金刚石紫外影像分选仪在成都地质学院研制成功

金刚石由于晶格杂质和构造缺陷不同,被分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。天然金刚石中Ⅱ型比例很少。但Ⅱ型金刚石具有特殊的光学性质、热传导性质和半导体特性,其使用价值大大高于Ⅰ型。对Ⅱ型金刚石的鉴定十分重要,在生产中对大量金刚石进行分型鉴定已成为迫切的问题。金刚石紫外影像分选仪的研制成功填补了国内在这方面的空白,而且提供了一种快速、准确和简便的金刚石分型鉴定手段。     

贵州金刚石特征

天然金刚石以其中氮、硼含量、赋存形式分为Ⅱb,Ⅱa、Ⅰb、Ⅰa型;金刚石的成分是碳,含杂质元素50余种;其晶体特征:Ⅰ型比Ⅱ型透明度好,颜色浅,晶体完整,Ⅰ型多八面体,Ⅱ型菱形十二面体多,Ⅰ型包体少色斑多,Ⅱ型包体多色斑少.砂矿金刚石特点亦类似.     

我国某金伯利岩管中混型金刚石的紫外形貌和光谱特征

众所周知,金刚石按含氮量分成Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。Ⅰ型含氮高,氮浓度大于0.01％;Ⅱ型一般不含氮,氮浓度小于0.001％。Ⅰ型中,含顺磁氮的称为Ⅰb型,其余为Ⅰa型。根据红外吸收光谱中7—10微米范围内各吸收峰的出现情况及强度差别,Ⅰa型又分为ⅠaA型和ⅠaB型。Ⅱ型中具有半导体性能的称为Ⅱb型,其余为Ⅱa型。1973年,S.托兰斯基(Tolansky)发表了采用紫外照相法在南非普雷米尔(Premier)等三个矿区中发现了混型金刚石的论文。所谓混型金刚石,指的是同一颗金刚石晶体     

湖南发现天然产出的Ⅰb型金刚石

正金刚石结构是由两个面心立方点阵沿立方晶胞的体对角线偏移1/4单位嵌套而成的晶体结构。按N含量和N聚集类型,金刚石一般分为Ⅰa型、Ⅰb型、Ⅱa型和Ⅱb型(含B元素)。研究证实,金刚石形成时杂质N主要以孤N(C中心)形式存在,在一定条件下,孤N逐渐转变为双原子N(A中心),这一转变过程所需时间较短,因而在自然界中Ⅰb型金刚石较少见。Ⅰb型金刚石以孤原子氮的存在形式被作为合成金刚石的证据。目前,华北和扬子地区金刚石矿产调查二级项目组在湖南发现了8粒Ⅰb型金刚石,     

我国某地金伯利岩中高比率Ⅱ型金刚石的发现及其地质意义

近年来,金刚石的应用有了新的发展。在国外,Ⅱ_a型金刚石已成为一种超级热沉材料,广泛用作固体微波和激光器件的散热片;它又是一种优良的中红外透过材料,已用作高功率二氧化碳激光器和卫星红外部件的中红外窗口;此外,在高压物理领域中,它还用作压砧等。Ⅱ_b型金刚石的高能辐射探测性能和高功率半导体性能的应用,也显示了良好的前景。为此,国外对Ⅱ型金刚石的研究十分重视。     

中南部非洲金刚石矿床的成矿地质背景、成矿类型及矿床特征

中南部非洲是世界上金刚石资源最为丰富的地区之一,其金刚石矿床主要产于津巴布韦克拉通和卡普瓦尔克拉通内,主要分为两种类型:①原生金刚石矿床;②次生金刚石矿床,且以原生金刚石矿床的研究程度较高,代表了中南部非洲的研究现状。本文通过总结前人研究资料发现,该地区的金伯利岩分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,其内包体可以分为两种:橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型;金刚石可以分为三类:橄榄岩型、榴辉岩型及两者的过渡类型——二辉岩型。其中,橄榄岩型和部分榴辉岩型金刚石来自于地幔结晶堆晶体,而另一部分榴辉岩型则与板块俯冲的构造—热事件有关。金伯利岩的年龄主要分布于白垩纪、二叠纪、寒武纪及元古宙,而金刚石的年龄主要为元古宙和太古宙,金伯利岩和金刚石为不同时期的产物,金刚石为金伯利岩侵位期间捕获的上地幔物理破碎产物。其中900～1000Ma左右的金刚石为板块构造—热事件的产物,并对早期金刚石进行了改造破坏。次生金刚石矿床为原生矿床风化后的产物,可分为四种类型,构造特征、基岩地质及地貌演化等对该类矿床的分布具有重要的影响作用。     

沅江流域宝石级金刚石砂矿特征

沅江的金刚石砂矿分布在沅江中、下游流经中新生代红色盆地的宽谷中,金刚石98％为单晶,平均重10.4mg,最大者达8.64g,晶形主要为十二面体,多数表面带黄色,而内部为无色透明,白度达85以上。以含氮的Ⅰ型金刚石为主,仅少量为Ⅱ型金刚石。     

郯庐断裂西侧大井头钾镁煌斑岩中金刚石激光拉曼和红外光谱特征研究

大井头岩体为郯庐断裂带西侧首个发现的含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩。笔者对其中的金刚石进行了激光拉曼和傅里叶可变红外光谱研究。其激光拉曼和红外光谱特征研究表明,测试的6颗金刚石可分为1a型和Ⅰb型2类,部分Ⅰb型金刚石叠加有Ⅰa型金刚石所特有的1 175cm-1或1 182cm-1吸收谱峰。根据测试金刚石的外貌特征和Ⅰb型初生金刚石向1a型金刚石转换的机制,认为大井头钾镁煌斑岩中的金刚石并非岩浆结晶成因,而是金刚石于地幔中率先形成,其后被超深源岩浆携带至地表,应属地幔捕掳晶成因。结合大井头地区优越的构造地质条件、金刚石重砂矿物异常及多处钾质超基性岩、火山角砾岩体的出露,认为该地区有望成为鲁西地区第四金刚石原生矿带。     

金刚石的铁同位素组成示踪板块深俯冲

俯冲板块能够输送哪些物质进入深部地幔?通过什么栽体?这些问题对于理解地球物质循环至关重要,但目前仍不明确.为了研究这些问题,美国宝石研究所和美国卡耐基研究所的研究者们对超深金刚石中的矿物包裹体开展了地球化学研究.样品是Ⅱa型(N含量小于5 ppmw)、大颗粒的金刚石,包括重量达到3106克拉的库里南金刚石.前人针对这些金刚石中的硅酸盐包裹体矿物(超硅石榴石和Ca钙钛矿)的研究显示其来源深度为360～750 km.这些大颗粒宝石级超深金刚石中含有多个Fe-Ni-S-C的包裹体组合.     

宁乡县云影窝含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩地质特征

宁乡云影窝地区,共发现钾镁煌斑岩体27个,其中岩管6个。可分为岩浆型和火山碎屑型两个岩相,金云透辉橄榄钾镁煌斑岩、透辉金云橄榄钾镁煌斑岩及钾镁煌斑岩质火山角砾岩、钾镁煌斑岩质碎屑角砾岩四种类型.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ号岩管含微粒金刚石。共发现××颗。这一发现,标志着湖南原生金刚石普查找矿已取得重大进展。     

A study of eclogitic diamonds and their inclusions from the Finsch kimberlite pipe, South Africa

Previous studies of diamonds from Finsch have shown that eclogitic inclusions are rare at Finsch and that the eclogitic garnet and clinopyroxenes are iron and manganese-rich. In order to expand the current database of information, 93 eclogitic diamonds were selected for this study. Eight diamonds were polished into plates for cathodoluminescence studies and infrared examination of diamond growth and 31 diamonds were cracked to retrieve inclusions. The eclogitic garnets analysed in this study are enriched in Fe and are relatively depleted in Ca and Mg relative to worldwide data. FeO contents for garnet range from 15 to 27 wt.% and MnO contents reach a maximum value of 1.6 wt.%. The eclogitic clinopyroxenes have relatively high FeO contents, up to 14.8 wt.% and K₂O contents are low (<0.4 wt.%). Three non-touching garnet–clinopyroxene mineral pairs produce equilibration temperatures of 1138–1179 °C at an assumed pressure of 50 kb. No Type II diamonds were found during this study, all diamonds are of Type IaAB. Total nitrogen contents of Type IaAB diamonds range from 11 to 1520 ppm, with variable aggregation states (up to 84% nitrogen aggregated as B-defects). Distinct infrared characteristics suggest that the Finsch kimberlite sampled either more than one mantle source region of similar age but differing temperature, or two different populations of diamonds with different ages. The diamonds provide evidence of changing mantle conditions during crystallisation. Continuous diamond growth is illustrated by the presence of regular octahedral growth zones, although in some diamonds cubic growth is noted. One diamond shows evidence of platelet degradation, suggesting exposure to high temperatures and/or shearing stresses.     

巴西砂矿金刚石产地特征及比较研究

金刚石产地来源的确定是国际性难题,其中由于砂矿金刚石可能存在搬运过程的混合,其产地来源的确定更加具有争议性。巴西金刚石绝大部分来源于砂矿,从成矿地质背景、形貌和颜色、内部结构、矿物包裹体、微量元素、C同位素组成分布等六个要素总结分析了巴西金刚石研究的相关成果,为国际砂矿来源金刚石产地辨识提供参考。研究结果显示,巴西大部分矿区金刚石的特征与世界范围其它矿区的相似,以橄榄岩型为主,难以相互区分。但其中Juina地区和Machado河产地的金刚石具有独特的氮含量（无氮的Ⅱ型为主）和聚集状态,内部结构、矿物包裹体组合及温压环境特征均显示出深部地幔来源的特点,和巴西其它产地具有一定的区分度。与世界范围不同产地砂矿来源金刚石的基本特征对比显示,不同国家具体地区砂矿金刚石在上述不同要素的组合上存在一定的差异性,但总体上要借助现有资料进行产地来源的准确判断还非常困难,需要进行更深入细致的工作。     

Review on Lithospheric Diamonds and Their Mineral Inclusions

Diamonds and their mineral inclusions are valuable for studying the genesis of diamonds, the characteristics and processes of ancient lithospheric mantle and deeper mantle. This has been paid lots of attentions by geologists both at home and abroad. Most diamonds come from lithospheric mantle. According to their formation preceded, accompanied or followed crystallization of their host diamonds, mineral inclusions in diamonds are divided into three groups: protogenetic, syngenetic and epigenetic. To determine which group the mineral inclusions belong to is very important because it is vital for understanding the data’s meaning. According to the type of mantle source rocks, mineral inclusions in diamonds are usually divided into peridotitic (or ultramafic) suite and eclogitic suite. The mineral species of each suite are described and mineralogical characteristics of most common inclusions in diamonds, such as olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, garnet, chromite and sulfide are reviewed in detail. In this paper, the main research fields and findings of diamonds and their inclusions were described: ①getting knowledge of mineralogical and petrologic characteristics of diamond source areas, characteristics of mantle fluids and mantle dynamics processes by studying the major element and trace element compositions of mineral inclusions; ②discussing deep carbon cycle by studying carbon isotopic composition of diamonds; ③determining forming temperature and pressure of diamonds by using appropriate assemblages of mineral inclusions or single mineral inclusion as geothermobarometry, by using the abundance and aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by measuring the residual stress that an inclusion remains under within a diamond ; ④estimating the crystallization ages of diamonds by using the aggregation of nitrogen impurities in diamonds and by determine the radiometric ages of syngenetic mineral inclusions in diamonds. Genetic model of craton lithospheric diamonds and their mineral inclusion were also introduced. In the end, the research progress on diamonds and their inclusions in China and the gap between domestic and international research are discussed.     

Nano-and micron-sized diamond genesis in nature: An overview

There are four main types of natural diamonds and related formation processes. The first type comprises the interstellar nanodiamond particles. The second group includes crustal nano-and micron-scale diamonds associated with coals, sediments and metamorphic rocks. The third one includes nanodiamonds and microndiamonds associated with secondary alteration and replacing of mafic and ultramafic rocks.The fourth one includes macro-, micron-and nano-sized mantle diamonds which are associated with kimberlites, mantle peridotites and eclogites. Each diamond type has its specific characteristics. Nanosized diamond particles of lowest nanometers in size crystallize from abiotic organic matter at lower pressures and temperatures in space during the stages of protoplanetary disk formation. Nano-sized diamonds are formed from organic matter at P-T exceeding conditions of catagenesis stage of lithogenesis. Micron-sized diamonds are formed from fluids at P-T exceeding supercritical water stability.Macrosized diamonds are formed from metal-carbon and silicate-carbonate melts and fluids at P-T exceeding 1150℃ and 4.5 GPa. Nitrogen and hydrocarbons play an important role in diamond formation.Their role in the formation processes increases from macro-sized to nano-sized diamond particles.Introduction of nitrogen atoms into the diamond structure leads to the stabilization of micron-and nanosized diamonds in the field of graphite stability.     

金刚石分类、组成特征以及我国金刚石研究展望

金刚石由于其独特的物理化学性质,在经济生产与科学研究中均具有重要价值.金刚石形成于地球大于150 km的深度范围内,是人类可以获得的来自地球深部地幔乃至核幔边界的最直接的样品,因此可以为研究地球深部物质组成和物理化学条件提供重要的素材.金刚石由碳元素组成,还含有微量的杂质元素（如氮、硼、氢、氧等）,其中氮和硼元素对于划分金刚石的晶体结构类型发挥着重要的作用.根据金刚石的产出类型,金刚石可以划分为幔源型、超高压变质型、陨石相关型以及蛇绿岩型金刚石.全球约百分之一的幔源型金刚石含有包裹体,对这些包裹体的研究显示,金刚石主要来源于地球150~200 km深度的岩石圈地幔.这些含有包裹体的金刚石中,仅有1%的金刚石来自于地球深部的软流圈、地幔过渡带、下地幔、甚至核幔边界.我国的金刚石产出类型多样,但是,目前仅山东蒙阴、辽宁复县的金伯利岩矿床以及湖南沅水的砂矿具有经济价值.蛇绿岩型金刚石是近年来金刚石研究领域取得的重要进展,该类型金刚石分布在全球多个造山带不同时代、不同构造属性的蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿中,被认为是一种新的金刚石的产出类型.相对于其他国家和地区的金刚石的研究,我国的金刚石领域的研究程度相对较低,缺乏对金刚石结构、化学组成以及包裹体组成的系统研究,制约了对我国金刚石成因的认识,限制了我国的金刚石的找矿工作.因此,亟需结合先进的分析手段对我国的金刚石及其围岩做进一步的研究,以期揭示金刚石的形成过程,为金刚石的找矿提供理论基础.      

Constraining diamond metasomatic growth using C- and N-stable isotopes: examples from Namibia

The present paper provides C- and N-stable isotope characteristics, N-contents and N-aggregation states for alluvial diamonds of known paragenesis from placers along the Namibian coast. The sample set includes diamonds with typical peridotitic and eclogitic inclusions and the recently reported “undetermined” suite of Leost et al. [Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 145 (2003) 15] which resulted from infiltration of high temperature, carbonate-rich melts. δ¹³C-values range from −20.3‰ to −0.5‰ (n=48) for peridotitic diamonds and from −38.5‰ to −1.6‰ (n=45) for eclogitic diamonds. Diamonds belonging to the “undetermined” suite span a narrower range in δ¹³C from −8.5‰ to −2.7‰ (n=13). When compared with previous studies, diamonds from Namibia are characterised by unusually low proportions of N-free (i.e. Type II) peridotitic and eclogitic diamonds (3% and 2%, respectively) and an unprecedented high proportion of N-rich diamonds (15% and 73%, respectively, have N-contents >600 ppm). δ¹⁵N-values for diamonds of the peridotitic, eclogitic and “undetermined” suites range from −10‰ to +13‰ without correlations with either N-content or δ¹³C. The similarity in N-isotopic composition and the N-rich character of diamonds belonging to the eclogitic, peridotitic and “undetermined” suites is striking and suggests a close genetic relationship. We propose that a large part of the diamonds mined in Namibia formed during metasomatic events of similar style that introduced carbon and nitrogen into a range of different host lithologies.     

国际拍卖市场彩色钻石价格（值）影响因素统计分析及其启示

近年来彩色钻石（简称彩钻）在国际拍卖市场上的重要性越来越明显,统计、梳理和定量分析近十年来苏富比、佳士得两大国际著名拍卖公司的彩钻拍卖记录,对研究彩钻价值的影响因素及其分级、价值评估具有十分重要的意义。研究结果显示,彩钻价格主要建立在颜色稀有程度及消费者偏爱之上,对价格影响最大的是其颜色色系、色彩瑰丽程度（饱和度、亮度和次要色调）;克拉单价通常与大小呈正比;净度、拍卖时间、来源（品牌）、类型等对其成交价格也有一定的影响。合成和经优化处理的彩钻可能会影响部分彩钻的价格,但总体上,其价格和天然彩钻价格之间没有发现必然联系。另外,高档彩钻在金融危机期间的表现显示其商品属性已从一般的奢侈消费品转变为资产投资品。上述结果说明,色彩、饱和度、亮度和次要色调是影响彩钻品质最重要的因素,就此而言,我国可参考美国GIA彩钻分级体系和澳大利亚力拓集团粉红色钻石的分级体系来建立适合中国市场的彩钻分级标准。     

博茨瓦纳奥拉帕金刚石矿床成矿地质特征

博茨瓦纳是世界上金刚石资源最为丰富的国家之一。奥拉帕金刚石矿床是该国最大的金刚石矿,矿床的金伯利岩为Ⅰ型,其中的包体可以分为2种:橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型;金刚石可以分为3类:橄榄岩型、榴辉岩型及两者的过渡类型-二辉岩型。其中,橄榄岩型和部分榴辉岩型金刚石来自于地幔结晶堆晶体,而榴辉岩型则与板块俯冲的构造-热事件有关。金伯利岩的形成时代主要为白垩纪,而金刚石则主要形成于元古宙和太古宙,金伯利岩和金刚石为不同时期的产物,金刚石为金伯利岩侵位期间捕获的上地幔物理破碎产物。其中年龄为900~1000Ma的金刚石为板块构造-热事件的产物,并对早期金刚石进行了改造破坏。     

河南产宝石级高温高压合成钻石的谱学特征及电磁性研究

为快速鉴定高温高压(HPHT)合成钻石,前人已开展了系统的发光特征和谱学特征研究,但对比性分析较少,且对电学性质和磁学性质关注不多。本文结合常规宝石学观察、高精度谱学测试以及导电性和磁性测试,对49粒无色、黄色样品进行了深入研究和对比分析。结果表明:①铁、钴、镍等金属元素的触媒残余是HPHT合成钻石的磁性来源,测试样品均能被磁强达到12000Gs的磁棒吸引。②无色HPHT合成钻石为Ⅱa+Ⅱb型钻石,硼元素的存在导致其具有良好的导电能力,且随着硼含量的增多,导电能力逐渐增强;黄色样品为Ⅰb+ⅠaA型钻石,约三分之一的孤氮转化为A集合体,揭示合成钻石在生长完成后经过了高温退火处理。③硼元素的普遍存在,以及氮元素主要以孤氮原子和A集合体的方式存在,导致了HPHT合成钻石的特征红外光谱;HPHT合成钻石中常含有氮、镍、硅等杂质元素引起的晶格缺陷,导致了特征的光致发光光谱。④无色HPHT合成钻石具有强蓝绿色荧光和磷光,黄色HPHT合成钻石具有绿色荧光,可见明显的立方体-八面体分区现象。本研究表明:谱学特征和发光特征仍然是筛查鉴定HPHT合成钻石的重要依据。现生长技术下合成的HPHT合成钻石在导电性和磁性两方面也与天然钻石存在明显差异,可以作为快速鉴定合成钻石的辅助性依据。     

澳大利亚金刚石的成因类型及产地来源特征综述

对已经发表的数十篇关于澳大利亚金刚石的英文文献进行了梳理,从其金刚石的品质、颜色类型、形态及表面特征、生长结构及微量元素、包裹体、C同位素等方面探索了澳大利亚不同区域金刚石可能存在的产地来源特征.研究显示,澳大利亚金刚石可分为岩石圈地幔成因、超深地幔成因和俯冲环境来源等成因类型;大部分澳大利亚金刚石都因经历过强烈的晶格变形或熔蚀作用而晶体圆化,但不同产地来源的金刚石在颜色组合、橄榄岩型和榴辉岩型金刚石比例、C同位素组成特征等方面存在一定差异.上述结果表明,总体上,澳大利亚不同区域金刚石具有一定的产地来源个性,但无法简单确认澳大利亚金刚石“整体”的产地来源特征;只有结合成因来源进行分析,才能够较深入地理解不同区域金刚石的特征组合及其意义,从而为理解其产地来源的特殊性提供帮助.