苗期中国对虾幼体异养细菌区系及其变化与病害发生的关系

研究了2个育苗场不同发育期的中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)幼体的异养菌和弧菌种群变化的动态过程。以典型特征法、BIOLOGGN法和数值分类法对菌株进行鉴定。结果表明，对虾幼体样品中所分离的细菌，大多是革兰氏阴性杆菌。鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)和弧菌属(Vibrio)。弧菌属主要为溶藻弧菌(Vibrioal-ginozyticus)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)。在对虾幼体发育早期，假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)和气单胞菌(Aeromonas)占优势，随着对虾幼体的发育，弧菌(Vibrio)渐成为优势，其中溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)优势明显。二者的消长与苗期病害的发生相关，溶藻弧菌总是在虾幼体健康时出现或成为优势，而哈维氏弧菌成为优势时，苗期病害容易发生。     

星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)养殖群体的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对星斑川鲽养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了研究。将实验用星斑川鲽养殖群体的活鱼苗解剖,取其肌肉,高盐法抽提获得总DNA,质量鉴定和浓度测定后用随机引物进行PCR扩增,从20个随机引物中筛选出18个用于群体遗传学分析,共扩增出133条带,谱带大小为100~2 000 bp,大多数谱带分布在250~1 000bp。多态谱带数为83,每个引物扩增谱带数为1~14条,平均为7条。多态谱带比例为62.41%,Shannon的信息指数和Nei的多样性指数分别为0.21和0.316 6。     

A non-destructive assessment of the exposure of crabs to PAH using ELISA analyses of their urine and haemolymph

Urine and haemolymph can be repeatedly sampled from crabs with no (or limited) damage to the organism. Their analysis offers a measure of the animals' exposure to biologically available contaminants. Shore crabs (Carcinus maenas) were exposed to the PAHs phenanthrene and pyrene at concentrations ranging from 20 to 200 microg l(-1). After 48 h, urine and haemolymph samples were taken and analysed using ELISA and UV-fluorescence spectrophotometry. High correlations were recorded between the two sets of results from the urine analyses (r2 = 0.83 for phenanthrene and r2 = 0.88 for pyrene). Contaminant concentrations were much lower in haemolymph than in the urine. Analyses of urine taken from crabs collected from clean and contaminated sites confirm the suitability of these analyses for environmentally exposed organisms. Again, a good correlation was recorded between the ELISA and spectrofluorimetric analysis (r2 = 0.83). In this instance, difficulties were experienced with haemolymph analyses owing to a lack of sensitivity.     

莱州湾东部沙波地貌分布特征及其形成演化

由2009年海底地形地貌调查资料,对莱州湾东部海底沙波的分布和形成进行探讨研究。结果发现：该地区发育大面积海底沙波地形,沙波主要为二维直线型沙波,陡峭度为0．001,对称指数为1．2,对称指数较好。沙波的形成和海底坡度以及水深有密切关系,在平坦海底易于形成,且与水深有一定的负相关关系。莱州湾东部沙波是10m等深线的古海...     

闽东沿岸2004～2006年浮游植物生态特征研究

根据闽东海洋环境监测中心2004年-2006年阂东沿岸生态调查的资料，分析和研究了闽东沿岸浮游植物的生态特征．共鉴定出浮游植物的种类3个门39属共134种，其中硅藻门的种类占总种数的80％，为该调查海域主要门类．主要优势种是中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）、旋链角毛藻（Chaetoceros curvisetus）、尖刺拟菱形藻（Pseudo—nitzschia pungens）和丹麦细柱藻（Leptocylindrus danicus）等．浮游植物的丰度分布，呈现由调查海域东北侧向西南侧、由近岸向远岸减少的空间特征，夏季高、春季低的季节变化特点，并且有逐年减少的年际变化趋势．本调查海域浮游植物多样性指数较高，群落较稳定．     

Contaminant concentrations and toxicity of sea-surface microlayer near Los Angeles, California

Sea-surface microlayer samples were collected from six nearshore areas receiving different amounts of anthropogenic inputs. The samples were analyzed for selected trace metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicities of the samples were determined with fish embryo bioassays.Contaminant concentrations generally increased from offshore to the inshore stations. Contaminant concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher in microlayer samples from the highly industrialized Los Angeles and Long Beach harbors compared to samples from a site 15km offshore. Microlayer samples from the inshore stations were significantly more toxic, and induced significantly more developmental abnormalities and chromosome aberrations, than samples from the offshore stations.     

一种新型复合生物制品对大菱鲆生长性能的影响

将利用自主技术研发的一种新型复合生物制品作为添加剂添加到大菱鲆的基础饲料中,探讨其对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximusL.)生长性能的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加不同质量分数的复合生物制品,包括不添加(A组)、1.0%(B组)、2.5%(C组)、5.0%(D组)进行饲喂试验,分别从每组随机抽取鱼体,测定其生长指标和鱼体生化组成。研究发现,B组、C组和D组的试验鱼的成活率、增重率、特定生长率、体长和全长增长率、饲料利用率和肥满度等指标均不同程度地优于A组的;另外,与A组比较,B组、C组和D组鱼体的水分、粗蛋白质量分数有所提高,而粗脂肪、灰分含量小幅下降。结果表明,在大菱鲆生长的配合饲料中,复合生物制品各有效成分组合添加后优势互补,表现出优良的促生长和提高饲料利用率作用,还能够在一定程度上改善鱼体的营养成分和增强肌肉品质,适宜添加量为2.5%。     

南大西洋沉积物中多环芳香化合物的组成特征研究

10 samples of sediments obtained from the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge were measured for the abundances and distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds(PAHs). The total concentrations of PAHs(∑PAHs) ranged from 2.768 to 9.826 μg/g dry sediment. The ∑PAHs was higher in sample 22V-TVG10 and sample 26V-TVG05 which were close to hydrothermal fields, with the lowest value in sample 22V-TVG14 which was farthest from hydrothermal fields, suggesting a probable hydrothermal origin of ∑PAHs of samples. Approximately nine kinds of PAHs were identified, and low molecular mass tricyclic and tetracyclic aromatic compounds were predominant in the samples. The concentrations of fluoranthene which were typical as hydrothermal alteration compounds were the highest among PAHs with dry weight between 0.913–3.157 μg/g. The phenanthrene homologue was most abundant in the samples, and the ratios between parent phenanthrene and methylphenanthrene which probably reflected the degree of hydrothermal alteration ranged from 0.097 to 1.602. The sample 22V-TVG10 possessing a maximum ratio value showed the intense influence of the hydrothermal alteration on this sample, which might further imply that PAHs in sediments were mainly derived from the hydrothermal alteration.     

Characterization of marine microplankton communities of Qingdao coastal areas using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD）

Microplankton communities of three coastal sites of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China were investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers and morphological observations. Eight RAPD-primers were selected to amplify the DNA polymorphy. The genetic distances inferred from the pairwise similari-ties were calculated for the phylogenetic tree construction. Meantime, the traditional microscopic determination, a way of visualizing the species composition, was performed to detect the major taxa of microplanktons from all samples. Results showed that: (1) the band sharing index values were in the range of 0. 504 2-0. 763 2 among samples from the same sampling site at different time scales, while 0.406 5-0.685 7 among the samples from different stations at the same time scales, indicating that spatial variations of microplankton communities were more pronounced than temporal ones; (2) samples from the same station basically clustered together, cor-responding to the geographic distribution of the sampling sites; (3) diversity derived from genetic and morpho-logical data did not correspond with each other well.     

Characterization of marine microplankton communities of Qingdao coastal areas using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)

Microplankton communities of three coastal sites of Qingdao, Shandong Province, China were investigated using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) molecular markers and morphological observations. Eight RAPDprimers were selected to amplify the DNA polymorphy. The genetic distances inferred from the pairwise similarities were calculated for the phylogenetic tree construction. Meantime, the traditional microscopic determination, a way of visualizing the species composition, was performed to detect the major taxa of microplanktons from all samples. Results showed that: (1) the band sharing index values were in the range of 0.504 2—0.763 2 among samples from the same sampling site at different time scales, while 0.406 5—0.685 7 among the samples from different stations at the same time scales, indicating that spatial variations of microplankton communities were more pronounced than temporal ones; (2) samples from the same station basically clustered together, corresponding to the geographic distribution of the sampling sites; (3) diversity derived from genetic and morphological data did not correspond with each other well.     

九龙江口红树植物分子分类的初步研究

本研究工作以福建九龙江口龙海红树林自然保护区浮宫种苗园内7种红树植物为材料，采用改进的CTAB法获得了纯度较高(A260/A280在1.6～2.0之间)，得率高(DNA平均得率约为120×10－6m/m，FreshWeight)，片段完整(片段大小约为23kb左右)的基因组DNA，并运用RAPD技术对这7种红树植物进行了遗传多样性分析．从30个10-mer随机引物中筛选出9个有效引物，并利用这9个有效引物共扩增出352条DNA带.利用UPGMA法对红树植物的7个种间的亲缘关系进行聚类分析，得出7个种的DNA分子分类系统图,并与传统的分类进行比较,发现结果相符，从而确定了RAPD技术用于红树植物分子分类研究的可行性，并为从分子水平研究红树植物遗传多样性,保护、开发和利用红树林资源提供科学依据.     

几株原甲藻核糖体大亚基RNA基因的部分克隆及序列分析

对7株赤潮原甲藻28S rDNA 5'端部分序列进行扩增、克隆和序列测定,并从GeneBank上获取14个原甲藻28S rDNA序列,用NJ法和ME法构建了原甲藻属的系统树,并对序列进行分析.结果表明,7株原甲藻28S rDNA扩增序列长度为950~958 bp,通过NJ法和ME法构建的系统树完全一致.大部分分离自不同海域的同种原甲藻的序列高度保守,而不同种间在序列高变区却有较大的差异.但来自南海海域的海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)与分离自其他海域的株系序列差异较大,甚至超出了有些种间的差异.由28S rDNA高变区获得的序列,有望成为浮游植物特异性分子探针设计的良好靶区域.     

Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount

Spatial distribution, diversity, and composition of bacterial communities within the shallow sub-seafloor at the deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Western Pacific Ocean, were investigated. Fluids were sampled from four boreholes in this area. Each borehole was located near or away from active vents, the distance ranging 2–40 m from active vents. In addition, fluids discharging from a natural vent and ambient seawater were sampled in this area. We extracted DNA from each sample, amplified bacterial 16S rRNA genes by PCR, cloned the PCR products and sequenced. The total number of clones analyzed was 348. Most of the detected phylotypes were affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria, of which the detection frequency in each clone library ranged from 84.6% to 100%. The bacterial community diversity and composition were different between hydrothermal fluids and seawater, between fluids from the boreholes and the vent, and even among fluids from each borehole. The relative abundances of the phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira, Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were significantly different among fluids from each borehole. The phylotypes related to Thiomicrospira and Alcanivorax were detected in all of the boreholes and vent samples. Our findings provide insights into bacterial communities in the shallow sub-seafloor environments at active deep-sea hydrothermal vent fields.     

Measurement of seabed sound speeds from head waves in shallow water

Acoustic signals from small explosive charges have been measured with sonobuoys on twelve tracks in Australian northern shallow waters with the aim of assessing whether useful geoacoustic information could be obtained. Using the frequency band from 14 to 70 Hz, travel times of head waves were monitored, and the sound speeds and depths of corresponding interfaces in the seabed were derived. The water sound speed varied a little with range, and its depth dependence was allowed for by using its average value. Head waves from interfaces indistinguishable from the seafloor (the water/seabed interface) were detected on only three of the tracks, with derived sound speeds of 2100 to 2300 m/s. The first sub-bottom interfaces were from 50 to 600 m beneath the seafloor, and their sound speeds ranged from around 2000 m/s to 6400 m/s. Thus the head waves were from chalk or limestone, cemented sediments in which sound-speed gradients would be small. The amount of data obtained for the seafloor was limited by incoherence of the signals and, for some tracks, by excessive spacing between shots. The incoherence is generally attributed to multiple head waves that are individually unresolvable, while on two tracks there were indications of medal ground waves. Occasional anomalous data were obtained, but generally the assumptions of the simple interpretation method were found to be valid. Since no curvature in the range-time lines was observed, there was no evidence of sub-bottom sound-speed gradients being significant     

北仑河口柱状沉积物粒度特征

根据北仑河口3个钻孔柱状沉积物的粒度分析结果,结合14C测年和210Pb测年资料,分析了钻孔沉积物的粒度特征,结果表明：KL1柱样沉积物主要为粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、中细砂、细中砂,沉积物由下到上由细到粗再变细,经历了2个沉积变化;KL2柱样沉积物单一,为细中砂;KL3柱样沉积物由下到上依次为砾石、砂砾、粗中砂、细中砂、砾砂、粉砂质砂、粘土质粉砂、砂-粉砂-粘土,沉积物粒度由下到上逐步细化,该孔早期离物源较近.3个孔的沉积物分选大多很差,反映当时水动力作用较强或者离物源较近.这些沉积物类型为晚更新世末次冰期以来的沉积,记录了晚更新世以来2个沉积变化.     

一种绿色真江蓠的分子鉴定

应用rDNA-ITS和线粒体cox1片段扩增序列,分析了厦门杏林湾的2株绿色未知江蓠（Gracilaria sp.;四分孢子体GR-1和雌配子体GR-2）及2株紫褐色真江蓠（G.vermiculophylla;四分孢子体PU-1和雌配子体PU-2）.运用MEGA5.0估算了4个供试样本与GenBank中相似度最高序列的遗传距离并构建了系统发育树.ITS序列分析显示绿色未知江蓠GR-1、GR-2都与真江蓠聚集在一起,推断两者与真江蓠的亲缘关系非常近.cox1片段序列分析表明,绿色未知江蓠GR-1、GR-2和紫褐色真江蓠PU-1、PU-2都与索引的真江蓠聚集在相同类群.其中GR-1、GR-2与真江蓠JQ619142、JQ619143的相似度都为100%,它们之间的遗传距离范围在0.000～0.002,低于种群内部的遗传距离范围0.000～0.015,从分子水平上确定了绿色未知江蓠是真江蓠.联合ITS和cox1片段序列的分子标记适用于真江蓠的种质鉴定.     

长江口可培养耐(嗜)盐细菌群落结构研究

针对长江口10个站位样品,采用HM培养基和ZMCA培养基分离培养耐(嗜)盐菌,通过PCR方法获取156株细菌的16S rDNA序列。其中,由HM培养基分离获得136株菌株,可划分为33个分类单元(OUT),分属α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)3个类群,其中γ-变形菌纲为优势耐(嗜)盐细菌;靠近海岸的站点M5-1,N6-2和M4-1耐(嗜)盐细菌均属于厚壁菌门,而远离海岸的站点耐(嗜)盐细菌均属于变形菌门。以ZMCA培养基分离获得的20株菌株分属α-变形菌纲和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria),可划分为10个OTU。由HM培养基分离获得的菌株中,70.5%属于耐盐菌,29.5%属于中度嗜盐菌;由ZMCA培养基分离获得的菌株均为耐盐菌。HM培养基分离得到的136株细菌的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐还原性分析表明,亚硝酸盐还原菌数量仅为硝酸盐还原菌的1/3左右。     

The role of schizogenesis in population dynamics of Timarete filigera (Polychaeta: Cirratulidae): 2-years observations in the Port of Bari (South Adriatic Sea)

Different aspects of reproductive biology of the polychaete Timarete filigera (Delle Chiaje) were studied during a period of 2 years (from September 2002 to August 2003 and from September 2004 to August 2005). Timarete filigera specimens were collected monthly in the port of Bari (South Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea). For population analysis, regenerating and entire specimens were separately analyzed, the regenerating individuals were assigned to different categories related to the region of the body from which they derived. Regenerating individuals were present throughout the year. There were three to four times more individuals deriving from the middle part than the anterior and posterior regenerating portions. From the high percentage of regenerating individuals observed in the T. filigera population, it can be supposed that this species reproduces mainly asexually by schizogenesis. However, histological analysis revealed the presence of female gametes in a few individuals. In contrast, males were never collected, probably due to the limited number of reproductive individuals collected. The abundance has shown wide fluctuations during the year, with a decrease from Winter to Spring. The analysis of the size‐frequency histograms has shown a growing phase of whole specimens from Spring to Winter. The life cycle of the investigated species is discussed with the hypothesis that strategies could be linked to the colonized environments, agamic reproduction coupled with sexual reproduction assures the presence and expansion of the population after the colonization by a limited number of larvae.     

基于水温垂直结构的西北太平洋柔鱼栖息地模型构建

根据1998-2004年8～10月中国大陆西北太平洋柔鱼生产数据,结合对柔鱼渔场与各水层水温的分析,以作业次数为基础建立各水层水温的适应性指数(Suitability Index,SI)模型,采用算术平均法(Arithmetic Mean Model,AMM)和几何平均法(Geometric Mean Model,GMM)建立综合栖息地指数(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI)模型;并对1998-2004年8～10月的HSI值与实际作业次数、产量和单船日产量(CPUE)作比较.结果表明,8～10月,HSI＞0.6时,AMM的产量和作业次数比重分别占83.4％和80.9％,CPUE均2.1 t/d以上;GMM的产量和作业次数比重分别占73.5％和69.6％,CPUE均2.3 t/d以上.2种模型比较认为,AMM模型稍优于GMM模型.同时,利用2005年8～10月生产数据及水温资料对HSI模型进行验证.结果表明,基于水温垂直结构的栖息地指数模型能较好地预测西北太平洋中心渔场和潜在渔场.     

Microtopographical roughness of shallow-water continental shelves

High-resolution (<1 cm) roughness height measurements were made of the seafloor at seven locations on continental-shelf sediments on water depths ranging from 18 to 50 m. Roughness profiles of the sediment-water interface were digitized primarily from stereo photogrammetric measurements of varying pathlengths and increments. The data show that the root-mean-square roughness height varies from 0.3 cm for flat, featureless bottoms to 2.3 cm for rippled bottoms. Slopes of the roughness power spectra were calculated to be -1.5 to near -3.0 and depended to a large extent on contributions in higher spatial frequencies due to coarse sediments. Correlation lengths of different bottom types were estimated by using the Weiner-Khintchine theorem and examining the low-frequency behavior of the roughness spectra derived from the longest roughness profiles