The carbon isotope composition of C_3 herbaceous plants in loess area of northern China

The application of stable carbon and oxygen isotopes in study of paleoenvironment has been becoming more and more extensive. It is well known that the d 18O curves of foraminifer crust in deep oceanic sediments and ice cores have made a great contribution…     

贵州草海湖泊系统碳循环简单模式

本文分析了贵州草海湖泊系统中的主要含碳物质－湖水DIC、表层沉积物有机质、水生植物的稳定碳同位素组成,其δ^13C值分别为：－3．70‰至－10．60‰,－20．90‰至－21．60％,－16．10‰至－17．40,通过质量平衡计算,建立了草海区域碳循环的简单模式,结果表明：对于草海这样一个水生植物茂盛的浅水富氧湖而言,光合一呼吸作用和有机质的降解对整个湖泊体系的稳定碳同位素组成具有决定性的作用。     

Molecular and carbon isotopic compositions of gas inclusions of deep carbonate rocks in the Tarim Basin

Gaseous components of gas inclusions in deep carbonate rocks (>5700 m) from the Tacan 1 well were analyzed by online mass spectrometry by means of either the stepwise heating technique or vacuum electromagnetism crushing. The carbon isotopic compositions of gases released by vacuum electromagnetism crushing were also measured. Although the molecular compositions of gas inclusions show differences between the two methods, the overall characteristics are that gas inclusions mainly contain CO2, whilst hydrocarbon gases, such as CH4, C2H6 and C3H8, are less abundant. The content of CO is higher in the stepwise heating experiment than that in the method of vacuum electromagnetism crushing, and there are only minor amounts of N2, H2 and O2 in gas inclusions. Methane δ13C values of gas inclusions in Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian rocks (from 5713.7 to 6422 m; -52‰-63‰) are similar to those of bacterial methane, but their chemical compositions do not exhibit the dry character in comparison with biogenic gases. These characteristics of deep gas inclusions may be related to the migration fractionation. Some deep natural gases with light carbon isotopic characteristics in the Tazhong Uplift may have a similar origin. The δ13C1 values of gas inclusions in Lower Cambrian rocks (7117-7124 m) are heavier (-39‰), consistent with highly mature natural gases. Carbon isotopic compositions of CO2 in the gas inclusions of deep carbonate rocks are similar (from -4‰ to -13‰) to those of deep natural gases, indicating predominantly an inorganic origin.     

13C/12C ratios of rocks and inclusions in popping rocks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and their bearing on the problem of isotopic composition of deep-seated carbon

CO₂-rich inclusions recovered from “popping” and related tholeiitic rocks from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge have δ¹³C values of ?7.6 ± 0.5%. relative to PDB. δ¹³C values of total carbon in the same rocks range from ?12 to ?13.7‰. These values are discussed in the light of the known δ¹³C variations in rocks of deep-seated origin. The ?7.6‰ value is interpreted as a reasonable estimate of the primary value of δ¹³C of deep-seated carbon in the ridge area.     

Tectonic control of bioalteration in modern and ancient oceanic crust as evidenced by carbon isotopes

Abstract We review the carbon‐isotope data for finely disseminated carbonates from bioaltered, glassy pillow rims of basaltic lava flows from in situ slow‐ and intermediate‐spreading oceanic crust of the central Atlantic Ocean (CAO) and the Costa Rica Rift (CRR). The δ¹³C values of the bioaltered glassy samples from the CAO show a large range, between ?17 and +3‰ (Vienna Peedee belemnite standard), whereas those from the CRR define a much narrower range, between ?17‰ and ?7‰. This variation can be interpreted as the product of different microbial metabolisms during microbial alteration of the glass. In the present study, the generally low δ¹³C values (less than ?7‰) are attributed to carbonate precipitated from microbially produced CO₂ during oxidation of organic matter. Positive δ¹³C values >0‰ likely result from lithotrophic utilization of CO₂ by methanogenic Archaea that produce CH₄ from H₂ and CO₂. High production of H₂ at the slow‐spreading CAO crust may be a consequence of fault‐bounded, high‐level serpentinized peridotites near or on the sea floor, in contrast to the CRR crust, which exhibits a layer‐cake pseudostratigraphy with much less faulting and supposedly less H₂ production. A comparison of the δ¹³C data from glassy pillow margins in two ophiolites interpreted to have formed at different spreading rates supports this interpretation. The Jurassic Mirdita ophiolite complex in Albania shows a structural architecture similar to that of the slow‐spreading CAO crust, with a similar range in δ¹³C values of biogenic carbonates. The Late Ordvician Solund–Stavfjord ophiolite complex in western Norway exhibits structural and geochemical evidence for evolution at an intermediate‐spreading mid‐ocean ridge and displays δ¹³C signatures in biogenic carbonates similar to those of the CRR. Based on the results of this comparative study, it is tentatively concluded that the spreading rate‐dependent tectonic evolution of oceanic lithosphere has a significant control on the evolution of microbial life and hence on the δ¹³C biosignatures preserved in disseminated biogenic carbonates in glassy, bioaltered lavas.     

Fluid mixing as the mechanism of formation of the Dajing Cu-Sn-Ag-Pb-Zn ore deposit,Inner Mongolia ——Fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence

Since the 1990s, interest in the magmatic fluids and their relation to mineralization has been re-aroused[1—6]. Studies on stable isotopes of low-sulfidation deposits commonly show the predominance of meteoric water[7]. Paradoxically, the evidence for me…     

Factors controlling stable oxygen,hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios in regional groundwater of the eastern United Arab Emirates (UAE)

Increasing groundwater salinity and depletion of the aquifers are major concerns in the UAE. Isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon concentrations in groundwater were used to estimate evaporation loss using the isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, and using a carbon isotope to trace inorganic carbon cycling in two main aquifers in the eastern part of the United Arab Emirates. The δD‐δ¹⁸O of groundwater samples plotted on a line given by: δD = 4 δ¹⁸O + 4 ·4 (r² = 0·4). In comparison, the local meteoric water line (LMWL) has been defined by the line: δD = 8 δ¹⁸O + 15. In order to better understand the system investigated, samples were separated into two groups based on the δD‐δ¹⁸O relationship. These are (1) samples that plot above the LMWL (δD = 6·1 δ¹⁸O + 12·4, r² = 0·8) and which are located predominantly in the north of the study area, and (2) samples that plot below the LMWL (δD = 5·6 δ¹⁸O + 6·2, r² = 0·8) and which are mostly distributed in the south. Slopes for both the groups are similar and lower than that for LMWL indicating potential evaporation of recharging water. However, the y‐intercept, which differs between the two groups, suggests evaporation of return flow and evapotranspiration in the unsaturated zone to be more significant in the south. This is attributed to intense agricultural activities in the region. Samples from the eastern Gravel Plain aquifer have δ¹³C and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) values in the range from ? 10 to 17‰, and 12–100 mg C/l, respectively, while the range for those from the Ophiolite aquifer is from ? 11 to ? 16.4‰, and 16–114 mg C/l respectively. This suggests the control of C‐3 and C‐4 plants on DIC formation, an observation supported by the range δ¹³C of soil organic matter (from ? 18·5 to ? 22·1‰.) Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fingerprinting TCE in a bedrock aquifer using compound-specific isotope analysis

A dual isotope approach based on compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of carbon (C) and chlorine (Cl) was used to identify sources of persistent trichloroethylene (TCE) that caused the shut-down in 1994 of a municipal well in an extensive fractured dolostone aquifer beneath Guelph, Ontario. Several nearby industrial properties have known subsurface TCE contamination; however, only one has created a comprehensive monitoring network in the bedrock. The impacted municipal well and many monitoring wells were sampled for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), inorganic parameters, and CSIA. A wide range in isotope values was observed at the study site. The TCE varies between -35.6‰ and -21.8‰ and from 1.6‰ to 3.2‰ for δ(13) C and δ(37) Cl, respectively. In case of cis-1,2-dichloroethene, the isotope values range between -36.3‰ and -18.9‰ and from 2.4‰ to 4.7‰ for δ(13) C and δ(37) Cl, respectively. The dual isotope approach represented by a plot of δ(13) C vs. δ(37) Cl shows the municipal well samples grouped in a domain clearly separate from all other samples from the property with the comprehensive well network. The CSIA results collected under non-pumping and short-term pumping conditions thus indicate that this particular property, which has been studied intensively for several years, is not a substantial contributor of the TCE presently in the municipal well under non-pumping conditions. This case study demonstrates that CSIA signatures would have been useful much earlier in the quest to examine sources of the TCE in the municipal well if bedrock monitoring wells had been located at several depths beneath each of the potential TCE-contributing properties. Moreover, the CSIA results show that microbial reductive dechlorination of TCE occurs in some parts of the bedrock aquifer. At this site, the use of CSIA for C and Cl in combination with analyses of VOC and redox parameters proved to be important due to the complexity introduced by biodegradation in the complex fractured rock aquifer. It is highly recommended to revisit the study when the municipal well is back into full operation.     

Carbon isotope ratios of C4 plants in loess areas of North China

Carbon isotope ratios (δ ¹³C) of 89 C₄ plant samples were determined from the loess area in North China. δ ¹³C values vary between −10.5‰ and −14.6‰ with a mean of −12.6‰. Along a precipitation gradient from the semi-moist area to the semiarid area, then to the arid area, the δ ¹³C values of C₄ plants show a slight decreasing trend. The δ ¹³C values of C₄ plants in the dry season are found lower than those in the wet season. These trends are opposite to those observed for C₃ species.     

Bioattenuation in groundwater impacted by landfill leachate traced with δ13C

The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound-specific measurement of δ(13)C in carbon species, including CH(4), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (~1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ(13)C(DIC) evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (~10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ(13)C(CH4) measurements in deeper groundwater range down to -51‰ compared with -60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than -40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH(4) to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ(13)C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.     

Climatic implications of D/H ratios of meteoric water over North America (9500–22,000 B.P.) as inferred from ancient wood cellulose CH hydrogen

δD and δ¹³C values have been measured for the unexchangeable hydrogen and the total carbon of cellulose extracted from 40 North American¹⁴C-dated trees that range in age from 9500 to 22,000 years B.P.Meteoric waters which precipitated over ice-free regions of North America in the interval 14,000–22,000 B.P. had more positive δD values than corresponding modern waters by an average of 19‰. Lower ocean temperatures and smaller temperature gradients than exist at present between ocean and ice-free North America are indicated for the late Wisconsin glacial maximum. This is compatible with warmer winters and cooler summers for this glacial period. The δD value of the North American ice sheet during the Late Wisconsin maximum was approximately ?100‰ as determined from the inferred δD values of the waters of proglacial lakes Agassiz and Whittlesey. From this figure the increase in δ¹⁸O of the oceans during the glacial maximum can be calculated to have been +0.8‰. At the point where they began to move over the ice, air masses supplying moisture to the North American ice sheet contained a little more than 50% of their original moisture content, which is a much greater percentage than exists in air masses supplying the modern Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. This relatively vapor-rich air coupled with lower summer temperatures, which reduced ablation, probably contributed to the maintenance and growth of the ice sheet.The transition from glacial to interglacial conditions on North America was rapid and occurred within a 2000–3000-year interval. However, the transition may not have been synchronous over North America.A 40-year δD record in a spruce branch from the Two Creeks (Wisconsin) forest (～11,800 B.P.) shows large variations which suggest an unusual hydrologic environment in the area of the tree.Cellulose δ¹³C values range between ?20.8 and ?25.9‰, but do not correlate with δD variations for the samples analyzed in this work. Thus, climatic significance of δ¹³C variations cannot be resolved from these data.     

Distribution and sources of sedimentary organic matter in a tropical estuary,south west coast of India (Cochin estuary): A baseline study

Surface sediments samples were collected from 9 stations of the Cochin estuary during the monsoon, post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons and were analyzed for grain size, total organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and stable isotopic ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) to identify major sources of organic matter in surface sediments. Sediment grain size is found to be the key factor influencing the organic matter accumulation in surface sediments. The δ¹³C values ranges from ?27.5‰ to ?21.7‰ in surface sediments with a gradual increase from inner part of the estuary to the seaward side that suggest an increasing contribution of marine autogenous organic matter towards the seaward side. The δ¹⁵N value varies between 3.1‰ and 6.7‰ and it exhibits complex spatial and seasonal distributions in the study area. It is found that the dynamic cycling of nitrogen through various biogeochemical and organic matter degradation processes modifies the OC/TN ratios and δ¹⁵N to a considerable degree. The fraction of terrestrial organic matter in the total organic matter pool ranges from 13% to 74% in the surface sediments as estimated by δ¹³C based two end member mixing model.     

The δ13C–δ18O variations in marble in the Hida Belt,Japan

Marble has a great potential to understand a history of various geological events occurring during tectonic processes. In order to decode metamorphic–metasomatic records on C–O isotope compositions of marble at mid-crustal conditions, we conducted a C–O–Sr isotope study on upper amphibolite-facies marbles and a carbonate–silicate rock from the Hida Belt, which was once a part of the crustal basement of the East Asian continental margin. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of calcite from marbles (Kamioka area) and a carbonate–silicate rock (Wadagawa area) show a large variation of δ¹³C [VPDB] and δ¹⁸O [VSMOW] values (from −4.4 to +4.2 ‰ and +1.6 to +20.8 ‰, respectively). The low δ¹³C values of calcites from the carbonate–silicate rock (from −4.4 to −2.9 ‰) can be explained by decarbonation (CO₂ releasing) reactions; carbon–oxygen isotope modeling suggests that a decrease of δ¹³C strongly depends on the amount of silicate reacting with carbonates. The occurrence of metamorphic clinopyroxene in marbles indicates that all samples have been affected by decarbonation reactions. All δ¹⁸O values of calcites are remarkably lower than the marine-carbonate values. The large δ¹⁸O variation can be explained by the isotope exchange via interactions between marble, external fluids, and/or silicates. Remarkably low δ¹⁸O values of marbles that are lower than mantle value (~+5 ‰) suggest the interaction with meteoric water at a later stage. Sr isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.707255–0.708220) might be close to their protolith values. One zircon associated with wollastonite in a marble thin-section yields a U–Pb age of 222 ± 3 Ma, which represents the timing of the recrystallization of marble, triggered by H₂O-rich fluid infiltration at a relatively high-temperature condition. Our isotope study implies that the upper amphibolite-facies condition, like the Hida Belt, might be appropriate to cause decarbonation reactions which can modify original isotope compositions of marble if carbonates react with silicates.     

Methane Production and Isotopic Fingerprinting in Ethanol Fuel Contaminated Sites

Biodegradation of organic compounds in groundwater can be a significant source of methane in contaminated sites. Methane might accumulate in indoor spaces posing a hazard. The increasing use of ethanol as a gasoline additive is a concern with respect to methane production since it is easily biodegraded and has a high oxygen demand, favoring the development of anaerobic conditions. This study evaluated the use of stable carbon isotopes to distinguish the methane origin between gasoline and ethanol biodegradation, and assessed the occurrence of methane in ethanol fuel contaminated sites. Two microcosm tests were performed under anaerobic conditions: one test using ethanol and the other using toluene as the sole carbon source. The isotopic tool was then applied to seven field sites known to be impacted by ethanol fuels. In the microcosm tests, it was verified that methane from ethanol (δ¹³C = −11.1‰) is more enriched in ¹³C, with δ¹³C values ranging from −20‰ to −30‰, while the methane from toluene (δ¹³C = −28.5‰) had a carbon isotopic signature of −55‰. The field samples had δ¹³C values varying over a wide range (−10‰ to −80‰), and the δ¹³C values allowed the methane source to be clearly identified in five of the seven ethanol/gasoline sites. In the other two sites, methane appears to have been produced from both sources. Both gasoline and ethanol were sources of methane in potentially hazardous concentrations and methane could be produced from organic acids originating from ethanol along the groundwater flow system even after all the ethanol has been completed biodegraded.     

Water isotopes and hydrograph separation in different glacial catchments in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau

Snow and glaciers are known to be important sources for freshwater; nevertheless, our understanding of the hydrological functioning of glacial catchments remains limited when compared with lower altitude catchments. In this study, a temperate glacial region located in the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau is selected to analyse the characteristics of δ¹⁸O and δD in different water sources and the contribution of glacier–snow meltwater to streamflow. The results indicate that the δ¹⁸O of river water ranges from ?16.2‰ to ?10.2‰ with a mean of ?14.1‰ and that the δD values range from ?117.0‰ to ?68.0‰ with a mean of ?103.1‰. These values are more negative than those of glacier–snow meltwater but less negative than those of precipitation. The d ‐excess values are found to decrease from meltwater to river to lake/reservoir water as a result of evaporation. On the basis of hydrograph separation, glacier–snow meltwater accounts for 51.5% of river water in the Baishui catchment in the melting season. In the Yanggong catchment, snow meltwater contributes 47.9% to river water in the premonsoon period, and glacier meltwater contributes only 6.8% in the monsoon period. The uncertainty in hydrograph separation is sensitive to the variation of tracer concentrations of streamflow components. The input of meltwater to a water system varies with local climate and glacier changes. The results confirm that hydrograph separation using water isotopes is valuable for evaluating the recharge sources of rivers, especially in ungauged glacial regions. This study provides insights into the hydrological processes of glacial catchments on the Tibetan Plateau, which is important for water resource management.     

Changes in carbon and nitrogen cycling in a floodplain lake over recent decades linked to littoral expansion,declining riverine influx,and eutrophication

This study aimed to understand changes in the biogeochemical processing of organic matter (OM) in response to multiple stressors (e.g., littoral area expansion, wastewater input, and hydrological regulation) in East Dongting Lake (Central China) over the past 60 years, using analyses of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratios, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and diatoms from 2 sediment cores collected from the littoral and central parts of the lake. OM mainly originated from phytoplankton and C₃ plant‐derived soil OM based on the ranges of C/N ratios (from 7 to 11) and δ¹³C (between ?27‰ and ?23‰). Littoral area expansion due to siltation caused an increasing influx of terrestrial soil OM in the 1980s and the 1990s, subsequently lowering δ¹³C values and rising C/N ratios in both sediment cores. Meanwhile, higher δ¹⁵N was linked to a high influx of isotopically heavy nitrate from urban and agricultural wastewaters. After 2000, slight decreases in TOC and TN in the littoral area were attributable to reducing inputs of external OM, likely linked to declining sediment influx from the upper reaches resulting from the Three Gorges Dam impoundment. Contrasting increases in TOC, TN, and C/N ratios in the central part indicated a high influx of terrestrial soil OM due to the declining distance from the shoreline with littoral area expansion. Declining δ¹⁵N values after 2000 indicated an increase in N₂‐fixing cyanobacteria with eutrophication. Changes in diatom assemblages in both the littoral and central zones reflected nutrient enrichment and hydrological alterations. These results indicate that littoral expansion, declining riverine influx, and anthropogenic nutrient inputs are potential driving forces for the biogeochemical processing of OM in floodplain lakes. This study provides sedimentary biogeochemical clues for tracking past limnological conditions of floodplain lakes that are subjected to increasing disturbances from hydrological regulation and eutrophication.     

Carbon isotope fractionation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) due to outgassing of carbon dioxide from a headwater stream

The stable isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C‐DIC) was investigated as a potential tracer of streamflow generation processes at the Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont, USA. Downstream sampling showed δ¹³C‐DIC increased between 3–5‰ from the stream source to the outlet weir approximately 0·5 km downstream, concomitant with increasing pH and decreasing PCO₂. An increase in δ¹³C‐DIC of 2·4 ± 0·1‰ per log unit decrease of excess PCO₂ (stream PCO₂ normalized to atmospheric PCO₂) was observed from downstream transect data collected during snowmelt. Isotopic fractionation of DIC due to CO₂ outgassing rather than exchange with atmospheric CO₂ may be the primary cause of increased δ¹³C‐DIC values downstream when PCO₂ of surface freshwater exceeds twice the atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Although CO₂ outgassing caused a general increase in stream δ¹³C‐DIC values, points of localized groundwater seepage into the stream were identified by decreases in δ¹³C‐DIC and increases in DIC concentration of the stream water superimposed upon the general downstream trend. In addition, comparison between snowmelt, early spring and summer seasons showed that DIC is flushed from shallow groundwater flowpaths during snowmelt and is replaced by a greater proportion of DIC derived from soil CO₂ during the early spring growing season. Thus, in spite of effects from CO₂ outgassing, δ¹³C of DIC can be a useful indicator of groundwater additions to headwater streams and a tracer of carbon dynamics in catchments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Extreme short‐term stable isotope variability revealed by continuous rainwater analysis

The continuous real‐time analysis, at 30‐s intervals, of precipitation at an Australian tropical location revealed extreme and rapidly changing δ¹⁸O and δD values related to variations in moisture source areas, transport paths and precipitation histories. The range of δ¹⁸O (?19.6‰ to +2.6‰) and δD (?140‰ to +13‰) values from 5948 measurements of nine rain events over 15 days during an 8‐month period at a single location was comparable with the range measured in 1532 monthly samples from all seven Australian Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation stations from 1962 to 2002. Extreme variations in δ¹⁸O (?8.7‰ to ?19.6‰) and δD (?54‰ to ?140‰) were recorded within a single 4‐h period. Real‐time stable isotope monitoring of precipitation at a high temporal resolution enables new and powerful tracer applications in climatology, hydrology, ecophysiology and palaeoclimatology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

贺兰山中段震旦系盖帽白云岩的沉积特征、区域对比及意义

2011年,作者在贺兰山中段腰坝配件厂地区进行1∶5万区域地质调查时发现了震旦系盖帽白云岩,进而研究了其沉积特征、碳氧同位素组成和时代,并与该区紫花沟兔儿坑组白云岩、华南和华北地台南缘相应地层进行对比.结果表明,盖帽白云岩为含陆源细碎屑白云岩,与兔儿坑组白云岩相近;其δ13C值为-4.7‰～0.79‰,且自下而上呈下降趋势;其时代与华南震旦系下、中部相当,与华北地台南缘震旦系罗圈组的沉积特征和古地理环境相近;与全球Gaskiers冰期有相关性.这对华北地台的古构造、古地理、古气候及动物演化“源头”的研究有重要意义.     

Ore fluid of the Tieluping silver deposit of Henan Province and its illustration of the tectonic model for collisional petrogenesis,metallogenesis and fluidization

The Tieluping silver deposit, located in the NE-trending faults within the metamorphic basement of the Xiong'er Mountain, is a typical altered fracture type deposit. Its ore-forming process includes three stages with temperatures concentrated at 373°C, 223°C and 165°C respectively. With δD=90‰,\(\delta ^{13} C_{CO_2 } \)=2.0‰ and δ{si18}O=8094‰, the early stage fluid was generated from reworking and metamorphism of the carbonate rich formation; the late one, with δD=?70‰,\(\delta ^{13} C_{CO_2 } \)=-1.2‰, δ¹⁸O=1.89‰, was meteoric hydrothermal solution; and the middle. δD=?109‰,\(\delta ^{13} C_{CO_2 } \)=0.1‰, δ¹⁸O=1.79‰, might be a hybrid mixed by reworking-metamorphic fluid and meteoric hydrothermal solution. Crystallized rapidly in the condition of fluid-boiling and fluid-mixing, the middle stage minerals have far more fluid inclusions with higher content of ions, higher ratios of H₂O/CO₂ and KN/MC. Consequently, they have much more ore elements such as gold compared with those of the early and late stages. It was the northward intracontinental subduction along the Machaoying fault during the Mesozoic collision between the South China and North China paleocontinents that intrigued large-scale fluidization and magmatism and led to the appearance of more than 10 large and medium hydrothermal deposits, including the Tieluping silver deposit. The study on ore-forming fluidization of the Tieluping silver deposit proves the CPMF model.