飞机人工增雨的农业效益评估

利用催化剂线源扩散模式确定人工增雨作业后的目标区,并采用非随机活动对比区和目标区分层历史回归的方法估算作业效果。这评估增雨对农业的影响,利用自然降水对农作物产量贡献的积分回归,获得降水对农作物贡献系数。建立了每次人工增雨对主要农作物的经济效益模型。从而可根据增雨量对农作物产生的直接经济效益进行实时、动态、定量评估。     

飞机人工增雨作业的决策方法

利用中尺度模式计算云中的宏观物理特征量,结合分析作物生育期内不同时段降水对产量的影响程度及其变化特征,计算了不同区域逐旬每毫米增雨对作物经济效益的影响。提出用冰面饱和、水汽垂直输送、水汽积分量等云的宏观指标和各主要农作物不同生育阶段增雨的潜在经济效益指标等共同确定播云作业区的决策方法。在山东省人工增雨业务技术系统实践中,完成作业时间、作业高度和作业区范围的决策过程。     

对流云人工增雨效果检验技术方法及应用

对流云降水时空变差较大,利用WoodleyRosenfeld提出的建立在雷达资料基础上的移动目标单元法对对流云增雨作业进行效果评估。利用塘沽、北京及秦皇岛3部雷达资料,对其进行插值处理,确定移动目标单元识别和跟踪方法,然后在移动目标单元中确定催化单元和对比单元,记录每个单元的物理参量,利用Z-R关系反演降水量,对物理参量和反演降水量做统计分析,定量计算增雨效果的同时提供人工增雨的物理证据。应用该方法对2011年7月24日对流云人工增雨作业效果进行评估,结果表明:催化剂进入云中后使得最大回波强度增强,回波顶高增加,从物理角度证明了催化对增加降水起到了一定作用。利用降雨率对增雨作业进行定量效果分析,结果表明该次作业相对增雨7.69%,显著度检验值0.043,增雨效果较为显著。     

贺州市人工增雨落区智能选择系统

介绍了一种以日本谱模式预报场资料为基础,结合当时降水天气系统、当地旱情监测、不同季节农作物分布情况及需水情况,建立起一个云预报模式人工增雨落区智能选择系统,可以做到科学合理选择人工增雨作业地点,在一定程度上提高了人工增雨作业效益。     

黄河上游地区雷达测量降水与雨滴谱的对比分析

本利用1999年7月4日～7月16日期间，由青海省人影办和有关科研单位的人员在黄河上游地区开展地面人工增雨试验获取的711数字化雷达资料、雨滴谱资料和地面降水自记资料，对黄河上游地区云层降水的微物理特征和雷达定量测量降水进行了初步的分析和研究。分析研究表明：黄河上河上游地区其雨滴谱分布以多峰型为主，降水的滴谱较宽，对实施人工增雨催化作业较有利，同时拟合出黄河上游地区层状云降水的Z-I关系，可以作为雷达定量测量层状云降水的参考。     

青海湖环湖地区秋季人工增雨的综合效果分析

据2001年秋季人工增雨资料,结合历年秋季降水资料,从秋雨春用、影响地下水位涵养、青海湖水量盈亏等方面分析了秋季人工增雨的综合效益;并着重分析了秋季降水与环湖地区土壤水分贮量以及第二年春季环湖天然草场土壤墒情、牧草返青时间、生长状况及产量的关系。分析表明：秋季降水越多,环湖区土壤水分贮存量越多,翌年土壤墒情越好、牧草返青越早且牧草产量越高。     

作物不同生长时段对水分胁迫敏感性分析

本文根据我省1982－1995年的土壤水分实测资料、主要农作物的产量资料及作物生长物候资料,计算得到我省主要旱作物各生长时段作物对水分胁迫的产量响应敏感系数,反映出作物在不同生长期对水分胁迫的敏感程度,结果表明：不同生长时段作物对水分胁迫的敏感度不同,作物干旱程序不能仅凭降水距平确定,需考虑作物对水分胁迫敏感性来修正干旱指标,才能有效对作物干旱实施监测,从而为人工增雨作业时间安排提供更为科学的依据。     

人工增雨期间预报质量评定中存在的问题及建议

1存在的问题人工增雨作业后的降水量，在绝大多数情况下，降水量和风力显著增加，且雨量时空分布极不均匀，少数情况增雨不显著或雨量减少[1]短时预报质量降低，不能真实体现预报水平，更对质量达标产生不利影响。2建议如何解决上述问题？鉴于目前预报和人工增雨工作的现状，要对人工增雨期间的预报质量采取较严格的定量评分，还为时过早。笔者以为可采取下面的办法。2.1一般性天气质量评定2.1．1降水对小于50毫米的降水评分时，凡实施了人工增雨作业的台站及其下游台站，可以只考虑该预报时段内有无降水，而不考虑降水量大小。即：预报有雨…     

利用多普勒雷达定量估测降水试验

利用南昌多普勒雷达体扫资料和抚州市气象台站自记雨量资料,建立了定量估测降水方程,在抚河流域的不同区域进行了定量估测降水对比试验,据此给出了有利人工增雨作业的多普勒雷达产品判据。结果表明,综合利用多仰角基本反射率、回波顶高和垂直积分含水量进行定量估测降水,效果明显好于单独利用单仰角基本反射率估测定量降水。在降水量≤3 mm时,综合定量估测降水值、常规定量估测降水值与实测降水值比较吻合;在降水量>3 mm、特别是出现较大降水(>5 mm)时,与常规定量估测降水值相比,综合定量估测降水值更接近实测降水值。     

2012年锡林郭勒盟人工增雨作业评估分析

文章通过对2012年锡林郭勒盟春夏季降水分布和主要天气过程分析,结合人工增雨作业条件和降水天气系统对人工增雨作业效率的影响分析,对飞机增雨作业和火箭增雨作业情况进行了评估。结果表明:由于2012年系统性稳定降水天气过程较多,增雨效果显著,为旱情解除发挥了重要作用;降雨天气系统影响范围大、持续时间长,便于地面火箭增雨作业把握时机,虽然因空域管制影响了作业次数,但作业时间长,火箭发射量大,同样取得了很好的增雨效益。2012年是近年来增雨效率最高的一年。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on