土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局表征——以广东省惠州市为例

土地利用变化对生物多样性和生态过程有着深刻的影响,与城乡景观格局变化密切相关。尝试将土地利用变化驱动力——土地经济生态位的理论和方法引入到景观生态学当中,为城乡空间景观格局空间表征提供新的方法。通过选取表征景观格局指标的破碎化指数、分形维数,利用Envi4.8、Arcmap10.0,Fragstasts4.1等软件,以广东省惠州市为例,在分析土地经济生态位与景观类型、景观指数之间的关系基础上,对土地经济生态位变化下的城乡空间景观格局进行表征。结果表明：不同景观土地面积数量的增减与该类型土地经济生态位升降具有一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的景观土地面积增大,反之则减小;土地经济生态位越小,表征景观格局的景观破碎化指数、分维数指数越大,破碎化指数与分维数指数的增减与土地经济生态位升降表现出一致性的规律,土地经济生态位上升,相应的破碎化指数、分维数指数则增大,反之则减小;城乡空间景观格局变化的发生主要出现在土地经济生态位高的区域。土地经济生态位的变化是城乡景观格局变化的重要影响因子,能够很好解释城乡空间景观格局特征。     

A case study on Landscape Component Niche based on Landscape Pattern Indices: Yanchi,Ningxia Province,China

Yanchi County is located in the agro-pastoral ecotone and belongs to the ecologically fragile area of Northwest China.It is important to study the evolution of landscape pattern to curb its environmental degradation.In order to intuitively show how the landscape pattern of the study area changes over time,Landsat Thematic Mappers(TM)and Landsat Operational Land Imager(OLI)data of 1991,2000,2010 and 2017 were used.This paper attempts to apply niche theories and methods into landscape ecology,and constructs a niche model of landscape components by using"n-dimentional hypervolume niche theory"and landscape pattern indices.By evaluating the spatial and temporal evolution of niche from the perspective of two-dimensional space to reflect the changes of landscape pattern in the study area over the past 26 years,new theories and methods were introduced for the characterization of landscape pattern.The results indicate that:1)The larger the attribute and dominance value of landscape components,the higher the ecological niche and the stronger the control effect on the overall landscape.2)The ecological niche of each landscape component was significantly different,just as its control effect on the overall landscape.3)The dynamic change of the ecological niche of each landscape component was different,with grassland,unused land and arable land always in a high dominant position,although the ecological niche of construction land and water area was always low.In general,the introduction of niche theory into the landscape ecology provided a new method to study the changes in regional landscape pattern.     

土地利用变化的地形梯度特征与空间扩展——以北京市海淀区和延庆县为例

选择北京市海淀区、延庆县作为研究区,利用1992年、2002年遥感影像数据,借用地形位梯度指数,研究了土地利用变化的地形梯度特征及其空间扩展形势。研究表明:(1)海淀区建设用地受到经济和社会发展驱动明显,表现出既向低地形梯度位也向高地形梯度位扩展;但农业用地、果园因建设用地扩展受到挤压,表现为向更高地形位扩展态势;林地在高地形位得到了明显恢复,也有向更低的地形位扩张的趋势,但灌草地和未利用地在中高地形位受到林地挤压,低地形位受到农业用地、果园挤压,优势地形位明显萎缩;(2)延庆县建设用地扩展受地形位驱动作用明显,主要集中在低地形位区域;农业用地主要分布在较低地形位上,变化不大;果园在经济发展需求驱动下,向更高地形位扩展;林地在较高地形位得到较好恢复,对灌草地、未利用地产生了挤压作用,使得灌草地、未利用地在中高地形位的优势度降低,优势分布区间趋于萎缩。     

基于土地利用空间格局的兰州市景观稳定性

利用兰州市2000年和2010年两期土地利用数据,从景观结构、景观类型及景观异质性3个方面分析了研究区景观格局特征。借助主成分分析及景观格局指标对保持景观格局稳定性影响能力构建了景观格局稳定性模型,并对研究区景观格局稳定性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)近10年来兰州市景观格局发生了明显变化,主要景观类型间的转换较为频繁,且表现为明显的单向转换特征。(2)整体景观格局稳定性呈现降低趋势;各县区景观格局稳定性存在差异,榆中县永登县和皋兰县稳定性变化不大,稳定性较高的为红古区,其次是西固区、安宁区,稳定性最差的为七里河区和城关区。(3)稳定性较高的景观类型为水域及草地,稳定性较差的景观类型为建设用地。兰州市应着力提升用地潜力,提高土地集约利用程度,合理规划建设用地,保护具有生态服务功能的水域及草地等。     

近30年玉门市土地利用与景观格局变化及其驱动力

干旱内陆河流域生态环境非常脆弱,是土地利用和景观格局变化的敏感区域,也是全球环境变化响应比较突出的区域。采用1976年、1989年、2000年和2010年的Landsat遥感影像,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析方法,系统地分析了疏勒河中游玉门市的土地利用和景观格局变化的时空特征,为研究区土地可持续利用政策的制定提供参考和依据。研究结果显示:近34a来,玉门市土地利用和景观格局发生了剧烈变化,土地利用变化经历了"缓慢变化—急剧变化—显著变化"的过程。研究区景观密度增大,多样性和均匀度先减小,后增加;不同斑块间的分离度减小。农业人口增长和经济发展是玉门市土地利用景观格局变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受气候因素和政策因素的影响。     

延河流域景观格局与生态水文过程分析

延河流域作为典型的黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,水土流失是最主要的生态环境问题,其生态环境治理能为整个黄土高原生态恢复重建提供典型范例,因此评价延河流域景观格局变化对水文过程的影响,对流域景观格局与水文过程的研究具有重要的科学价值和现实意义。本文通过利用SWAT模型模拟的延河流域的41个子流域的水文响应单元,建立延河流域的“源—汇”水文响应单元景观格局指数,通过计算不同地形条件下水文响应单元随着坡度变化的面积累积百分比,构建了新的“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 综合景观指数”。并与SWAT水文模型所模拟获得的子流域径流量、产沙量进行相关性分析,评价“地形—水文响应单元 (Slope-HRU) 景观指数”对水文过程的表征能力和适用性。结果表明：在子流域尺度上Slope-HRU景观指数和产沙状况存在明显的区域分异规律,而且R值空间变异情况基本上与产沙量的空间变化规律相反,即R值呈现由南向北,由东向西递增,而产沙量由南向北,由东向西递减。R值与年产沙量在数值上呈显著相关关系,相关系数为-0.60;再将Slope-HRU景观指数与所选取的7个常用景观格局指数相结合,构成新的综合景观指数,发现它们与子流域的产沙量耦合关系明确,均显著负相关,相关系数绝对值范围为0.43~0.63。     

宁夏中部干旱带生态移民过程生态风险时空分异——以红寺堡区为例

生态移民过程具有规模性、集中性等特点,其对安置区土地利用产生最直接的变化,理论上具有显性或潜在的生态风险。以我国最大的生态扶贫移民集中区-宁夏红寺堡区为例,以1995年、2005年和2015年三期遥感数据为基础,综合运用景观格局指数、生态风险指数、空间分析法构建生态风险指数,利用ArcGIS空间分析功能对研究区生态风险的时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：1995-2015年间安置区景观格局发生较大的变化,草地面积减少29 744.04 hm²,耕地、林地、水域以及建设用地面积分别增加了18 979.73、4 167.343 6、672.193 3、4 314.280 6 hm²,沙地和未利用地变化幅度较大,但其研究始末面积变化不大。研究区景观生态风险空间分布变化明显,且呈现出由集中连片式分布转向零散式的多核地域分布的变化格局,其中高度风险区主要分布在柳泉乡的东北角、小罗山西麓地区以及大河乡的中部和西南部,较高风险区在安置区北部地区以及大河乡的中西部地区分布较为广泛,较低和低度风险区则主要分布在罗山周边地区、柳泉乡的东南部、太阳山镇的西南部以及红寺堡镇的南部等地区。研究期间安置区高生态风险区面积大幅度减少,较高风险区和低度生态风险区面积不断增加,因此生态风险总体呈减弱趋势。安置区生态风险值呈现出显著的空间正相关关系,在空间上存在着空间集聚效应,说明安置区生态风险时空分布与人类活动、土地利用强度之间关系密切。     

基于TM数据的广州市番禺区土地覆被格局分析

以覆盖番禺区1990年、1995年、2000年、2005年4个时相Landsat-TM影像为主要数据源,借助GIS手段和景观生态学方法生成土地覆被图。在数量化研究LUCC的基础上,借助景观格局指数反映番禺区4个时相土地覆被的变化机制,对土地覆被景观格局生态效应研究提供依据。研究表明:番禺区的土地利用结构在1990~1995年间处于开发调整时期,2000年后土地利用结构调整趋于成熟,土地覆被变化伴随着城市化的进程趋于平缓。研究时期内,番禺区的景观破碎度增加,土地利用结构的复杂程度也在增加,人为因素导致的土地覆被类型变化的影响逐渐替代自然作用下土地覆被类型情况。     

1989-2003年中国北方土地覆被变化

The 13 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities） in northern China are located in latitude 31°-54°N and longitude 73°-136°E including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, where environments are fragile. In recent years, the eco-environmental problems such as vegetation destruction, desertification and soil erosion etc. become serious because of climate change and unreasonable human activities. In this paper, landscape pattern and its evolution in northern China from 1989 to 2003 was investigated by the combined use of RS and GIS based on the basic theory and method of landscape ecology. Land use/cover maps of the study area in 1989, 1999 and 2003 were produced by using 1 km monthly NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） and SPOTNGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） dataset from national climate bureau of China which were geo-registered to Lambert azimuthal equal-area map projection and were used in the paper. Landscape evolution in the area over the study period was investigated by two methods： （a） the changes of various landscape metrics were analyzed using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS; （b） the transition matrix of landscape patch types was calculated with the help of the RS and GIS software. The results showed that from 1989 to 2003, the landscape within the study area had undertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The diversity index and evenness index increased during the period, which means that the landscape pattern tended to be diversified and even. The fragmentation index of grassland, forestland and water areas also increased significantly. This showed that the distribution and structure of forestland, grassland and water areas had been changed greatly during the period, especially grassland which became more and more fragmentized, and its fragmentation index increased from 19.23% to 88.72%. The transi     

2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区土地利用/覆被变化

在3S技术支持下,结合景观格局定量分析方法,基于30 m分辨率的土地利用/覆被数据,对中国退牧还草工程区2000-2010年土地利用/覆被时空分布特征进行研究。通过利用土地利用转移矩阵和动态度来判定土地利用变化的速度和区域差异,并在斑块类型和景观水平上分析研究区景观格局特征,探讨土地利用格局变化的生态效应。结果表明：①近10年来,研究区土地利用/覆被类型以草地和其他类用地为主,整体内部结构稳定少动。草地变化面积仅占2000年草地总面积的0.37%;林地、湿地、耕地和人工表面的面积均有所增加;其他类用地面积有所减少。②全区土地综合动态度均小于0.1%,土地利用/覆被变幅较小,除人工表面较活跃外,其他各类型变化相对缓慢,且各省土地利用区域差异较小。③研究区内景观基质未发生改变,区域景观破碎度递减,景观多样性水平上升,景观聚集度和连续性微弱下降,景观整体保持较完整态势。退牧还草工程的实施使土地利用/覆被结构和景观格局均得以优化。     

Spatio-temporal patterns and driving mechanism of farmland fragmentation in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Exploring the spatio-temporal variations of farmland landscape patterns in a traditional agricultural region can provide scientific support for decision-making on sustainable rural land use and rural vitalization development. This study established a comprehensive evaluation index for farmland fragmentation with multiple aspects (dominance, integrity, aggregation, regularity, and connectivity) at the county scale. The goal was to identify the evolution of farmland fragmentation in the traditional agricultural region of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain during 2000-2015 and investigate underlying drivers using panel data of 359 counties. Results showed an accelerating but fluctuating fragmentation pattern of the farmland landscape. The indexes of dominance, integrity, and aggregation of farmland decreased most sharply, while the index of connectivity increased. Furthermore, the evolution of the farmland fragmentation pattern showed significant spatio-temporal heterogeneity, which is similar to the trajectory of urbanization and land use transition. Farmland fragmentation in municipal districts also emerged earlier and was more severe than in county-level cities and counties. Factors influenced by advancing urbanization include the proportion of artificial land, population density, and proportion of primary industry; these factors drove the evolution of farmland fragmentation. In contrast, the increase in income of rural residents and production efficiency of farmland were the key factors contributing to the improvement in farmland connectivity.     

滇西北生态脆弱区土地利用变化及其生态效应 ——以云南省永胜县为例

土地利用/土地覆被变化及其生态环境效应研究是当前地理学全球变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统服务功能则是生态学、生态经济学研究的热点问题。作者利用滇西北生态脆弱区--永胜县1988年、1994年和1999年的TM遥感影像,采用景观生态学的空间格局指数分析研究区近10年来的土地利用动态变化特征,并以生态系统服务功能衡量相应土地利用类型的相对生态价值,评价区域土地利用/土地覆被变化的生态效应,尝试将二者有机结合起来。研究表明,全县景观总体构成表现为景观破碎度较高,斑块数目较多;林地和未利用地一直占很大比重,林地的不断增加与未利用地的迅速减少是研究时段内土地利用变化的突出特征;研究时段内全县土地利用变化带来了较好的生态效应,土地利用生态效益持续提高,并表现出了较大的空间差异。     

Land use change of Kitakyushu based on landscape ecology and Markov model

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes (farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land) according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

磴口县景观格局演变特征及生态网络构建

城市生态基础设施是城市可持续发展的基础,西部干旱区生态脆弱性大,县域尺度的生态基础设施网络是保证干旱区城市稳定与发展的重要保障。在快速城市化的背景下,选择西部典型生态脆弱区磴口县为研究区,运用景观格局指数、景观转移网络及核密度分析等方法,分析景观格局演变,在此基础上确定生态源地并分级,基于Cost Path模型提取生态廊道与生态节点,构建城市化背景下基于景观格局演变的磴口县生态基础设施网络。结果表明：2014年磴口县域景观破碎化程度高,景观生态流流动性差,城市与建设用地、荒漠灌木林地、耕地、沙漠之间的转移情况决定了磴口县整体景观变化的特征,2001-2014年共存在28种景观转移关系;基于Cost Path模型构建的县域尺度生态基础设施优化网络共包含391块生态源地、47 466条生态廊道和799个生态节点。针对干旱区构建的县域尺度的城区防护型生态网络,能够为磴口县城市化发展提供重要保障,对干旱区城市生态规划具有重要的参考价值。     

三江平原抚远县景观格局变化研究

基于RS和GIS技术,应用集成地形图与遥感影像(MSS和TM)数据,获得抚远县6期景观类型图;通过计算各景观类型的相对变化率、转入和转出贡献率,应用景观格局分析方法,对1954~2005年三江平原抚远县湿地农田化过程进行分析。结果表明,1986年以后,耕地成为抚远县面积最大的景观类型;1954~2005年,各景观类型中耕地的相对变化率最大,1995~2000年间其相对变化率达到10.50;湿地的相对变化率在1976~1986年最大,为1.31%,湿地转出变为耕地的贡献率较大,这主要是湿地大面积被开垦为耕地的结果。景观指数在过去50多年间都发生了明显变化,最大景观形状指数(LSI)出现在1995年,为36.99;最大Shannon多样性指数(SH-DI)出现在1986年,为1.45;最大斑块聚集度指数(CONTAG)和斑块指数(LPI)出现在2005年,分别为64.14和53.35;最大斑块周长—面积分维数(PAFRAC)出现在1954年,为1.54。大规模农业开发与景观指数变化规律存在密切关系。     

基于RS与GIS的通化地区景观格局动态变化

在RS、GIS技术的支持下,利用MSS及TM影像数据对照地形图提取了通化地区1980、1995以及2000年景观生态格局信息,并利用景观多样性、景观优势度、斑块面积变异指数、景观破碎度、斑块形状指数等对该区的整体景观格局和各县(包括县级市)景观格局以及其动态进行了定量分析。结果表明在全区范围内,各种景观类型对应景观指数存在显著差异;通过对各县级行政单位的景观指数计算表明,它们的景观格局存在明显差异;从时间序列上看,无论是整个研究区、还是各县的景观格局在1995年与1980、2000年差异较大,而1980与2000年景观格局相似。     

Land cover dynamic changes in northern China: 1989?2003

The 13 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in northern China are located in latitude 31°–54°N and longitude 73°–136°E including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, where environments are fragile. In recent years, the eco-environmental problems such as vegetation destruction, desertification and soil erosion etc. become serious because of climate change and unreasonable human activities. In this paper, landscape pattern and its evolution in northern China from 1989 to 2003 was investigated by the combined use of RS and GIS based on the basic theory and method of landscape ecology. Land use/cover maps of the study area in 1989, 1999 and 2003 were produced by using 1 km monthly NOAA Ad-vanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and SPOT/VGT Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset from national climate bureau of China which were geo-registered to Lambert azimuthal equal-area map projection and were used in the paper. Landscape evolution in the area over the study period was investigated by two methods: (a) the changes of various landscape metrics were analyzed using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS; (b) the transition matrix of landscape patch types was cal-culated with the help of the RS and GIS software. The results showed that from 1989 to 2003, the landscape within the study area had undertaken a complicated evolution in landscape structure and composition. The diversity index and evenness index increased during the pe-riod, which means that the landscape pattern tended to be diversified and even. The fragmentation index of grassland, forestland and water areas also increased significantly. This showed that the distribution and structure of forestland, grassland and water areas had been changed greatly during the period, especially grassland which became more and more fragmentized, and its fragmentation index increased from 19.23% to 88.72%. The transitions of the landscape types were mainly shown by the changes among forestland, grassland and farmland, and grassland changing into unable land. Over the study period, grassland and water areas had decreased remarkably, accounting for 15% and 37% from 1989 to 1999 and 24.79% and 49.25% from 1999 to 2003 respectively. The grassland and water resources play an important role in the eco-environment and economic development of the region. So, they must be protected carefully. According to the analysis, we can conclude that the eco-environment in the study area is obviously degenerated due to unreasonable human activities and climate changes and some measures should be taken to combat the environ-mental degradation.     

江浙沪地区土地利用变化模拟和景观格局分析

土地利用／覆被变化对于生态系统多样性和区域生态经济系统可持续性具有深远的影响。本文基于地理信息技术,以江浙沪地区土地利用遥感解译数据为基础,采用景观格局分析法分析了江浙沪地区的景观格局特征;运用CA—Markov模型对江浙沪地区土地利用时空变化进行了模拟。1980-2005年期间,江浙沪地区景观格局变化特征是建设用地增加迅速,耕地集聚减少,建设用地增加主要来自耕地转移,其贡献率达到93．11％。各类斑块类型的破碎度提高;林地和建设用地斑块平均分维数增加,斑块形状趋于复杂,斑块空间分布趋于集中。总体景观破碎度不断提高,景观多样性和景观异质性增加,景观均匀度有所提升：2005年CA—Markov模型模拟结果和遥感解译数据具有高度一致性,Kappa指数达到91％,2010年和2015年模拟结果显示,耕地减少和建设用地增加趋势显著,耕地和林地的减少呈加速状态,建设用地增加的速度降低。未来发展需提高土地利用效率和注重生态格局安全,在提高城市化水平的同时又能兼顾生态保护,以提高区域可持续发展能力。     

滇西北高原湿地区土地利用变化特征

湿地景观格局的动态变化与区域土地利用/覆盖格局的变化有着十分紧密的联系。以纳帕海、碧塔海和属都湖三块高原湿地所在的云南省香格里拉县建塘镇为例,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,对该区域1974、1987和2000三期Landsat TM(ETM)影像进行了解译,分析了26 a间的土地利用/覆盖变化规律,并结合景观格局动态分析的方法,借助FRAGSTATS软件定量分析了该区景观格局特征及其动态变化。结果表明:该区土地利用/覆盖状况变化显著,主要土地利用/覆盖类型有林地以822 hm2/a的速度在大面积减少,并主要转为灌木林地,使得后者在26 a间扩大高达17倍,变化幅度最大。建设用地和耕地的面积分别扩大了6倍和2倍,而草地和雪地面积持续减少。相应地,该区景观格局定量分析显示,有林地的斑块密度增大而平均斑块面积减小迅速,呈破碎化趋势,灌木林地的斑块密度、平均斑块面积均增加,草地则与之相反均减小,耕地的斑块密度降低而平均斑块面积增加,在不断融合成大斑块,其余各景观单元斑块密度增大平均斑块面积减小,同时各斑块几何形状在1987年变化最剧烈,景观格局趋于复杂。     

呼和浩特市城市边缘区景观格局动态变化研究

利用GIS技术对1987，2000年两期航空遥感影像进行空间叠加对比分析，从斑块及景观2个尺度对呼和浩特市城市边缘区景观格局变化进行了研究。结果表明：在斑块尺度上，边缘区两期景观结构均以农田景观为基质，研究期内，农田景观、草地景观等缓慢减少，建筑景观明显增多；在景观尺度上，边缘区景观多样性指数趋于增大，优势度指数趋于降低．景观组分趋于复杂化、破碎化和多元化。分析其影响因素可知：经济发展和城市化的加快、政策导向是变化的根本原因，人口的增加、土地利用方式的改变是变化的直接原因。