东昆仑东段将军墓含矿岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

将军墓含矿花岗闪长斑岩位于东昆仑造山带东段.通过岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素研究,结果表明,含矿花岗闪长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为218.8±1.3 Ma,形成于晚三叠世.含矿花岗闪长斑岩SiO₂含量为65.23%~67.25%,MgO含量1.50%~1.59%,Al₂O₃含量15.30%~15.75%,K₂O/Na₂O比值1.00~1.20,Mg#值43~44.表现富硅、富铝、富钾特征,显示高钾钙碱性系列;岩石具有轻重稀土分馏和轻稀土富集及负Eu异常特征,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,如Th、U、Rb、K;亏损高场强元素（HFSE）,如Nb、P、Zr等;锆石ε_Hf（t）=-1.7~+1.01,T_DM2=1 064~1 214 Ma,反映源区主体为中元古代下地壳.综合年代学、岩石学和地球化学证据,显示将军墓含矿花岗闪长斑岩源于中元古代下地壳重熔,并有少量地幔岩浆加入而发生不完全混合,含少量暗色微粒包体的含矿岩石.将军墓含矿花岗闪长斑岩形成于东昆仑晚三叠世碰撞后伸展环境,是东昆仑晚三叠世壳幔相互作用成岩-成矿的体现.该岩体不仅仅是东昆仑古特提斯构造岩浆事件的产物,同时具备良好的成矿条件,为东昆仑晚三叠世岩浆作用研究和寻找与之有关的斑岩型或热液型多金属矿床提供重要的证据.      

新疆西准噶尔沙勒克腾地区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其对后碰撞构造环境的约束

以西准噶尔白杨河上游沙勒克腾山及周缘花岗岩为研究对象,在地质调查的基础上,进行岩石学、锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征研究,探讨其形成时代及构造背景。西准噶尔白杨河上游沙勒克腾山及周缘花岗岩可划分为沙勒克腾、查干恩干、阿拉乔古、坦子不拉克4个序列,各序列岩石组合分别为花岗闪长斑岩、二长花岗斑岩,碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩,闪长玢岩、闪长岩、石英闪长玢岩,二长花岗斑岩、花岗斑岩。沙勒克腾序列锆石U-Pb年龄为302.1±1.4 Ma(n=26,MSWD=1.5),形成时代为晚石炭世;具有低硅(SiO₂=68.07%～70.49%)、贫碱(K₂O+Na₂O=7.23%～8.18%)、富铝(Al₂O₃=14.12%～15.69%)、富钛(TiO₂含量0.43%～0.48%)、富钙(CaO含量1.71%～3.31%)特征;相对亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti,富集Zr、Hf。查干恩干序列锆石U-Pb年龄为296.7±2.1 Ma(n=26,MSWD=0.41),形成时...     

内蒙古沙麦钨矿花岗岩岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

沙麦钨矿床位于内蒙古东乌旗地区,是该区目前已探明的中型岩浆热液型钨矿床。矿体主要赋存在黑云母二长花岗岩和黑云母二长花岗斑岩中,对这两种花岗质岩石的岩相学、岩石地球化学和LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学进行了研究。结果表明,黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为135.6±1.6 Ma和136.3±1.8 Ma,黑云母二长花岗斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄为138.6±1.1 Ma,二者侵位时间均为早白垩世。两种花岗质岩体具有富SiO₂(73.73%～78.23%)、高钾钠(Na₂O+K₂O)(7.56%～8.89%)、贫MgO(0.09%～0.20%)、贫CaO(0.51%～0.89%)、贫TiO₂(0.03%～0.12%)的特征,属于过铝质-高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素富集Rb、K、Th和U,相对亏损Sr、Ba、Nb、P和Ti元素,具有强烈的Eu负异常,具有较高的FeO^T含量,较高的FeO^T/MgO和FeO^T/(FeO^T+M...     

东昆仑东段沟里地区战红山过铝质流纹斑岩年代学、岩石成因及构造意义

东昆仑三叠纪花岗质岩石的研究主要集中于具I型花岗岩特征的大型花岗岩基，而对少量出露的过铝质花岗岩研究较少。东昆仑造山带东段沟里地区战红山花岗斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年结果显示，战红山流纹斑岩的结晶年龄为(245±1)Ma。战红山流纹斑岩具有高Si(SiO₂=74.50%～75.59%)、富Na(Na₂O=4.04%～4.06%)，高Na₂O/K₂O值(1.26～1.76)和铝饱和指数(A/CNK=1.07～1.14)，呈弱过铝质-过铝质中钾-高钾钙碱性系列。岩石稀土含量较低，轻、重稀土元素分馏明显，Eu具轻微的负异常和正异常(δEu=0.80～1.06)；富集Ba、Rb、Th、K、U等大离子亲石元素，亏损Nb、Ta、Nd、P、Ti等高场强元素，εHf(t)同位素主体呈富集特征(εHf(t)=-4.7～+0.9)。战红山过铝质流纹斑岩具I型花岗岩特征，为早期俯冲洋壳经过幔源岩浆的底侵和外来流体的加入部分熔融的结果。战红山流纹斑岩具弧岩浆岩地球化学特征，结合东昆仑造山带东段岩浆岩分布以...     

西藏岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床黑云母二长花岗斑岩的成因和构造背景

西藏岗讲斑岩铜钼矿床位于冈底斯斑岩铜矿带尼木斑岩铜矿田中。该区中-酸性岩浆活动较为发育,形成以黑云母二长花岗斑岩为主的含矿斑岩体。为限定冈底斯斑岩铜矿带岗讲铜钼矿床含矿斑岩体的形成时代及成因背景,本次研究对成矿黑云母二长花岗斑岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学研究。锆石U-Pb年代学分析揭示,岗讲黑云母二长花岗斑岩形成于中新世(14.47±0.19 Ma)。岩石地球化学研究表明,岗讲黑云母二长花岗斑岩的w(SiO₂)为69.12%～72.62%,w(Al₂O₃)为13.31%～15.57%、K₂O/Na₂O为0.76～1.66。属于钾玄岩系列-高钾钙碱性系列,为过铝质花岗岩。岩石的ΣREE为83.19×10^-6～154.28×10^-6,轻、重稀土分异明显,(LREE/HREE)=3.57～14.73,(La/Yb)_N值为31.4～39.5,δEu为0.83～1.29,具有较弱的负Eu异常;稀土元...     

大兴安岭北段小柯勒河花岗斑岩地球化学、Hf同位素组成及锆石U-Pb定年

小柯勒河钼铜矿床是近年来大兴安岭北段发现的斑岩型矿床,成矿与花岗闪长斑岩有关。本文研究的花岗斑岩脉侵位到花岗闪长斑岩中,围绕花岗斑岩叠加了新的蚀变和矿化。花岗斑岩内部和两侧发育有带状分布的钾化、硅化和绢英岩化蚀变,蚀变带内发育浸染状和细脉状黄铁矿、辉钼矿和黄铜矿,辉钼矿矿化尤为强烈,总体表现为中高温热液蚀变和矿化特征。本文通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学与Hf同位素研究,揭示了花岗斑岩岩石成因、岩浆源区和构造背景。获得岩石锆石U-Pb年龄为(131.42±0.39) Ma,为早白垩世。小柯勒河花岗斑岩的组成矿物主要为正长石、钠长石、微斜长石和石英,无碱性铁镁矿物及富铝矿物。岩石属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有高SiO₂(76.24%~77.55%)、富碱((K₂O+Na₂O)含量8.12%~8.44%)、贫MgO(0.09%~0.16%)、低CaO(0.30%~0.65%)的特点,A/CNK值为0.94~1.04,并富集Rb、Th、U,亏损Nb、P、Ti。岩石的(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)含量和10000 Ga/Al比值均低于A型花岗岩的下限,综合矿物学及地球化学特征表明花岗斑岩属于高分异I型花岗岩。锆石的ε_Hf(t)的值为-0.2~+4.0,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄T_DM2(Hf)=1 199~931 Ma,表明岩浆主要起源于亏损地幔的新增生地壳,形成过程可能有古老地壳物质的混染。结合区域构造演化资料及构造判别图,认为岩石形成于古太平洋板块俯冲弧后扩张和蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山后的伸展环境。晚侏罗世末期—早白垩世是大兴安岭中北段重要的钼(铜)矿化爆发期,这一时期侵位的浅成高钾钙碱性花岗质侵入体,是寻找斑岩型钼(铜)的重要目标地质体。     

黔西南晚侏罗世二长花岗斑岩的厘定及其年代学和地球化学研究

近期在燕山期岩浆活动缺乏的黔西南地区发现了罗悃二长花岗斑岩，为厘定其形成年龄，明确黔西南地区燕山期岩浆岩活动机制，本文对其进行了激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb定年，Hf同位素和主、微量元素分析。结果表明，18颗柱状锆石年龄为(157.8±0.4)Ma(MSWD=1.4),代表二长花岗斑岩的侵位年代为晚侏罗世；锆石的¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值(0.282 390～0.282 478)和ε_Hf(t)(均值为-8.17)表明二长花岗斑岩的岩浆源区主要以富集地幔为主；岩石的SiO₂含量为65.91%,CaO为1.44%,Al₂O₃为15.67%,MgO为0.57%,TFe₂O₃为4.23%,K₂O为4.19%,Na₂O为5.72%,σ为3.76～4.98,A/CNK为0.93～0.96,显示富碱、准铝质的特征，应为I型花岗岩类；岩石的∑REE(32...     

汉南杂岩高桥沟花岗斑岩体岩石地球化学特征及侵位机制时代归属探讨

高桥沟花岗斑岩体位于扬子板块北缘，属于汉南杂岩的一部分。锆石LA-MCP-MS U-Pb定年结果显示其形成时代为(794.4±5.7)Ma，为南华纪早期。岩石地球化学特征为高Si(75.78%～76.51%)、富碱(K₂O+Na₂O=7.78%～7.84%)、富K(K₂O/Na₂O=1.07～1.10)，属高钾钙碱性系列。稀土总量∑REE为272.57×10^–6，轻重稀土元素组之间分馏明显。二长花岗斑岩形成于岩浆演化中晚期阶段，岩浆上侵过程中部分熔融沉积岩、火山岩物质。高桥沟花岗斑岩体形成于后造山构造环境，强力就位的侵位机制。     

小兴安岭东安金矿区细粒正长花岗岩U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学、Hf同位素组成及地质意义

东安金矿区细粒正长花岗岩是小兴安岭燕山早期与吉黑东部斑岩型-矽卡岩型钼多金属矿床有关的花岗岩带组成岩体之一.为了解区域燕山早期岩浆演化和大规模钼多金属热液的成矿作用,进一步提升东安金矿成矿地质背景的研究程度,对该花岗岩进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素研究,讨论了岩石成因、岩浆源区和构造背景.获得细粒正长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果184±2 Ma,MSWD=1.2,为早侏罗世.岩石富硅和钾(K₂O/Na₂O值为1.46~1.81),低钙、镁和Mg#(Mg#=12.79~23.52),A/CNK=1.05~1.14,属高钾钙碱性、弱过铝质系列岩石.岩石富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K)和不相容元素(Th、U),亏损高场强不相容元素(Nb、Ti等),轻、重稀土元素分馏强烈,轻微负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.76~0.92).综合岩石地球化学特征、Harker图解、Ce-SiO₂和(K₂O+Na₂O)/CaO-(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)判别图解确定岩石为高分异I型花岗岩.锆石的176Hf /177Hf值为0.282 588~0.282 775,ε_Hf(t)值为-2.35~+3.94,二阶段模式年龄T_DM2为973~1 386 Ma,岩浆源区应主要为起源于亏损地幔的中新元古代新增生陆壳的部分熔融,有硅铝质地壳物质的加入.研究表明,岩石形成于古太平洋板块俯冲引起大陆弧后伸展和岩石圈减薄的构造背景,幔源岩浆底侵为地壳熔融提供了热动力.燕山早期伸展体制下大陆岩浆弧环境的中-浅成、高钾钙碱性花岗质小侵入体是吉黑东部斑岩型-矽卡岩型钼多金属矿床找矿的主要目标.      

湖南金鸡岭花岗岩和伟晶岩中黑云母矿物化学及其对成岩成矿的启示

湖南晚侏罗世金鸡岭花岗岩体是南岭地区典型W—Sn成矿岩体之一,内部发育黑云母花岗质伟晶岩团块和文象花岗质条带状伟晶岩脉。金鸡岭花岗岩和黑云花岗伟晶岩中的黑云母具有相似的地球化学特征,均表现出高的FeO、TiO₂、Al₂O₃含量和低的MgO、CaO、Na₂O、MnO含量,以及富集成矿元素Nb、Ta、W、Sn,亏损Sr、Ce、Eu等微量元素特征,从花岗岩体到黑云花岗伟晶岩,岩浆的形成温度和氧逸度降低,云母中Al₂O₃、Li₂O^*含量升高,TiO₂、MgO含量降低,黑云母由铁叶云母演变为黑鳞云母。结合前人资料,金鸡岭花岗岩与黑云花岗伟晶岩均源于元古宙地壳的深熔作用,伟晶岩为花岗岩浆在晚期分异演化的产物,形成于岩浆—热液转化阶段。伟晶岩阶段是稀有金属元素显著富集,乃至进一步成矿的重要阶段。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).