光合作用生物膜建造的凝块:来自于辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组凝块石生物丘中的一些证据

作为一种以非纹层状组构而区别于叠层石的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,中凝块(mesoclots)是产生凝块石凝块组构关键的微结构。构成这种中凝块的离散性凝块状泥晶,似乎代表了细胞外聚合物质(EPS)复杂的钙化作用,但是,由于常常缺乏直接的微生物证据,造成其所涉及的准确成因和特殊过程还不太清楚。在辽东半岛大连金州湾和本溪田师傅剖面芙蓉统下部的长山组顶部,发育较为典型的凝块石生物丘,组成三级层序的强迫型海退体系域沉积,代表着较为壮观的沉积学现象;在这些凝块石生物丘中,毫米级别大小的暗色离散性凝块状泥晶是其最为基本的沉积组构,而且在这些凝块之中以较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石反映的微生物构成,意味着它们具有明显的光合作用生物膜成因。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代凝块石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些凝块石复杂的生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入的研究才能得到更好的了解,但是,辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组的凝块石,尤其是在凝块内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石所表征的直接的微生物活动证据,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造凝块的典型实例;再者,与凝块共生的三叶虫化石、底栖鲕粒和皮壳粒,以及围绕着这些多样化颗粒特别的放射纤维状方解石结壳,说明这些凝块石可能属于较厚的微生物席内多重状生物膜以及构成这些微生物席和微生物膜的细胞外聚合物质复杂的钙化作用建造物。     

Microbialites of the Neoproterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite,Southern California

Ancient microbialites reflect interactions between microbial communities and environmental conditions. However, evaluating the relative roles of microbial community processes and environmental influences on microbialite morphology and internal fabric in the rock record can be challenging. The Neoproterozoic Beck Spring Dolomite preserves diverse microbialites, and thus provides an opportunity to explore the factors that influenced microbialite development locally. Stromatolitic, thrombolitic and composite microbialites are abundant in subtidal to upper intertidal carbonates in the Beck Spring Dolomite. Thrombolitic and composite microbialites have not been recognized previously in this unit, but compose much of the newly defined thrombolitic member. Stratigraphic relationships demonstrate that these three types of microbialites formed in close spatial and temporal association in subtidal to intertidal environments. The relative proportions and distributions of stromatolitic and thrombolitic microbialites vary with depositional environment; stromatolitic microbialites dominate in deeper intertidal to subtidal facies, whereas thrombolitic textures are more abundant in upper intertidal facies. Composite microbialites, composed of intermingled clotted and laminated textures, formed in all environments but are most abundant in intertidal facies. The broad environmental distribution of stromatolitic, thrombolitic and composite microbialites and the intermingling of textures suggest that laminated and clotted textures reflect diverse microbial community morphologies rather than environmental variations. Furthermore, the ca 750 Ma age of thrombolitic microbialites in the Beck Spring Dolomite requires that they formed without the influence of calcimicrobes or metazoans colonizing and grazing the microbial mat surface. Thus, these thrombolites provide further evidence that the biostratigraphic distribution of thrombolites cannot be uniquely attributed to evolution of calcifying and grazing organisms in the earliest Cambrian, and that older microbial communities were capable of producing clotted textures.     

河北平泉高于庄组凝块石的特征及其成因解析

微生物碳酸盐岩是微生物与环境相互作用的产物,它的发育对古环境与微生物群落有着重要的指示意义。河北省平泉县地区中元古代高于庄组四段发育有凝块石、纹理石、叠层石多种微生物碳酸盐岩。凝块石以其内部独特的凝块组构而显著区别于具纹层构造的叠层石等其它微生物岩类型。根据尺寸大小与排列特点可将高于庄组凝块石中的凝块组构分为3种类型：厘米级别、致密的中凝块,毫米级别、似层状的小凝块与微米级别、层状分布的微凝块。显微与超显微观察显示,所有的凝块组构均由内核与外壳两个结构单元组成。内核主要为丝状细菌、球状细菌等微生物或有机质残留,围绕内核的是呈放射状、扇状分布的方解石外壳,方解石颗粒之间可见有薄片状胞外聚合物（EPS）残留。凝块中微生物残余及EPS的大量发现,表明了凝块组构的形成与微生物密切相关。环境中海水碳酸盐初始饱和度的高低可能是形成不同类型的凝块组构的原因。     

The Genesis,Classification, Problems and Prospects of Microbial Carbonates:Implications from the Cambrian Carbonate of North China Platform

Currently, sedimentologists focus on the challenging issue of microbial carbonates, which are regarded as "one of the sedimentary rocks most difficult to study", having complicated sedimentary fabric. Their characteristic features closely related to microbial activity, distributed over a long period of geological time, and formed in diversified sedimentary environments. The main research concentrations are the calcified microbial mats and biofilms in geological records as the products of lithification and diagenesis. Starting from the origin, this paper systematically reviewed and explained the processes dwelling within two types of microbial communities, the thinner biofilm and the thicker microbial mat, which enabled them to convert into microbial carbonates through biomineralization and lithification. This study proposed that the existence of multiple microbial mats was another important cause for the diversification and complexity of microbial carbonates in addition to its complex depositional process. Moreover, the sedimentary characteristics and classification of different types of microbial carbonates were reviewed, exemplifying the Cambrian microbial carbonates in the North China Platform. These microbial carbonates are suggested to be placed under "bindstone" after Embry and Kloven, which can be further divided into 5 types, stromatolites, thrombolites, oncolites, laminites and leiolites. Dendrolite is not categorized as a separate class, instead attributed to thrombolites. The microbial carbonates may possess good source rock potential because of the enriched organic content, and may also serve as hydrocarbon reservoirs because of certain microbial textures and fabrics leading to significant porosity and permeability. Because of their biomineralization processes related to microbial activity, the microbial carbonates are not only an important window to understand the evolution of the earth's surface environment, but also capable of forming large-scale reservoirs, and their scientific and economic values are self-evident.     

Famennian microbial reef facies, Napier and Oscar Ranges, Canning Basin, western Australia

Following the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction, which eliminated most skeletal reef-building fauna, the early Famennian reefs of the Canning Basin were constructed primarily by reef-framework microbial communities. In the Napier and Oscar Ranges, the Famennian reef complexes had high-energy, reef-flat depositional environments on a reef-rimmed platform that transitioned into low-energy, deep-water reefs growing in excess of 50 m below sea level. High-energy, reef-flat depositional environments contain doming fenestral stromatolites that grade into porous thrombolites and are associated with coarse-grained sandstones and grainstones. The reef-margin subfacies contains mounds of microdigitate thrombolites, which are more delicate than the reef-flat thrombolites and locally contain abundant red algae, Girvanella, renalcids and sediment-filled tubes. Within the thrombolites, the red algae are in upright growth positions, suggesting that the thrombolites are largely composed of carbonate that precipitated in situ. Reefal-slope environments are dominated by Wetheredella and Rothpletzella with locally abundant Girvanella, renalcids and Uralinella. In reefal-slope strata, delicate fans and microdigitate stromatolites of Wetheredella and Rothpletzella are often oriented horizontal or diagonal to bedding and are interpreted as syndepositionally toppled over. Most mesoscale microbial community structures contain several species of microbial fossils, and no single microbial species appears to have controlled the morphology of the community structure. Therefore, the depositional environment must have determined the distribution and morphology of the stromatolites, thrombolites and other microbial community structures. The adaptability of microbial communities to various reef environments allowed them to fill ecological niches opportunistically after the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction.     

山东平邑盆地古近系湖相微生物碳酸盐岩形成机理*

微生物碳酸盐岩是当前沉积学的研究热点之一,但关于古近系湖相微生物碳酸盐岩的报道还非常少。为探讨山东平邑盆地古近系官庄组中段湖相微生物碳酸盐岩的形成机理,笔者进行了野外实测以及室内偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察。研究结果认为：（1）研究区微生物碳酸盐岩主要有核形石、叠层石和凝块石;（2）在核形石、叠层石和凝块石内部均发现了球状微生物化石、席状体和凝块状泥晶等微生物成因的显微组构,表明了它们形成过程中共同的生长、粘结和钙化等微生物作用;（3）微生物作用对环境变化比较敏感,水体较小、变化频繁的湖泊环境,对微生物碳酸盐岩结构和形态的发育有很大影响;核形石、叠层石和凝块石的形成环境大致呈现出水动力依次减弱、陆源碎屑物质依次减少、水深依次加大的规律;（4）提出了研究区微生物碳酸盐岩的成因模式,认为这3种微生物碳酸盐岩正是以微生物活动为共同基础,在不同的环境条件下形成的。     

湖北松滋地区下奥陶统微生物岩

首次系统性地对湖北松滋地区下奥陶统微生物岩开展研究。根据微生物岩的生长方式,文中将微生物岩划分为原地生长型和非原地生长型两大类别,前者包括叠层石、凝块石,后者主要为核形石。根据几何形态特征,将研究区的叠层石分为层状、波状、柱状和丘状4种类型,新发现并命名了双锥柱状叠层石。将凝块石划分为斑状、网状和条带状3种类型,在豹斑状和网状凝块石中,发现了许多钻孔捕食软体动物Ecculiomphalus化石以及生物扰动的痕迹,文中认为这两种凝块石均属于生物扰动型凝块石。生物扰动型凝块石的发现不仅填补了国内、外奥陶纪该领域的部分空白,而且为凝块石成因的研究提供新的材料。在对各类微生物岩的沉积特征分析基础上,阐述了各类微生物岩的沉积环境,并总结其沉积环境分布模式。对微生物岩发育与中奥陶世后生动物大辐射之间的关系进行了探讨,根据早奥陶世晚期至中奥陶世初期后生动物的阶梯式和快速辐射与微生物岩突然减少的对应关系,结合研究区叠层石、凝块石中发现许多后生底栖钻孔捕食腹足类Ecculiomphalus化石等现象,认为微生物岩随时间推移而逐渐减少、衰退与后生动物丰度的快速增加有一定关系,指出食草动物不仅啃食了形成叠层石的菌藻类微生物,造成叠层石数量的不断减少,而且破坏了叠层石的生长状态,结果形成了研究区独具特征的生物扰动型凝块石。此外,作者认为,中奥陶世开始,海平面的快速上升也是研究区微生物岩减少直至消失的原因之一。     

Cryptalgal-metazoan bioherms of early Ordovician age in the St George Group, western Newfoundland

Bioherms are common in the St George Group, a sequence of shallow-water carbonate rocks deposited on the western continental shelf of Iapetus Ocean. They range from small heads and metre-sized mounds to extensive banks and complexes many metres thick and hundreds of metres in lateral extent. The cores of these bioherms are principally composed of thrombolites (unlaminated, branching, columnar stromatolites), structures quite distinct from laminated stromatolites which are common in intertidal beds. Associated with thrombolites is a diverse fauna of burrowing invertebrates, trilobites, nautiloids, pelmatozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, rostroconchs and archaeoscyphiid sponges. On the basis of framework-building components, three main bioherm types are distinguished: (1) thrombolite mounds, (2) thrombolite-Lichenaria or -sponge mounds and (3) thrombolite-Lichenaria-Renalcis reef complexes. The framework of the last is the most complex, with abundant cavities and a demonstrably uneven growth surface of thrombolites, corals and free-standing Renalcis heads, walls and roofs. Some cavities were active sediment conduits while others were protected, their roofs draped with Renalcis and their walls coated by cryptalgal laminites. These bioherms possess the attributes of shallow-water ecologic reefs. They span a critical time gap in the development of reefs, the transition period from algal-dominated bioherms of the Precambrian and Cambrian to the metazoan-dominated bioherms of the Middle Ordovician and remaining Phanerozoic.     

北京寒武系第二统昌平组凝块石特征及成因

北京西郊下苇甸地区下寒武统昌平组底部含燧石角砾白云岩之上发育的一套豹斑灰岩,实为发育在高能环境下的凝块石灰岩,宏观形态上可包括斑状凝块石、带状凝块石和网状凝块石3种,其成因多与厚微生物席相关,且分别具有不同的微观结构。露头实测和镜下观察结果表明凝块石的初始沉积组分受控于沉积大/微环境,且三者的互动决定了凝块石的最终沉积特征。该套沉积成因的凝块石,其白云质凝块不局限于潜穴,且潜穴内部见大量保存完好微生物结构和疑似球状原生白云石,因此这种白云质凝块很可能与微生物白云石化密切相关,并以此区别于局限于生物遗迹位置,且内部充填物为粉细晶白云石的成岩成因的豹斑灰岩。     

北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系崮山组叠层石生物丘的沉积组构

北京西郊下苇甸剖面的崮山组,属于寒武系第三统顶部,自下而上从陆棚相泥灰岩向上变浅至鲕粒滩相灰岩,组成一个淹没不整合型三级沉积层序。在该组上部的一层块状鲕粒滩相颗粒灰岩中,发育串珠状分布的、可以归为叠层石生物丘的穹窿状构造。这些叠层石生物丘,典型的地势隆起和突变的边界代表了明显的早期石化作用特征。叠层石生物丘中的柱状叠层石,为典型的泥晶相叠层石,其内部除了黏结较多的三叶虫生物碎屑外,还不均匀地分布着放射-纤维状方解石(或文石？)组成的底栖鲕粒。这些底栖鲕粒,以其较小的粒径、多样的类型、平滑但不连续的鲕粒圈层以及外部边缘的泥晶套等特征,明显区别于宿主岩石中的颗粒滩相悬浮鲕粒,而且表现出较为明显的与微生物活动相关的微组构。鉴于叠层石是典型的微生物席建造物,该叠层石生物丘特别的宏观和微观沉积组构还可以进一步将其归为较为典型的"微生物礁",从而成为研究中奥陶生物大辐射事件之前贫乏骨骼的浅海环境的沉积作用样式、以及更加深入理解这一特殊时期的微生物造礁作用特征提供了一个较为典型的实例。     

埃迪卡拉系微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征及其地质意义:以川中磨溪8井区灯影组四段为例*

四川盆地高石梯—磨溪地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组广泛发育一套微生物碳酸盐岩。以磨溪8井区灯影组四段(灯四段)为例,通过精细解析高频向上变浅序列的岩石学特征,发现灯四段微生物云岩及序列建造具有如下特征: (1)向上变浅序列主要由凝块石云岩、叠层石云岩和(含微生物)泥晶云岩3类构成,伴以少量微生物粘结颗粒云岩;(2)完整的典型向上变浅序列自下而上由(含微生物)泥晶云岩(A段)、平直状叠层石云岩(B段)、小型丘状叠层石云岩(C段)、分散状凝块石云岩(D段)、格架状凝块石云岩(E段)、微生物粘结颗粒云岩(F段)等6个岩性单元构成,但大量的序列由A-C-E、A-C-D、B-D、B-C-D-E等不完整的岩性单元构成,且序列顶底皆以凝块石云岩/(含微生物)泥晶云岩、叠层石云岩/(含微生物)泥晶云岩等不平整的岩性突变面或暴露面区分;(3)埃迪卡拉系微生物碳酸盐岩发育于浪基面之上至平均海平面附近的相对高能区域,且凝块石云岩较叠层石云岩形成的环境能量高。该研究结果不仅揭示出较高能的浅水环境控制了规模性微生物岩分布这一规律,而且对区域储集层预测具有指导意义,同时也因建立了有别于现代微生物的环境分布模式而具有重要的沉积学意义。     

埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪之交微生物岩特征对比及古海洋学意义: 以汉南—米仓山地区为例*

寒武纪初期不仅发生了宏体生物大爆发,而且也出现了地质历史时期少见的蓝细菌鞘体大规模钙化事件。埃迪卡拉纪—寒武纪之交海水化学性质的转变对真核生物的演化起到了重要作用,但是这种转变对微生物岩发育特征以及蓝细菌钙化事件的产生有无影响,目前尚不明确。鉴于此,对华南上扬子北缘汉南—米仓山地区上埃迪卡拉统—寒武系第二统多个典型微生物岩发育剖面进行了系统野外调查和室内岩石学分析,结果表明:上埃迪卡拉统灯影组叠层石广泛发育,以平铺状、缓波状特征为主,而凝块石既可以呈补丁状分布于叠层石纹层间,又可以呈细小的凝絮状、粘结状特征构成厚层岩层;寒武系第二统仙女洞组叠层石丰度显著降低,以高大、坚硬的丘状隆起为特点,包括单独的凝块石丘,以及微生物与古杯的联合建丘。虽然寒武系第二统微生物岩的层状结构和凝块结构与埃迪卡拉系相比并无太大差异,但是寒武系微生物岩内部保存有大量的钙化微生物化石,已识别出附枝菌(Epiphyton)、肾形菌(Renalcis)和葛万菌(Girvanella)等多种类型。在收集、整理前人有关微生物岩特征和发育资料的基础上,本次研究初步整理出华南寒武系第二统微生物岩的时空分布特点,发现寒武纪第二世第三期是钙化微生物大量发育的一个时期,在随后的第四期达到一个小的高峰。对于此次蓝细菌钙化作用幕的启动机制,除前人提出的海水高钙离子浓度和蓝细菌体内二氧化碳浓缩机制等认识外,寒武纪早期海水性质的转变(方解石质原生矿物受成岩改造程度较低)、适度的陆源碎屑输入(黏土组分保护作用)也有利于钙化微生物结构的保存,应引起重视。     

微生物碳酸盐岩油气储层研究现状与展望

微生物碳酸盐岩是一种重要的油气储集岩。在中国古老深埋碳酸盐岩地层中它们是主要的岩石类型。微生物碳酸盐岩通常可划分为叠层石、凝块石、树枝石、均一石和核形石等五种类型。储层孔隙系统与微生物岩的沉积结构和构造密切相关,窗格孔（洞）和格架孔（洞）是主要储集空间类型。全球中新元古界至中生界都发现了以微生物碳酸盐岩为储层的油气田,资源潜力巨大。 微生物岩储层的岩石类型、沉积构造、相序结构、沉积模式和储层有利相带尚有许多不明晰之处,是今后进一步深化研究的重点方向。     

Tepee-shaped agglutinated microbialites: an example from a Famennian carbonate platform on the Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin, Western Australia

Distinctive, metre‐scale antiformal structures are well developed in a Famennian carbonate platform in the Chedda Cliffs area of the Lennard Shelf reef complexes. The structures are distinguished by chevron‐shaped crests and thickened cores and contain abundant non‐skeletal allochems (ooids/pisoids, peloids and intraclasts) of silt to pebble size and variably developed laminations and fenestrae. The internal morphology and pervasive occurrence of fenestral clotted and wavy laminated fabrics suggest that these structures are microbial mounds composed of agglutinated stromatolites and thrombolites. Microbial fabrics most probably originated through sediment trapping and binding by microbial mats with early lithification involving microbial calcification and cementation of trapped sediment. The facies and stratigraphic context of the mounds support a shallow subtidal, transitional backreef to reef‐flat setting; however, alone these mounds do not provide unequivocal environmental information. Other large antiformal structures in Famennian platforms on the Lennard Shelf, previously described as tepee structures, show morphological similarities to the Chedda Cliffs mounds, which suggests that these other structures may also be microbial mounds. The presence of microbial mounds in platform successions further highlights the importance of microbial communities in the Lennard Shelf reef complexes.     

Microbial primary dolomite from a Norian carbonate platform: northern Calabria, southern Italy

The origin of fine‐grained dolomite in peritidal rocks has been the subject of much debate recently and evidence is presented here for a microbial origin of this dolomite type in the Norian Dolomia Principale of northern Calabria (southern Italy). Microbial carbonates there consist of stromatolites, thrombolites, and aphanitic dolomites. High‐relief thrombolites and stromatolites characterize sub‐tidal facies, and low‐relief and planar stromatolites, with local oncoids, typify the inter‐supratidal facies. Skeletal remains are very rare in the latter, whereas a relatively rich biota of skeletal cyanophycea, red algae and foraminifera is present in the sub‐tidal facies. Some 75% of the succession consists of fabric‐preserving dolomite, especially within the microbial facies, whereas the rest is composed of coarse dolomite with little fabric preservation. Three end‐members of dolomite replacement fabric are distinguished: type 1 and type 2, fabric retentive, with crystal size <5 and 5–60 μm, respectively; and type 3, fabric destructive, with larger crystals, from 60 to several hundred microns. In addition, there are dolomite cements, precipitated in the central parts of primary cavities during later diagenesis. Microbialite textures in stromatolites are generally composed of thin, dark micritic laminae of type 1 dolomite, alternating with thicker lighter‐coloured laminae of the coarser type 2 dolomite. Thrombolites are composed of dark, micritic clotted fabrics with peloids, composed of type 1 dolomite, surrounded by coarser type 2 dolomite. Marine fibrous cement crusts are also present, now composed of type 2 dolomite. Scanning electron microscope observations of the organic‐rich micritic laminae and clots of the inter‐supratidal microbialites reveal the presence of spherical structures which are interpreted as mineralized bacterial remains. These probably derived from the fossilization of micron‐sized coccoid bacteria and spheroidal–ovoidal nanometre‐scale dwarf‐type bacterial forms. Furthermore, there are traces of degraded organic matter, probably also of bacterial origin. The microbial dolomites were precipitated in a hypersaline environment, most likely through evaporative dolomitization, as suggested by the excess Ca in the dolomites, the small crystal size, and the positive δ¹⁸O values. The occurrence of fossilized bacteria and organic matter in the fabric‐preserving dolomite of the microbialites could indicate an involvement of bacteria and organic matter degradation in the precipitation of syn‐sedimentary dolomite.     

鲁西寒武系第三统张夏组凝块石特征及其形成环境研究

通过野外观察及显微镜下分析,对鲁西寒武系第三统张夏组的凝块石特征进行了详细研究。凝块石呈米级的生物丘和生物层状,其凝块大多为斑块状、树枝状和网状。形成凝块石的微生物主要是附枝菌,其次是葛万菌和放射状菌。通过沉积相分析及与之共生的岩相,初步确定了凝块石的形成环境--潮下低能带。     

Porosity distribution in cyclic dolomites of the Lower Qiulitag Group (Upper Cambrian) in northwestern Tarim Basin,China

Increasing interests in hydrocarbon resources at depths have drawn greater attentions to the deeply-buried carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin in China. In this study, the cyclic dolomite rocks of Upper Cambrian Lower Qiulitag Group from four outcrop sections in northwestern Tarim Basin were selected to investigate and evaluate the petrophysical properties in relation to depositional facies and cyclicity. The Lower Qiulitag Group includes ten lithofacies, which were deposited in intermediate to shallow subtidal, restricted shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments on a carbonate ramp system. These lithofacies are vertically stacked into repeated shallowing-upward, meter-scale cycles which are further grouped into six third-order depositional sequences (Sq1 to Sq6). There are variable types of pore spaces in the Lower Qiulitag Group dolomite rocks, including interparticle, intraparticle, and fenestral pores of primary origin, inter crystal, and vuggy pores of late diagenetic modification. The porosity in the dolomites is generally facies-selective as that the microbially-originated thrombolites and stromatolites generally yield a relatively high porosity. In contrast, the high-energy ooidal grainstones generally have very low porosity. In this case, the microbialite-based peritidal cycles and peritidal cycle-dominated highstand (or regressive) successions have relatively high volumes of pore spaces, although highly fluctuating (or vertical inhomogeneous). Accordingly, the grainstone-based subtidal cycles and subtidal cycle-dominated transgressive successions generally yield extremely low porosity. This scenario indicates that porosity development and preservation in the thick dolomite successions are primarily controlled by depositional facies which were influenced by sea-level fluctuations of different orders and later diagenetic overprinting.     

华北地台马沟剖面寒武系苗岭统微生物岩的组构特征、沉积环境和地质意义

华北地台大约从寒武纪第二世的晚期开始接受沉积,超覆在前寒武-寒武纪“巨型不整合面”之上,形成了一套二级海侵背景下的厚层陆表海硅质碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混积序列,这套特别的地层序列在苗岭统和芙蓉统中包含了多种多样的微生物岩。研究区苗岭统出露较为完整,包括毛庄组、徐庄组、张夏组和崮山组,分别构成4个三级层序即SQ1至SQ4。在SQ2的高位体系域和强迫型海退体系域中,以及SQ3的高位体系域中发育了较为特别的由微生物岩构成的生物层、生物丘或生物丘复合体。微生物岩的种类和沉积环境包括形成于正常浪基面以下、潮下带低能环境的类型I迷宫状微生物岩,潮下带上部至潮间带中-高能环境的类型II和类型III迷宫状微生物岩,风暴浪基面之上浅水环境中的均一石,潮间带短柱状叠层石和潮上带近水平缓波状叠层石,以及高能鲕粒滩中的小型叠层石生物丘。通常认为寒武系苗岭统的微生物岩（礁）以凝块石和树形石为特征,而本次研究在苗岭统中发现了迷宫状微生物岩和均一石,补充丰富了对寒武系微生物岩（礁）多样化和复杂化构成的认识。无论是在迷宫状微生物岩、均一石中,还是叠层石中,都见到了一种或多种钙化蓝细菌（鞘）化石,如葛万菌（Girvanella）、附枝菌（Epithyton）和基座菌（Hedstroemia）等,以及大量的钙化微生物席残余物,表明这些微生物岩是由蓝细菌所主导的微生物席的复杂的钙化作用产物,而大量呈弥散状分布的黄铁矿晶体或颗粒则表明硫酸盐还原菌等非光合作用细菌和异养细菌可能在促进碳酸盐沉淀过程中扮演了重要角色。     

Messinian stromatolite-thrombolite associations,Santa Pola,SE Spain: an analogue for the Palaeozoic?

Stromatolite-thrombolite associations are the dominant facies forming large portions of the Santa Pola carbonate platform (SE Spain) during deposition of the Terminal Carbonate Complex (TCC). The TCC, the last period of marine sedimentation in the Western Mediterranean associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis, comprises a NE-SW trending thrombolite reef with occasionally interlayered stromatolite horizons and a predominantply stromatolite and oolite facies in the back-reef area. The stromatolites are mainly dome shaped, but fine-columnar or wavy-undulose forms can occur. The stromatolites form huge bioherms, extending tens to hundreds of metres. They are finely laminated with alternating layers of dolomicrite and dolomicrospar. The dolomicrite layers appear to be a primary dolomite precipitate, whereas the dolomite crystals in the dolomicrospar layers apparently formed around a meta-stable nuclei which was subsequently dissolved or degraded. The low content of sand-sized particles in the stromatolitic layers indicates formation under low-energy conditions, possibly on a tidal flat. As reported from other areas in the Western Mediterranean, deposition of the TCC at Santa Pola was apparently cyclic, whereby stromatolites generally terminate each depositional cycle. Subtidal Conophyton stromatolites, possibly the only known occurrence younger than Palaeozoic, are, however, found on the reef slope at the base of the first TCC depositional cycle. The dolomitic nature of the unadulterated stromatolitic laminations and the association of stromatolites and thrombolites as platform builders were a common feature in the Early Palaeozoic but are unusual in post-Ordovician carbonate facies. We propose that the conditions during TCC deposition were very restricted, possibly reflecting an environment similar to that of the Early Palaeozoic.     

肥城邓家庄剖面寒武系微生物碳酸盐岩沉积序列

山东肥城邓家庄剖面寒武系出露连续,构成了7个三级层序。微生物碳酸盐岩主要发育在高位体系域和强迫型海退体系域单元中,以徐庄组凝块石、张夏组核形石、长山组叠层石、凤山组均一石为代表,是研究早古生代微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期的良好实例。多样化的微生物碳酸盐岩中可见大量保存精美的附枝菌（Epiphyton）、葛万菌（Girvanella）以及肾形菌（Renalcis）等钙化微生物残余物,指示了微生物碳酸盐岩形成与蓝细菌为主导的微生物新陈代谢活动密切相关。此外,微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征反映了生长环境的分异性:均一石、凝块石分别生长在潮下带下部、上部;柱状叠层石主要发育在能量较高的潮间带环境;核形石指示了沉积环境浅且能量高的鲕粒滩相沉积环境。邓家庄寒武系剖面微生物碳酸盐岩为了解寒武纪地球微生物、古环境、古气候提供了重要的岩石记录。