华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩的成冈分析

雪球结构的产出特征、钠长石电子探针分析及其它间接证据都说明,雪球结构是在岩浆结晶过程中形成的。雪球结构形成与否主要与岩浆熔体中Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值和Ｆ、Ｈ２Ｏ含量有关。较大的Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值（〉１）例钠长石首先从熔体中晶出;较高的Ｆ含量使岩浆固相线温度大大降低,有利于岩浆分异演化并形成接近端员组分的钠长石和钾长石同的Ｈ２Ｏ含量有利于石英以较快的速度生长并逐渐包裹钠长石形成雪球结构。自形的α－石英斑晶、接近各自端员组分的甲和工石和钠长石等说明该类花岗岩形成温度较低,众多的地质、地球化学依据都证明了,华南富锂氟含稀有金属花岗岩是从过铝富氟富钠的残余熔体中直接结晶而成的。     

钠长花岗岩—H2O—HF体系中流体／熔体间氟的分配实验研究

在ｐ＝１００Ｍｐａ,在７７０℃≤ｔ≤８００℃和ＷＦ＝２％－６％条件下进行了钠长花岗岩－Ｈ２Ｏ－ＨＦ体系液相线附近线体／熔体间氟的分配实验。对淬火玻璃的主要元素和氟含量进行了电子探针测定。用质量平衡法计算了流体中的氟含量,所获得的氟的流体／熔体分配系数ＤＦ均不盱１．０随体系氟含量的增加ＤＦ有所增大,表明在花岗岩岩浆一热液体系,氟优先进入熔体相,含氟花岗岗岩结晶晚期流体释放阶段残余熔体仍保保持富氟特征     

纳长石花岗岩中雪球结构形成机理的研究

在某些富锂、氟含稀有金属花岗岩的石英和钾长石斑晶中常见（半）雪球结构。雪球结构的产出特征、雪球体中钠长石的电子探针分析结果以及其他间接证据都说明,雪球结构是在岩浆结晶分异过程中形成的。对矿物结晶顺序、石英和纳长石的生长速率以及固相线温度的研究表明,富锂、氟、钠的花岗质残余岩浆完全具备形成雪球结构的条件．岩浆熔体中较高的Ｎａ２Ｏ／Ｋ２Ｏ比值和Ｆ、Ｈ２Ｏ含量在雪球结构的形成过程中起着重要的作用：Ｆ的高     

江西雅山富氟高磷花岗岩中的磷酸盐矿物及其成因意义

江西雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩属典型的华南[富氟高磷花岗岩（P2O5＝0．15％－0．55％），表现为富氟（F＝1．07％－2．04％），强过铝性（A／NKC＝1．26－1．60），具有很高的Li,Rb,Cs,Be,Nb,Ta含量和很低的Y、REE含量.磷锂铝石是雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中的主要磷酸盐矿物，其产出与否同体的Li,Rb,Cs含量密切相关；磷锂铝石和长石矿物都是雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中磷的主要贮体，并且相互之间呈互补关系，当出现磷锂铝石时，磷锂铝石为全岩磷的主要贡献者，当无磷锂铝石晶出时，长石矿物为全岩磷的主要贡献者，体系的强过铝性以及很低的REE，Y，Ca含量使得磷灰石，独居石，磷钇矿都难以达到饱和结晶，磷灰石为少量出现，并且大部分为晚期形成；独居石和磷钇矿都为极少出现，反映出雅山岩体演化过程中具有独居石，磷钇矿等稀土磷酸盐矿物的结晶分离，铍磷酸盐矿物－羟磷铍钙石的出现反映了雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩存在岩浆期后的含Be,Ca热液流体的作用。     

胶东台上金矿成矿机制模拟实验研究

模拟实验研究表明，台上金矿床的成矿机制为：胶东群地层重熔形成滦家河花岗岩岩浆时，初始浆为几乎均匀的熔体相；随着结晶成岩作用的进行，由于局部岩浆结晶分异作用，产生富Ｋ＾＋，Ｎａ＾２＾＋，Ｃａ＾２＾＋，Ｍｇ＾２＾＋，Ｆ＾－，Ｃｌ＾－，Ｓ＾２＾－，ＣＯ３＾２＾－及挥发份ＣＯ２，ＣＯ，Ｈ２Ｏ等的流体相，并不断从已结晶矿物及残熔体中，以［Ａｕ（ＨＳ）２］＾－，［Ａｕ（ＨＳ）Ｓ］＾２＾－，ＡｕＣｌ４］＾－等络     

黄玉与红柱石,白云母,碱性长石之间的矿物平衡及其岩石学意义

黄玉的形成条件是阐明含黄玉岩石成因的关键。为定量解释黄玉的岩石学成因意义，本文利用黄玉和与其共存的矿物及流体组分的热力学性质，计算了花岗岩－Ｈ２Ｏ－ＨＦ体系中有关反应的ｌｏｇａＨＦ－ｌｏｇａＫＦ，ｌｏｇａＨＦ－ｌｏｇａＡＮ，ｌｏｇａＨＦ－Ｔ图及Ｔ－Ｐ图。利用上述计算结果，本文解释了含黄玉花岗质岩石及其极端分异产物的形成条件和斑岩Ｍｏ、Ｓｎ矿床蚀变分带的形成机制。     

俯冲带岩浆与岩石的相互作用：关于俯冲板块,地幔,地壳的实验研究

通过对下四种环境中岩浆混染作用的实验研究：（１）俯冲板块之上；（２）地幔－陆壳边界界之下和（３）地幔－际壳边界之上；（４）浅部地壳内。用含Ｈ２Ｏ硅质熔体橄榄岩或角闪岩之间反应的一系列清楚的边界确定了；（１）混染熔体内的扩散断面和（２）二种物质之质的结晶反应带。由含Ｈ２Ｏ的橄榄岩－英云闪长岩－花岗岩混合物确定了一些相界，这些相界能区分从俯冲板块中产生的并经过地幔上升的熔体的混染程度和与橄榄岩（如堆积     

花岗岩—KBF4—Na2MoO4—WO3体系的实验研究及其矿床学意义

为探讨长英质岩浆作用过程中金属成矿元素的地球化学行为及其成矿意义，我们进行了常压下花岗岩－ＫＢＦ３－Ｎａ２ＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系的实验研究。结果表明，高温（１２５０℃）条件下呈均一状态的花岗岩－ＫＢＦ４－ＮａＭｏＯ４－ＷＯ３体系，当温度降低时发生液态不混溶，从中分离出含矿熔体的小液滴，体系中的Ｍｏ（Ｗ）几乎全部富集在这种小液滴中。含矿熔体中极富含Ｃａ、Ｍｇ和Ｐ，而贫Ｓｉ、Ａｌ和Ｋ，Ｈ２Ｏ和Ｆ富集在含矿熔体中。此实验结果表明：长英质岩浆中液态不混溶作用的发生可以使成矿元素Ｗ和Ｍｏ富集到与硅酸盐熔体不混溶的独立的非硅酸盐熔体中。这种熔体在适当的地质条件下继续演化可形成类似镁铁质岩浆演化过程中常出现的岩浆熔离型矿床。本实验结果可能为斑岩矿床的形成机理提供一种新的解释。     

华中高压—超高压变质富铝岩石的温压条件研究及其地质意义

华中高压－超高压变质富铝岩石为陆壳岩石经变质而成，其典型的岩石类型为蓝晶石黄玉石英石。矿物温压计估算其ｐ－Ｔ条件为Ｔ－７００，ｐ＝１．２ＧＰａ；高温高压实验结果表明，蓝晶石＋黄玉组合在Ｔ＝１０００－１２００℃，ｐ＝３．１－３．７７ＧＰａ范围内可以稳定存在，是高压－超高压变质作用产物。     

江西雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩中富磷锆石研究

雅山黄玉锂云母花岗岩是雅山复式岩体的最晚阶段岩体,具较高的磷含量（ＷＰ２Ｏ５＝０．１５％￣０．５５％）,长石矿物是磷的主要赋存矿物,磷以ＰＡｌＳｉ－２替换方式进入长石结构中;锆石是雅山花岗岩重要的稀有元素副放物之一,它除了高度富铪、铀外,与一般锆石相比,还表现出显著富磷的特征,Ｐ２Ｏ５含量变化主要为ＷＰ２Ｏ５＝０．２３％￣４．９６％。磷主要以（Ｙ,ＨＲＥ３Ｅ,Ｆｅ）＾３＋Ｐ＾５＋（Ｚｒ,Ｈｆ）＾４     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997