉降影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,人类活动(地下水抽取、油气开采与工程建筑等)是造成地面沉降的主要因素,油田区地表形变范围与断层存在一定相关性。     

最新国际地球参考框架ITRF2014的分析与评述

介绍ITRF2014的定义、测站分布、输入数据、分析策略以及与ITRF2008的转换参数,并分析ITRF2014相对于ITRF2008的改进。ITRF2014是国际地球参考框架ITRF的最近一次更新,它是基于四种空间大地测量技术(VLBI、SLR、GNSS和DORIS)重新处理解实现的。相较于ITRF2008,ITRF2014不仅在观测数据和测站数量上有所增加,还改善了对非线性运动的处理,包括对周期性信号的估计以及对震后形变(post-seismic deformation,PSD)的改正,并提供了PSD模型和地球质心运动模型两个新产品。ITRF2014为地球科学等相关领域的研究与应用提供了统一的空间基准,也为其他坐标框架的维持与精化提供了参考。     

GPS精密数据处理基准统一方法探讨

就GPS精密数据处理工作中的基准统一方法进行了探讨,陈述了基线处理时统一基准和平差处理时统一基准的基本原理,通过案例分析了两种不同基准统一方法所得到的三维速度估值的差异,建议在现今地壳运动速度场研究工作中,采用第二种方法进行GPS精密数据处理。     

短基线集InSAR技术用于黄河三角洲地面沉降监测与人为因素影响

利用2007—2010年间存档的30景Envisat ASAR数据,运用SBAS技术对黄河三角洲地区地面沉降进行全面具体监测,获取黄河三角洲地区地表形变特征场,分析了典型沉降区形变时间序列特征,结合相关资料对三角洲地区地面沉降影响因素进行了分析。研究表明,人类活动(地下水抽取、油气开采与工程建筑等)是造成地面沉降的主要因素,油田区地表形变范围与断层存在一定相关性。     

沿海GPS业务观测在海底地震监测中的应用

以2011年日本Mw9.0级特大地震为例,对国家海洋局沿海GPS业务观测系统在海底地震监测中的应用进行了研究。采用自行研制的精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)软件,基于静态和动态模式,先提取GPS站点的瞬时地表同震位移和震后形变,再反演得到了震源方位、站点上空大气水汽的动态变化等信息。研究分析日本强震对沿海GPS站址的影响以及该系统对日本强震响应的灵敏性,揭示沿海GPS观测系统在海底地震监测及海啸预警中的作用,据此拓展了该系统的应用,为沿海GPS业务观测系统的运行、维护和业务拓展提供了科学依据。     

2011年日本Mw 9.0级地震的GPS响应研究

2011年3月11日日本宫城县以东太平洋海域发生Mw9.0级特大地震,造成了地表的严重错位并引发海啸。文中利用位于日本及周边国家的IGS站和国家海洋局GPS业务站观测数据,采用作者研制的精密单点定位(PPP)软件UniP,对此次地震的GPS数据响应进行了研究。结果表明:(1)GPS观测数据能清晰、连续地记录震时地表形变的过程,我国CHAN,NCST等站点水平方向的震时最大位移在10 cm以内,高程方向的震时最大位移在15 cm以内,且形变以可恢复性的弹性形变为主。(2)我国距震中较远,受此次日本地震的影响较小,且大部分站点是在东坐标方向出现不同程度的震后永久性位移。其中CHAN站点的震后位移最为明显,东向形变量为(1.8±0.11)cm;NCST、NLHT站点次之,东向形变量分别为(1.1±0.26)cm和(1.0±0.18)cm。(3)地震波传输到国家海洋局GPS业务站NCST、NLHT等的时间约为10 min,比海啸在深海的传播速度快约14倍,可为海啸预警提供所需的时间差。这些结果显示出GPS能够为地震监测和动力学特征研究提供有价值的基础资料,也表明中国沿海GPS业务观测系统在海底地震监测、海啸预警服务中的应用潜力。     

印度洋中央海盆的海底热流与构造

本文对印度洋中央海盆的构造格架和地球物理场的特征进行了研究。对作者在《ＭＣＴИСЛａＢ，ＫａЛДЪШ院士》号科学考察船第２０航次中所取得的该海盆热流正常分布特征的热流数据以及文献资料中的热流数据进行了分析，并指出构造形变带的地热特点。在已完成的模拟基础上所得出的结论是，当印度－澳大利亚板块与欧亚板块碰撞之后，在印度－澳大利亚板块不断增强挤压的情况下，受地悫强烈构造活动性制久的蛇纹岩的侵入上升，或许     

台湾海峡两岸新生代地壳运动的对比

本文从第三系，第四系特别是全新世珊瑚礁，海滩岩，海相淤泥层等的分布，对比研究了海峡两岩的地壳运动特征。结果表明，台湾地区新生代以来地壳升降交替，海陆变迁频繁。地壳运动的幅度和速度，远远大于福建沿海地区；地震活动的强度和频度亦大大超过福建沿海地区。     

Was the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake preceded by aseismic preslip? Examination of seafloor vertical deformation data near the epicenter

Ocean-bottom pressure records obtained near the epicenter of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake were examined to test whether the earthquake was preceded by substantial precursory crustal deformation. The seafloor data enabled us to search for small-scale preslip near the epicenter that would be difficult to identify from terrestrial geodetic data. After treating the data to reduce nontectonic fluctuations, we obtained a time series of seafloor vertical deformation in the epicentral region with a noise level of 2–4 cm. No significant crustal deformation related to preslip was detected in the period of roughly a day before the mainshock, whereas postseismic deformation associated with the largest foreshock 2 days before the mainshock was apparent. From our quantitative estimate of the sensitivity of the seafloor network in detecting slip on the plate interface, we conclude that the Tohoku-Oki earthquake was not preceded by preslip with moment release greater than moment magnitude (Mw) 6.2 in the vicinity of the hypocenter or greater than Mw 6.0 along the subduction interface near the trench.     

Numerical forecasting of the time interval between successive M8 earthquakes along the Nankai Trough,southwest Japan,using ocean bottom cable network data

One possible approach to estimating the time interval between large-scale Tōnankai (Tōkai) and Nankai earthquakes on the Japan arc is sequential assimilation of crustal deformation data. We conducted numerical modeling of sequential assimilation using surface deformation calculated from earthquake generation cycle simulations along the Nankai Trough. To account for observation noise, we used measured ocean bottom pressure gauge data, excluding tidal modulation, from a station on the ocean bottom cable network Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Kumano basin. We used sequential importance sampling as our data assimilation method. We found that as the amount of data increased, the estimated time interval between the Tōnankai and Nankai earthquakes approached the “true” observed interval. In addition, the noise in the pressure gauge data was sufficiently small that simulated crustal deformation patterns could be distinguished for different time intervals.     

苏北东部海域辐射沙洲研究的新思路

苏北东部海域辐射沙洲以往仅侧重于外动力方面的研究，这里提出开展内动力与外动力同步研究的新思路，指出两者的结合点是旋扭运动，要在以往外动力研究的基础上，加强地震震中研究、地形变监测、地应力实测等方面内容，以确定该区不同层圈、不同介质条件下是否存在同一的旋扭运动。上述思路的实施，有利于地理学与地质学研究的沟通和溶合，同时提出地震往往伴随旋扭现象的事实，丰富了地震学的研究内容，其研究成果将为多方面的开发辐射沙洲提供基础资料。     

福建地区构造应力场的初步研究Ⅱ.晚更新世以来

本文根据断裂的活动习性,断陷盆地、平原、海湾的形成机理,地壳形变场,震源机制解,现今强震等烈度线长轴方向和 ＧＰＳ观测资料,初步探讨了福建地区晚更新世以来的构造应力场。结果表明,本区除了受到太平洋－菲律宾海板块向ＮＷ方向的挤压作用外,还受到来自印度板块向 Ｎ向 Ｅ的挤压。在这两种挤压作用中,后者大于前者。     

珠江三角洲地质灾害的模糊综合评价

珠江三角洲地质灾害种类的多样性与其所处的复杂地质环境和多变的气候条件密切相关。文章选用了地震活动、活动断裂、地壳升降运动、软土地基、地面塌陷以及冲、淤积等６个主要因素作为评价指标，并用模糊数学方法对珠江三角洲内１７个小区作了计算，结果表明该区大部分地区属于轻灾害区，只有滨海沿岸地区属于较重灾害区。     

Crustal Structure of the High Magnetic Anomaly Belt, Western Taiwan, and its Implications for Continental Margin Deformation

A joint analysis of gravity anomaly and seismic travel-time data has been used to construct a three-dimensional velocity structure for the northeastern extension of the northern South China Sea’s high-magnetic belt in the Taiwan region. The earthquake data used in this study was collected by the Central Weather Bureau Seismological Network from 1991 to 2002, while the gravity data around Taiwan was compiled by Hsu et al. (1998), Terr. Atmos. Oceanic. Sci., 9, 509–532, and Wang et al. (2002), >Terr. Atmos. Oceanic. Sc., 13, 339–354. A modified velocity model obtained by local earthquake tomography was used to construct an initial three-dimensional gravity model, using a linear velocity–density relationship. To derive a crustal velocity–density model that accounts for both types of observations, this study performed a sequential inversion of travel-time and gravity data. The main features of our three-dimensional velocity model are:(1) an uplifted zone with velocity greater than 6.5 km/s being observed in the lower crust, (2) the width and the shape of the uplifted zone being found to be strongly correlated with the high-magnetic belt, (3) a trend by which the lower crustal high-velocity zone turns from northeast to north in central Taiwan, where the high-magnetic zone was truncated. A combination of seismic, gravity, and structural interpretations suggests that the crustal deformation relating to the magnetic truncation observed in northwestern Taiwan could be correlated closely with the collision between the Philippine Sea plate and the Asian continental margin.     

西太平洋边缘海盆的形成与演化

从地球深部地幔流动引起的地质作用出发，结合裂谷的发展演化规律，认为地幔向东（或南东）的蠕散和流动促使亚洲大陆边缘地壳拉伸、变薄以致破裂，由大陆裂谷发展至弧后裂谷，形成西太平洋边缘海盆。最后提出边缘海盆发展演化的4个阶段，即：新生阶段（郯庐裂谷系）、幼年阶段（冲绳海槽）、青壮年阶段（日本海）和成熟阶段（南海）。     

New buoy observation system for tsunami and crustal deformation

We have developed a new system for real-time observation of tsunamis and crustal deformation using a seafloor pressure sensor, an array of seafloor transponders and a Precise Point Positioning (PPP ) system on a buoy. The seafloor pressure sensor and the PPP system detect tsunamis, and the pressure sensor and the transponder array measure crustal deformation. The system is designed to be capable of detecting tsunami and vertical crustal deformation of ±8 m with a resolution of less than 5 mm. A noteworthy innovation in our system is its resistance to disturbance by strong ocean currents. Seismogenic zones near Japan lie in areas of strong currents like the Kuroshio, which reaches speeds of approximately 5.5 kt (2.8 m/s) around the Nankai Trough. Our techniques include slack mooring and new acoustic transmission methods using double pulses for sending tsunami data. The slack ratio can be specified for the environment of the deployment location. We can adjust slack ratios, rope lengths, anchor weights and buoy sizes to control the ability of the buoy system to maintain freeboard. The measured pressure data is converted to time difference of a double pulse and this simple method is effective to save battery to transmit data. The time difference of the double pulse has error due to move of the buoy and fluctuation of the seawater environment. We set a wire-end station 1,000 m beneath the buoy to minimize the error. The crustal deformation data is measured by acoustic ranging between the buoy and six transponders on the seafloor. All pressure and crustal deformation data are sent to land station in real-time using iridium communication.