苏南发达地区限制开发区域的范围划定与规划对策——以江阴市南部六镇不开发区规划为例

江阴市率先设立“不开发区”的做法,已在全国范围内引起广泛关注,可称作是苏南版“精明增长”的典范。不开发区是以保护为导向的限制开发区域,不开发是一种比较通俗的叫法,实际上是指限制开展大工业开发和高强度城镇建设活动的区域。本文以江阴市南部六镇不开发区规划为例,介绍了基于区域土地利用现状和不开发适宜性评价的限制开发区域范围划定方法,同时还提出了对限制开发区域进行保护性开发的规划对策,这为我国其他发达地区推动国土空间优化、倒逼经济转型升级提供了很好的借鉴。     

Research on the Suitability Evaluation of the Development and Utilization of Regional Selenium-rich Soil Resources and Spatial Zoning based on Niche Theory

Relying on the advantages of selenium-rich soil resources, the development of special selenium-rich agricultural industry is an effective measure to implement the rural revitalization strategy. This paper took Yuanzhou district as the research area, based on ecological niche theory, creatively determines the dominant and limiting factors of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization from three aspects of natural resources endowment, land use conditions and ecological protection, constructed the evaluation index system of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and ecological niche suitability index measurement model, and explored the suitability of regional selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and zoning. The research results show that: (1) The area suitable for exploitation of selenium-rich soil resources in the study area is 174658.4 ha, accounting for 68.83% of the total area, mainly distributed around Yuan River and in the central, northern, northwestern and northeastern areas of the study area. (2) Based on the evaluation results of the suitability of selenium-rich soil resources development and utilization and the development of related agricultural industries, the study area was divided into four functional zones of selenium-rich industrial development: core zone, key zone, development zone and radiation zone. The core zone and key zone are suitable for building selenium-rich agricultural industry demonstration area and selenium-rich products breeding production base, and the development zone and radiation zone can vigorously develop selenium-rich modern agriculture and selenium-rich recreation tourism, which will accelerate the development trend of multi-level and diversified selenium-rich industry in study area.This study can provide scientific, reasonable and feasible ideas and methods for the development and utilization of selenium-rich soil resources and the planning and development of selenium-rich industries in similar areas.     

北京城市蔓延的测度与分析

Concerning about the rapid urban growth in recent China, this study takes Beijing as a case and puts forward that urban sprawl can be measured from spatial configuration, urban growth efficiency and external impacts, and then develops a geo-spatial indices system for measuring sprawl, a total of 13 indicators. In order to calculate these indices, different sources data are selected, including land use maps, former land use planning, land price and floor-area-ratio samples, digitized map of the highways and city centers, population and GDP statistical data, etc. Various GIS spatial analysis methods are used to spatialize these indices into 100m×100m cells. Besides, an integrated urban sprawl index is calculated by weight sum of these 13 indices. The application result indicates that geo-spatial indices system can capture most of the typical features and interior differentia of urban sprawl. Construction land in Beijing has kept fast growing with large amount, low efficiency and disordered spatial configuration, indicating a typical sprawling tendency. The following specific sprawl features are identified by each indicator: (1) typical spatial configuration of sprawling: obvious fragmentation and irregularity of landscape due to unsuccessful enforcement of land use planning, unadvisable pattern of typical discontinuous development, strip development and leapfrog development; (2) low efficiency of sprawl: low development density, low population density and economic output in newly developed area; and (3) negative impacts on agriculture, environment and city life. According to the integrated sprawl index, the sprawling amount in the northern part is larger than that in the southern, but the sprawling extent is in converse case; most sprawling area include the marginal area of the near suburbs and the area between highways, etc. Four sprawling patterns are identified: randomly expansion at urban fringe, strip development along or between highways, scattered development of industrial land, leapfrog development of urban residence and industrial area.     

GEO-Environmental Suitability Evaluation of Land for Urban Construction Based on A Back-Propagation Neural Network and GIS: A Case Study of Hangzhou

Evaluating the geo-environmental suitability of land for urban construction is an important step in the analysis of urban land use potential. Using geo-environmental factors and the land use status of Hangzhou, China, a back-propagation (BP) neural network model for the evaluation of the geo-environmental suitability of land for urban construction was established with a geographic information system (GIS) and techniques of grid, geospatial, and BP neural network analysis. Four factor groups, comprising nine separate subfactors of geo-environmental features, were selected for the model: geomorphic type, slope, site soil type, stratum steadiness, Holocene saturated soft soil depth, groundwater abundance, groundwater salinization, geologic hazard type, and geologic hazard degree. With the support of the model, the geo-environmental suitability of Hangzhou land for urban construction was divided into four suitability zones: zone I, suitable for super high-rise and high-rise buildings; zone II, suitable for multi-story buildings; zone III, suitable for low-rise buildings; and zone IV, not suitable for buildings. The results showed that a BP neural network can capture the complex non-linear relationships between the evaluation factors and the suitability level, and these results will support scientific decision-making for urban-construction land planning, management, and rational land use in Hangzhou.     

快速城市化背景下的城郊土地利用结构适宜性评价与协调发展——以武汉市汉南区为例

快速城市化背景下城区用地急剧向城郊扩张,城郊用地结构性冲突与矛盾突出。以武汉市汉南区为例,应用GIS R/S空间分析技术,定量分析了其土地利用结构现状特征:土地利用结构以农用地为主,突出农业大区地位,建设用地增长迅猛,集中分布于纱帽、邓南、湘口等中心城镇;结合SPSS因子分析,建立用地结构适宜性评价模型,开展城郊土地利用结构的适宜性评价:汉南区土地利用方式基本适宜,在中度适宜及其以上的比例达到60%,与自然生态、社会经济、城镇发展保持较好协调程度。但仍存在突出的用地结构性问题:农用地斑块比较零碎,规模化与集约化程度低,大规模围垦对湖泊、坑塘、河流、湿地产生较大胁迫;居住与工矿用地相对分散,侵占农田现象较严重,据此提出了汉南区土地利用调整方案和协调保护措施。     

城市建设用地生态适宜性评价的 潜力-限制性分析 ——以大连城市化区为例

城市建设用地生态适宜性评价是合理利用我国有限土地资源的一项基础性工作,本研究的特色是以大连城市化区为例在归纳GIS方法应用的基础上,将目前国内广泛采用的单纯权重叠加法推广到加权的潜力—限制性分析法。该方法的主要优点是把评价要素分为生态潜力和生态限制性两大类,通过取大原则和成对明智比较法分别确定权重,从而更加科学确定土地利用生态适宜性等级。结果表明,大连可做高强度开发的城市建设用地面积约为850.46 km²,约占总面积的6.28%;可在指导下进行适度开发利用的土地面积为1835.97 km²,占总市域面积的13.56%;而不宜作为建设用地的土地(不适宜和中低适宜区)面积为10851.92km²,约占总市域面积的80.16%,即城市建设用地的影响范围应该控制在区域的20%土地利用类型中,另外80%的土地不适宜进行城市建设的开发。根据上述结果,全区规划分为优化建设区、重点建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区,并提出用地分区发展管制对策。     

中国土地适宜性评价研究进展

长期以来, 土地适宜性评价一直在土地规划利用中起着基础性作用。近十几年, 农业土地 适宜性评价持续深入开展, 城市用地、旅游用地、土地整理复垦以及其他用地的土地适宜性评价 日渐增多; 基于此, 土地适宜性评价的理论思想得到了进一步的丰富, 景观生态学被引入土地适 宜性评价, 可持续利用观深入人心; 土地适宜性评价在方法上也有新的发展, GIS 在土地适宜性 评价中得到广泛的应用, 这使得土地适宜性评价更为灵活、科学。     

城市土地潜力分析--以南京市为例

研究城市土地潜力是城市建设者合理利用城市土地、提高城市土地利用效率、保护耕地的基础。该文利用GIS对土地、规划、环保、人口等相关数据进行整合,从房地产开发的角度建立测算最低经济容积率的模型,求得每块城市土地的经济容积率;基于GIS空间分析功能,分析城市土地利用现状与最低经济容积率,并用地域环境质量综合评价、历史文化名城保护规划等数据对结果进行修正,得出南京市城市土地潜力的数量、质量及空间分布。     

快速城市化地区土地利用规划管控建设用地扩张成效评估——以南京市为例

科学评估土地利用总体规划管控建设用地扩张的成效对于规划编制方法和规划管理措施的改进意义重大。本文基于土地利用总体规划的相关指标,从时间、空间、数量和质量等视角构建城镇扩张评估指标体系,选择快速城市化地区南京市为例进行研究。主要结论为：① 南京市土地利用总体规划对建设用地扩张强度的管控有一定成效但仍需加强。规划期除2013年以外,其余年份新增城镇工矿用地规模均高于规划年均控制规模,至2015年指标使用进度高达78.83%,规划剩余年限用地需求难以满足;② 南京城市空间扩张态势与规划城镇用地空间扩张格局基本吻合。不同方向指标使用进度存在较大的差异性,呈东北和西北部快、南部慢的格局;集中度和合规度指标较好;③ 评估期内规模控制指数为-0.97,空间溢出指数为0.34,规划对新增城镇工矿用地管控力度偏弱,规划的累积执行效果呈逐年变差的趋势。④ 本文构建的指标体系可全方位、多角度评估城镇扩张的规划管控成效,对其他地区的规划实施评估有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于农业多功能视觉的都市农业用地效益时空变化研究——以西安都市圈为例（英文）

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi'an metropolitan zone(XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, providemore economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision-making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

Measuring urban sprawl in Beijing with geo-spatial indices

Concerning about the rapid urban growth in recent China, this study takes Beijing as a case and puts forward that urban sprawl can be measured from spatial configuration, urban growth efficiency and external impacts, and then develops a geo-spatial indices system for measuring sprawl, a total of 13 indicators. In order to calculate these indices, different sources data are selected, including land use maps, former land use planning, land price and floor-area-ratio samples, digitized map of the highways and city centers, population and GDP statistical data, etc. Various GIS spatial analysis methods are used to spatialize these indices into 100m×100m cells. Besides, an integrated urban sprawl index is calculated by weight sum of these 13 indices. The application result indicates that geo-spatial indices system can capture most of the typical features and interior differentia of urban sprawl. Construction land in Beijing has kept fast growing with large amount, low efficiency and disordered spatial con-figuration, indicating a typical sprawling tendency. The following specific sprawl features are identified by each indicator: (1) typical spatial configuration of sprawling: obvious fragmenta-tion and irregularity of landscape due to unsuccessful enforcement of land use planning, unadvisable pattern of typical discontinuous development, strip development and leapfrog development; (2) low efficiency of sprawl: low development density, low population density and economic output in newly developed area; and (3) negative impacts on agriculture, en-vironment and city life. According to the integrated sprawl index, the sprawling amount in the northern part is larger than that in the southern, but the sprawling extent is in converse case; most sprawling area include the marginal area of the near suburbs and the area between highways, etc. Four sprawling patterns are identified: randomly expansion at urban fringe, strip development along or between highways, scattered development of industrial land, leapfrog development of urban residence and industrial area.     

地理信息系统支持区域土地利用决策的研究

本文以江苏省溧阳县为例,研究地理信息系统技术在区域土地利用多目标规划中的应用,着重探讨地理信息系统支持的区域土地利用决策原理和方法。研究表明,在地理信息系统的支持下,通过单项适宜性评价模型和生产布局决策模型的建立与运行,可以有效地进行研究区合理的土地利用布局和为区域土地管理提供依据。     

Spatial-temporal change in urban agricultural land use efficiency from the perspective of agricultural multi-functionality: A case study of the Xi’an metropolitan zone

The excessive expansion of urbanized areas has resulted in haphazard land utilization, immoderate consumption of superior agricultural land and water resources, significant fragmentation of agricultural landscape, and gradual deterioration of the agro-ecological environment. Combined, these factors cause poor land use efficiency. Under these circumstances, comprehensively assessing land use efficiency for urban agriculture is a key issue in land use research. Currently, evaluation methods for agricultural land use efficiency narrowly concentrate on aspects of economic input and output. However, urban agro-ecosystems can provide diverse economic, social, and ecological services and functions. In particular, the social and ecological services and functions originating from agricultural land, which have a higher value than economic services, play a significant role in ensuring regional social, ecological, and environmental security. However, recent research has rarely taken these benefits into consideration. Therefore, land use value has been greatly underestimated, which has resulted in mishandled and poor land use policies. In this study, we apply Landsat imagery and social and economic statistical data for the Xi’an metropolitan zone (XMZ) to investigate agricultural multi-functionality. We develop an evaluation framework for urban agricultural land use efficiency and identify agro-ecosystem services and functions as important outputs from agricultural land. The land use efficiency of urban agriculture is then evaluated using ecosystem services models, providing a mechanism for assessing spatial-temporal changes in land use efficiency in the XMZ from 1999 to 2015. Four important conclusions are reached from this analysis. First, the rapid urbanization and agricultural transformation from traditional cereal cultivation to modern urban agriculture has resulted in steadily increasing costs, outputs, and land use efficiency of urban agriculture. The total output value increased 41% and land use efficiency per hectare increased by 33.13% on average. Second, the spatial patterns of comprehensive output and land use efficiency were dominated by economic outputs from agricultural land. Areas near cities, which are dominated by orchard and arable land, provide more economic functions. These areas support and regulate services due to the transformation from extensive cereal production to intensive modern urban agriculture; therefore, they have higher output value and land use efficiency. In contrast, areas distant from cities, towns, and high traffic roads, namely, remote rural areas, provide more support and regulating services, but have relatively lower economic function due to inaccessibility to urban markets and slow agricultural transformation. Therefore, these areas have lower output value and land use efficiency. The spatial change in agricultural output and land use efficiency in urban areas is strongly dependent on the degree of urbanization and agricultural transformation. Third, the total output value and land use efficiency of urban agriculture measured with our approach are much higher than evaluations using traditional methods. However, the spatial patterns measured using the two approaches are in agreement. The evaluation framework integrates ecological services and economic and social functions into a comprehensive output from agricultural land. This approach is more methodical and accurate for evaluating the comprehensive efficiency of land use based on quantities and spatial scale because they are at the pixel scale. Finally, the evaluation results have important implications for enhancing current agricultural subsidies and even implementing ecological payment policies in China. Most importantly, they can be directly applied to agricultural transformation regulations, decision- making, and guidance for rational land utilization.     

鄂尔多斯土地利用生态安全格局优化及方案评价

根据不同情景选择符合区域生态环境与社会经济特点的模型方法,已经成为区域土地利用生态安全格局构建的关键。本文以位于中国北方农牧交错带的鄂尔多斯市为研究区,基于自然地理数据、社会经济统计数据、土地利用/覆被数据,将最小累积阻力模型（MCR）引入土地利用生态安全格局的构建过程,并通过景观格局指数分析了基于MCR模型构建的安全格局与基于土地生态适宜性和多目标优化的安全格局的适用条件。结果显示：前者适宜于维持生态安全的情景,有利于降低土地系统中人类活动的生态风险;后者则适宜于维持生态适宜性的情景,有利于降低土地系统中自然因素的生态风险。研究结果对鄂尔多斯市土地资源的可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。     

资源枯竭型城市转型期产业用地变化图谱

运用地理信息图谱的理论和GIS空间分析方法,构建了资源枯竭城市——大庆市的网格信息图谱模型,分析了研究区1996-2010年产业用地的演变特征和规律。结果表明：第一产业用地面积最广,主要分布在矿产资源不丰富的城市外围地区,并呈现聚集和增加趋势;主要工矿区的第二产业用地变化最为剧烈,第二产业用地正逐步从资源地的传统矿区向规划新建的工业园区迁移;第三产业用地主要分布在城市中心区域,呈点状分散于核心居民区周围,第三产业用地仍表现为粗放模式发展。图谱研究说明资源枯竭型城市在转型发展过程中,土地规划在土地类型转化中发挥了主体作用。     

北京城市蔓延的测度与分析

针对现阶段我国城市用地快速扩张和无序蔓延的现实问题, 以北京市在1996~2004 年期间的城市扩展作为研究案例, 提出可以从城市扩展形态、扩展效率和外部影响等三个方面来判识城市蔓延现象, 并提出基于地理空间指标体系的城市蔓延测度方法, 主要由涉及人口、经济、土地利用、农业、环境和城市生活等方面的13 项指标所组成。实证分析结果表明, 该方法可以有效地测度和量化研究区城市蔓延的特征: ① 建设用地斑块具有明显的破碎化和不规则化趋势, 缺乏良好的规划控制, 不连续开发、条带式开发和跳跃式开发特征明显, 扩展形态不尽合理; ② 新增建设用地的建设密度和容积率较低, 并且新增用地的人口密度和经济产出水平均低于原有用地绩效, 扩展效率不高; ③ 城市蔓延占用大量的耕地和开敞空间、加重了交通负担, 对农业、环境和城市生活存在显著的负面影响。     

基于空间信息的烤烟种植适宜性 评价与轮作规划

基于遥感计算的气温和土壤水分及DEM计算的太阳辐射等地表参数代替站点观测数据,采用100m×100m栅格和适宜性评价指数对泸西县的烤烟种植适宜性进行评价,分析其空间分布规律。在此基础上,进行了烤烟的烟田轮作规划与核查监督。研究表明,泸西县的烤烟种植最适宜区的耕地利用率偏低,仅为28.1%,尚有2165ha的最适宜耕地有待开发利用。烤烟轮作率虽然逐年增长,最高也仅为63.7%,离95%的目标轮作率仍存在较大差距。适宜性评价时,利用遥感和DEM计算的地表参数代替观测站点的插值数据,能获得可靠的数据支持,弥补因观测站点缺失而导致的数据失真。基于空间信息的轮作规划与核查监督,可有效改善烤烟轮作率,提高烤烟的质量和产量。     

国土空间规划:产业空间配置类单幅总图的研制

省级空间规划中的产业空间配置是在“三区三线”划分基础上进一步明确地域功能、引导地域功能格局优化的必要步骤。在综合考虑方法的创新性和成熟度基础上,对在“三区三线”格局内进行产业空间配置的逻辑架构、技术方法、数据体系等内容进行定量和定性相结合的探索性分析,形成了主导产业筛选、产业园区适宜规模识别、重点产业空间识别等流程体系,共同合成了一套用以研制空间规划中的产业空间配置类单幅总图的技术方法。其中,在主导产业筛选体系中综合考虑了产业关联、产业发展基础、发展潜力和政策支持等方面,在产业园区适宜规模识别体系中综合考虑了产业园区级别、园区产业是否切合区域产业发展导向、园区产业发展程度、与各类红线及城镇的空间关系等指标,并从微观企业入手向上总结重点产业空间范围,结合“三区三线”的国土空间适宜性、城镇空间划分结果进行空间叠加,做到了对省级重点产业空间的有效识别和落地。同时,以福建省为案例进行了实践分析。     

半干旱地区城市用地生态适宜性评价——以呼和浩特市为例

 对区域非城镇建设用地用作城镇建设用地的生态适宜程度进行评价是城市生态规划的核心问题,也是城市总体规划制定的基础和依据。以呼和浩特市为例,采用单因子评价分析与综合评价分析相结合的方法,在ArcGIS软件的空间分析功能的支持下,确定了呼和浩特市城镇建设用地适宜、较适宜、较不适宜和不适宜4级综合生态适宜性分类。研究结果表明,呼和浩特市城镇建设用地适宜级别土地占总面积的39.1％;较适宜级别占7.3%;较不适宜级别占25.6%;不适宜占28.1%。从不同适宜级别土地在不同旗县区的分布特点来看,呼和浩特市城区、土默特左旗的适宜建设土地相对较多,分别为39.1%和28.5%;土默特左旗和托克托县的不适宜土地相对面积较大,分别为45.3%和53.6%。     

基于多源数据的主体功能区划分方法——以广州市为例

以广州市为例,基于城市感知数据、遥感影像等多源数据,采用卷积神经网络对遥感影像进行了语义提取,将提取结果与兴趣点（Points of Interest）样方密度的功能用地识别结果进行补充校验,根据政策和规划文件建立功能用地与主体功能区之间的关联,利用信息熵分析广州市功能用地混合程度,以辅助判别主体功能区,最终得到广州市主体功能区划分结果。将划分结果与《广州市主体功能区规划（2008—2020年）》和《广州市城市总体规划（2017—2035年）》草案对比验证,结果表明文章所提出的方法精准度较高,并能体现广州市空间格局形态,反映主体功能区实际分布情况。