CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR COUNTERMEASURES IN CHINA

This paper discusses the constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China,and the countermeasures to realize sustainable water utilization.The result of comprehensive analysis shows that constraining factors to sustainable utilization of water resources in China are complicated, including physical geographi cal factors and socio-economic factors, such as uneven distribution of water resources at temporal and spatial scales,inappropriate institutional arrangement and non-water-saving and non-water-conservation production and life mode.The countermeasures against constraining factors to water resources sustainable development are put forward as follows: l) using wetlands and forests, and through spatial conversion to realize temporally sustainable supply of water resources; 2) transferring water between basins and areas and developing various water resources in water shortagearea; 3) establishing water-saving society; 4) strengthening water pollution control and water resources protection;and 5) establishing unified water resources management mechanism.     

Regional distribution and sustainable development strategy of mineral resources in China

This paper summarizes the distribution and production layout of the major mineral resources in China,including coal,iron ore,copper and bauxite,from a national perspective.It also identifies the incompatibility between the mineral resources distribution and regional economic development.Significant issues with China’s mineral resource industry cause challenges for the sustainable development of both the mining industry and the national socio-economy.The sustainability of regional mineral resources and the environmental pollution by mining in the western China were also analyzed.Results show that the distribution of China’s mineral resources is misaligned with its regional layout of economic development.China’s mineral resources have been over-exploited,and the mineral resources production in the eastern China is unsustainable.The continuously expanding production of mineral resources in the western China has heavily endangered the ecological environment.We propose strategies to boost the sustainable development of mineral resources,including measures to accelerate economic development and enhance the sustainability of domestic mineral resources.We also offer suggestions for scientifically planning the mineral resource prospecting and exploitation and regional economic layout,as well as for proactively undertaking industry transfer in the eastern China and raising the environmental benchmark requirements for the mineral industry in the central and western China.     

THE EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE TOURISM RESOURCES IN JILIN PROVINCE

This paper comprehensively evaluates and analyzes the tourism resources in Jilin Province,China.And it consists of three parts.The first two parts are on the resources evaluation and analysis.Based on the results of evaluation about the structural and spatial distribution of the tourism resources,it is found that ,the natural resources play fundamen-tal roles in Jilin,while the human and cultural resources are important complementary parts as well .In the spatial distribu-tion analysis,the resources show the characteristic of “six clusters“and “three belts “spatial relations.Four clusters are centered on the cities,which are Changchum,Jilin,Baicheng,Tonghua and Jiˊan;one cluster is around the Changbai Moutains and one cluster nears the frontier at Tumen between China,Russia and P.D.R.Korea.And the three belts are;1)The west belt.It contains Xianghai and Momoge natural protection region.The evident of this zone is its ecologi-cal and ethical tourism resources.2)The middle belt characterized by urban traveling and recreation,including Jilin and Changchum,together with their nearby Nongˊan and Siping.3)The last belt is also the most important one,which is the east zone.It covers the Changbai Mountains,the golden triangles of Tonghua and the Tumen River.This zone is remark-able for its abundant natural landscapes and unique folk-customs.In the last part the concept planning is briefly construct-ed for the tourism resources in Jilin Province according to the above evaluation and analysis.     

GIS在中国旅游资源研究与应用中的现状及趋势

随着现代信息技术的不断发展,GIS在旅游研究与应用愈来愈深入。目前,GIS已经广泛的应用到旅游资源研究中,尤其在旅游资源空间分类、评价、旅游规划、旅游资源管理、旅游开发利用等方面取得了较大的进展。首先,本文综述了近些年来GIS在旅游资源研究中的文献资料,研究发现GIS空间分析理论与方法在旅游资源研究与开发中的应用较为广泛,但在旅游资源认知、分类及评价等方面仍存在一些尚未解决的问题。其次,在总结前人和课题组研究成果的基础上,对旅游资源认知、分类与标准化理论进行了相关论述。通过梳理GIS建模技术与空间分析方法在旅游资源信息提取与分析、旅游资源评价、旅游资源开发规划等相关研究成果中发现,旅游资源研究方法已从定性描述走向定量模型,应用成果不断增多,涉及综合评价、空间结构优化、空间布局与选址、空间发展趋势预测、空间利用规划等方面。最后,提出了未来在旅游资源知识模型、旅游资源图谱、旅游资源多维仿真以及旅游资源大数据等方面的相关展望。     

中国东北三省大豆虚拟水时空分异及其影响因素研究

水资源分布不均制约了地区农业生产。从虚拟水角度研究作物需水的时空变化特征及影响因素对提高水资源的合理配置与利用效率,缓解地区水资源短缺问题具有重要参考意义。本文基于Penman-Monteith模型和GIS地统计分析工具,从虚拟水视角分析1986-2012年东北大豆生长季内的需水量变化和虚拟水时空分异特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①1986-2012年,东北地区大豆生长季增温明显,平均风速下降显著,相对湿度整体下降,日照时数有增有减,气候暖干化趋势加剧。②东北大豆生长季内需水量西南多东北少,南部地区需水量减少而北部增加。平均风速的显著下降导致大豆需水量减少,其余气象因子变化均导致需水量增加,温度变化对需水量影响最大,相对贡献率为36.9%,其次为相对湿度、日照时数和平均风速。③大豆虚拟水的空间分布整体为西多东少,虚拟水变化以下降为主（80.6%站点）。虚拟水高值区集中于东北地区西部,向东虚拟水含量降低。气候变化导致了大豆需水量的增加,进而使虚拟水上升,大豆生产变化尤其是单产增长则使得虚拟水下降,气候变化对大豆虚拟水的影响抵消了部分大豆生产变化导致的虚拟水下降。因此,针对大豆虚拟水的时空分异特征,适当调整东北地区大豆的生产布局、选取如耐高温耐旱等大豆品种以及调整灌溉、施肥等田间管理措施等是气候变化背景下提高大豆水资源利用效率的有效适应措施。     

Spatial Structure and Location of Multi-national Corporations in China—-A Case Study of Samsung

The investment of Samsung Electronics in China is divided into three types： production companies, sales companies and R＆D institutions. Based on an analysis of the spatial structure of Samsung＇s three types of investment and parent company, it is put forward that regional bias exists during the operation of a multi-national corporation （MNC） in China, i.e., regional biases of technology, price, sales as well as decision-making. Front office and back ofrice, two terms related closely with the location of modern MNCs, are defined and locational principles of each are studied. It is pointed out that production companies and R＆D institutions belong to back office, while sales company falls into the type of front office. Based on a summarization on the spatial distribution of production companies, sales companies and R＆D institutions, the locational principles of front office and back office are then applied in explaining the location of Samsung＇s operating entities in China. By analyzing the spatial structure and locational principles of Samsung, a typical MNC in China, this paper aims to understand the internal operating mechanism of modern MNCs and then bring assistance to related policies to cope with those problems about MNCs that have attracted growing attention in recent years.     

STAGES AND POTENTIALITY OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT INARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA

The processes of water resources exploitation and utilization can be divided into three stages by water resources transformation, and the history, present situation and future trend of water resources development in piedmont areas around high mountains of arid northwestern China. The three stages are: the stage of surface water development (the first stage), the stage of comprehensive development of surface and ground water (the second stage) and the stage of economical development of water resources (the third stage). The three stages link each other and show the law and processes of water resources exploitation and utilization associated with social and technological progress. The economical water policy should run through the three stages. On this point, however, the third stage differs from the others, particularly, refering to irrigated agriculture. The third stage has more progressive significance because it breaks the traditional ideas on water resources development. According to our investigation and calculation, under present conditions of water resources development, the net used water is about 160 × 10⁸ m³, accounting for 18% of the total water resources of northwestern China. The water resources have not been fully developed. If the first stage is finished, the exploitable water can be increased by 91%. After the second stage, furthermore, it can be increased by 216%. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

ON DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT OF PANZHIHUA

ＯＮ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＩＮＧ ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴ ＡＮＤ ＲＥＳＯＵＲＣＥ ＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＰＡＮＺＨＩＨＵＡ ＨｕａｎｇＪｉｎｇ（黄静）（ＲｅｇｉｏｎａｌＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ，Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＣ...     

沂水县地热资源开发利用探讨

地热资源作为一种拥有巨大潜力的新能源,在旅游业、节能减排等方面的巨大优势。系统地介绍了沂水县地热资源的分布情况,并对其勘查及利用情况作出了详细的说明,针对地热资源丰富而勘查程度相对低,利用情况单一的现状提出了相应的对策。     

Regional difference in social capital and its impact on regional economic growth in China

Social capital has played an increasingly important role in regional development. China is a country with high stocks of social capital. Using several different indicators of social capital, this study tries to research the regional disparities in social capital and the influence of social capital on economic growth of China in 1978–2004. Measuring social capital with indicators of associations, charities and blood donation rates, this study finds significant regional disparities in social capital at provincial level in China. Those indicators for social capital are highly correlated with regional economic performance. Statistical analysis shows that social capital has a significant and positive effect on a long-term provincial economic growth. This relationship exists after controlling policy, macro location factors, and per capita GDP in the initial year. The empirical findings indicate that institutions, culture and social relations are critical for regional development in China. Therefore, the creation and support of social capital should be paid more attention to when making regional policy.     

SUSTAINABLE EXPLOITATION AND UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE INLAND RIVERBASIN OF ARID NORTHWEST CHINA

I.INTRODUCTIONThearidlandinNorthwestChina,richinlight,heat,landandmineralresources,isoneofthebiggestpotentialregionsforeconomicdevelopmentinthefuture.Itischaracterizedbydroughtclimate,scarceprecipitationandthereisnoagriculturewitholltirrigation(Liu,1980).Waterisnotonlythemostvaluablenaturalresources,butalsoveryimportantenvironmentalfactorinthisarea.Theoasesandwaterresourcesforhumansurvivalanddevelopmentaredistributedmainlyintheinlandriverbasins.Atpresentexploitationandutilizationofwater…     

山东省金矿资源节约与综合利用水平浅析

山东省是我国金矿资源最丰富的省份。山东省金矿资源的节约与综合利用水平,从一定层面上代表了目前国内金矿资源的节约与综合利用水平。该文从"三率"标准、先进适用技术、绿色矿业发展等几个主要方面介绍分析了近年来山东省金矿资源节约与综合利用取得的成效、存在的问题及目前水平,在此基础上提出了进一步加强金矿资源节约与综合利用的几点建议,以推进山东省金矿资源全面节约、高效利用工作。     

矿产资源展望与西部大开发

对世界上以及中国的矿产资源现状进行了研究,并且从国内外矿产资源形势和世界各国社会经济发展对矿产资源需求趋势方面展望了未来。认为要保证全球经济发展的需要就要公平、合理、科学地配置全球矿产资源;就要切实部署与实施可再生能源、可接替能源、新型矿产资源及替代矿产资源的寻找与开发;就要将新的科学技术应用于矿产资源勘查、开发、利用领域。中国西部地区矿产调查勘查程度很低,但成矿条件很好,有很大的找矿余地。因此,在实施西部大开发战略中,应把西部地区建成中国能源、矿产资源的主要接替区。     

南海区域渔船活动时空特征分析

近年来海洋资源的不断开发利用,使得海洋空间规划变得尤为重要,其中以渔业资源占主要比重。为了对渔业资源监测与规划提供辅助决策信息,本文通过对南海及周边国家2018年船舶自动识别系统（AIS）数据进行预处理,采用数理统计和GIS空间分析方法,实现了南海区域渔船活动强度时空特征分析。结果显示： ① 2018年南海及周边国家渔船以区域性分布为主,集中在中国和越南沿海岸100 km以内区域,在秋季11月捕捞活动频繁,全年渔船平均活动强度白天大于夜晚,16:00 PM 时达到最大渔船活动强度; ② 中国在广东省、广西省和海南省各主要港口渔船活动强度呈现聚集性点状分布,渔船活动强度多大于100,部分港口附近海域呈条带状分布,西沙群岛相较南海其他群岛渔船活动强度较大,除越南外其他周边国家靠近南海附近海域部分海湾和港口有聚集式分布,渔船活动强度都小于2; ③ 越南渔船区域性分布明显,在胡志明港口呈现稳定的块状聚集性分布,且一年四季活动强度变化趋势不大,近岸渔船活动强度保持在50~100,越南渔船在中国南海禁渔线内靠近海南省西南部有两处活动较强的块状分布区域,2018年全年在此区域活动频率占采样天数的87.71%,且平均每小时有7~10艘渔船在该海域活动,休渔期内平均每小时渔船数量大于5,给中国南海海域渔业资源造成巨大威胁。本文通过AIS数据研究分析渔船活动可为海洋空间规划与政府相关部门提供数据支撑。     

Basic characteristics, spatial disparity and its major influencing factors of service industry in China

Based on the analysis of its basic characteristics, this article investigated the disparities of Chinese service industry among the three regions (the eastern China, the western China and the middle China) and inter-provincial disparities of that in the three regions by Theil coefficient and cluster analysis. Then, major factors influencing its spatial disparity were explored by correlation analysis and regression analysis. The conclusions could be drawn as follows. 1) The development of Chinese service industry experienced three phases since the 1980s: rapid growth period, slow growth period, and recovery period. From the proportion of value-added and employment, its development was obviously on the low level. From the composition of industrial structure, traditional service sectors were dominant, but modern service sectors were lagged. Moreover, its spatial disparity was distinct. 2) The level of Chinese service industry was divided into five basic regional ranks: well-developed, developed, relatively-developed, underdeveloped and undeveloped regions. As a whole, the overall structure of spatial disparity was steady in 1990–2005. But there was notable gradient disparity in the interior structure of service industry among different provinces. Furthermore, the overall disparity expanded rapidly in 1990–2005. The inter-provincial disparity of service industry in the three regions, especially in the eastern China, was bigger than the disparity among the three regions. And 3) the level of economic development, the level of urban development, the scale of market capacity, the level of transportation and telecommunication, and the abundance of human resources were major factors influencing the development of Chinese service industry.     

Evaluation for Use Efficiency of Agricultural Resources in Grain Production： A Case Study of Changshu, Taihe and Ansai in China

This paper aims to establish an index system for evaluation of agricultural resources use efficiency (ARUE) in grain production and discuss the causes of low efficiency and high consumption of agricultural resources in Changshu of Jiangsu Province, Taihe of Jiangxi Province and Ausai of Shaanxi Province in China by analyzing the data about meteorology, soil, water consumption and grain production. Agro-ecological Zone (AEZ) method was adopted to calculate the potential productivity, and synthetically multivariate equation was used to evaluate the ARUE of study areas. This paper can be concluded as: 1) the agricultural resources in grain production can be classified into five categories, i.e., climatic resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources and assistant resources, and 15 indexes were selected to evaluate their use efficiency in grain production; 2) the values of ARUE in grain production are 0.5868, 0.6368 and 0.5390 respectively in Changshu, Taihe and Ansai; and 3) Changshu ranks the highest among the three study areas in terms of the use efficiency of climatic resources and biological resources (evaluation values are 0.0277 and 0.1530), but Taihe tops the three in terms of the use efficiency of water resources, land resources and assistant resources (evaluation values are 0.0502, 0.2945 and 0.1379 respectively). However, the ARUE remains always low in Ansai for all the resources. The inefficiencies are caused by poor grain revenue in Changshu, deficient agriculture investments in Taihe and unfavorable natural conditions in Ansai.     

Evolution stages of oasis economy and its dependence on natural resources in Tarim River Basin

This paper examines spatio-temporal characteristics of an oasis economy and its relationship with water and mineral resources in the Turim River Basin from 1965 to 2005. A spatial autocorrelation model, the center of gravity model, and index system of the regional central city are used to probe the evolution laws of spatial structure of oasis economy. The study finds that: 1) The economic centre of gravity, whose variation track during this period follows linear rote law, was moving from headstream to middle reaches of the Tarim River. 2) Positive spatial autocorrelation which showed a waving and ascending trend of regional economy was significant and the neighbor effect of regional economic growth was strengthened continuously. 3) The regional economic centre was located in Hotan City before 1980, moved to Aksu City during the 1980s and to Korla City after 1990. We conclude that above all, during the recent four decades the evolution of the oasis economy in this region has gone through three stages: a traditional agriculture stage (before 1980), oasis agriculture and agricultural product processing stage (1980-1990) and oasis energy industry stage (after 1990). Furthermore, the dependence degree of the oasis economy on natural resources in different stages are studied by using dominance index, regression model, and grey relation method, which shows that an oasis economy highly depends on water resources in the oasis agriculture and agricultural product processing stage while it depends more on mineral resources such as oil and natural gas during the oasis energy industry stage.     

Creative industries agglomeration,regional innovation and productivity growth in China

This paper falls into the broad area of economic geography and economics of creativity,and it presents an alternative approach to explain why total factor productivity(TFP)growth is different across China′s regions.It establishes an empirical model to estimate the spatial agglomeration effects of creative industries on regional TFP growth,using China′s provincial panel data during the period of 2003 to 2010.We found that the creative industries agglomeration(CIA)has significant and positive impact on regional TFP growth.The result also implies that the CIA can facilitate regional TFP growth through promoting regional innovation instead of improving regional efficiency.Therefore,we argue that policy makers should take some measures to retain and establish more creative zones.     

Evaluation and analysis of provincial differences in resources and environment carrying capacity in China

Resources and environment carrying capacity is central to not only regional sustainable development but also major function-oriented zoning. This paper presents an evaluation index system for resources and environment carrying capacity based on four aspects of carrying capacity(i.e., water resources, land resources, the environment, and ecosystems) by using a square deviation decision-making method, and on the basis of above effort evaluates the resources and environment carrying capacity across 31 provincial regions in China(not including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan regions of China). In addition, this paper evaluates the current state of socio-economic development, and analyzes the spatial distribution of resources and environment pressure. The results showed that distinct spatial differences in resources and environment carrying capacity and pressure across provincial regions. Resources and environment pressure is affected by both comprehensive resources and environment carrying capacity and socio-economic development. Regions subjected to lower degrees of resources and environment pressure will be restricted by resources and environmental problems through future courses of development owing to excessively low carrying capacities. By contrast, regions with higher comprehensive resources and environment carrying capacity will be subjected to excessively high levels of resources and environment pressure because of rapid socio-economic development. Both of resources and environment carrying capacity and pressure must therefore be considered in the allocation of country-binding targets to provincial regions.     

基于GIS的单元簇遗传建模及其在区域矿产预测中的应用

论述一种GIS支持下的基于"单元簇”概念和遗传建模的多源地学信息综合分析方法及在多目标矿产预测中的应用.在以往矿产定量预测中,根据随机抽样思想进行单元划分,对空间信息利用不够充分.用单元的空间组合("单元簇”)代替单元作为定量类比的基本单位,从而能较好实现地质变量值及其所反映的局部地质空间结构的定量类比;将单元作为GIS区图元,利用GIS空间分析功能实现对单元及单元簇的管理和操作;以已知样品判对率最大为适应值计算准则,用遗传算法建立线性判别函数,可快速有效地实现多目标矿产定位预测.以新疆康古尔塔格地区金矿预测实例说明了其应用效果.