豫西黄河流域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析

豫西黄河流域土地利用空间格局在水平和垂直方向上都具有明显区域特征。利用DEM数据对研究区土地利用空间格局地形梯度规律进行了分析,结果表明:(1)各土地利用类型的空间分布规律随高程和坡度的变化具有显著的特点:受人类活动干扰影响较大的各类农业用地、建筑用地、果园、水域和湿地主要分布在海拔相对较低和坡度相对较小的区域;而受人类活动干扰影响较小的各类林地(除果园外)、草地和未利用地则比较均匀地分布在海拔相对较高和坡度较大的区域。(2)不同的海拔段和坡度段内各土地类型的分布也存在一定的分布规律:农业用地类型和林地类型在各个地形梯度内都占有较大的面积比重,这是由于其基数较大,在区域内占据优势地位决定的;在低海拔小坡度地段内农业用地具有相对的面积优势;有林地随着海拔升高和坡度增大,面积比例不断增大,其主导地位随之增强。     

河北浅山区土地利用时空演变图谱特征及地形效应

应用地学信息图谱将土地利用与地形特征相结合,可准确表达地形复杂的土地利用时空属性与演变特征,对区域土地利用格局优化具有现实意义。该文基于1995-2015年的DEM和遥感数据,构建土地利用演变图谱和地形分析模型,借助ArcGIS软件从土地利用结构和图谱演变类型两个角度分析了河北浅山区土地利用时空演变特征及地形效应。结果表明:1)1995-2015年研究区土地利用以稳定型图谱为主,用地类型以林地、耕地、草地为主,林地、耕地和未利用地总量减少,其余地类总量增加;发生变化的图谱类型以前期变化型的林地转出为主,其次为后期变化型的耕地转出。2)土地利用类型在地形梯度上存在相似性和差异性,低地形位和高地形位是建设用地、耕地和水域的优势分布区,中地形位是林地和草地的优势分布区,未利用地的优势分布从中地形位向低地形位或高地形位转移。3)土地利用演变图谱在地形梯度上差异明显,低地形位是稳定型、前期变化型和后期变化型图谱的优势分布区,土地利用结构较稳定;中地形位不存在优势分布的图谱类型和演变模式,土地利用复杂且变化剧烈;高地形位是各演变类型优势分布的集中区,土地利用多元化。该研究可为河北浅山区生态建设和国土空间规划提供参考。     

松嫩高平原县域土地利用空间格局地形梯度特征分析——以巴彦县为例

以黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区,基于研究区DEM数据,运用土地利用类型的分布指数、土地利用结构的信息熵、均衡度和优势度,明确研究区土地利用空间格局的地形梯度特征及地形因子对土地利用空间格局的影响。结果表明：① 研究区土地利用空间格局在地形因子的作用下存在明显的梯度特征,旱地、水田、草地、水域、建设用地及其他用地主要分布在较低地形级别区,林地主要分布在较高地形级别区。② 除林地以外,其他土地利用类型分布的优势地形位均位于较低地形级别区,林地分布的优势地形位位于较高地形级别区,各土地利用类型分布的优势区域不尽相同。③ 研究区土地利用结构的信息熵及均衡度变化趋势相同,优势度的变化趋势与信息熵、均衡度的变化趋势相反,土地利用空间格局与地形因子具有显著的相关性。     

山地丘陵区土地利用分布及其与地形因子关系——以河北省怀来县为例

为探究山地丘陵地区不同地形因子对土地利用空间格局的影响,以河北省怀来县为例,研究了各土地利用类型在不同地形上的分布特征。同时,定性和定量分析了土地利用景观格局与地形环境的相关性。研究表明:土地利用景观格局分布存在明显的地形梯度特征,较高地形级别主要分布着林地和草地,其分布指数在较高地形级别占据优势位;而受人类活动干扰影响较大的城乡建设用地、采矿用地、耕地、园地和水域的优势位分布在较低地形级别上。移动窗口法得到的景观格局指数的分布定性显示出土地利用景观格局随地形变化的梯度特征,典范对应分析结果定量显示出典范对应分析排序的前4个轴的累计土地利用景观指数—地形解释变量为96.98%,地形因子第1排序轴与土地利用变化景观格局指数特征第一排序轴的相关系数达到0.671,其土地利用景观格局指数与地形因子存在显著的相关性。由此可见,高程、坡度和地形起伏度这三类地形因子对山地丘陵区的土地利用类型的结构和空间分布起着重要的影响作用。     

城市化过程中地形因素对城市空间结构演变的影响——以乌鲁木齐市为例

利用起伏度指数与分布比例指数模型,将地形与城市土地利用类型有机地结合在一起,探讨了地形对乌鲁木齐城市空间结构发展的影响.研究结果表明:两个模型多年相关数据的变化能反映城市空间结构的演变过程.居住用地的增长区从起伏度指数为7～8的地形空间上逐渐开始向起伏较高地形发展.其分布在起伏度指数上的区间扩大了9个单位.由于经济的快速发展,生产建设用地始终在不断地扩大,并表现出工业用地向外扩张和商业用地向内收缩两个变化过程.扩张的方向指向低地形地区,收缩则向金融商业中心.农用地面积始终在减少,并趋向消失,且起伏度低的地区减少得快,而高地形区减少得慢.未利用地分布区域向高地形空间退缩,市区内的未利用地通常被开发为绿地或公园.各种土地利用类型在起伏度指数梯度上分布的整体变化反映出大地形特征仍然是城市空间结构的发展框架.     

地形因子对京西门头沟区土地利用/覆盖变化的影响

以土地利用数据和数字高程模型(DEM)为基础,运用GIS对空间数据和属性数据的管理和分析功能,用高程、坡度、坡向3个地形因子分析了1990年与2005年北京门头沟地区的土地覆盖现状以及土地利用动态变化度。结果表明,地形因子对土地利用类型的分布规律有明显的影响,研究区在最近的15 a农业用地减少,城镇建设用地大幅度增加,社会经济和政治因素对土地利用/覆盖动态变化的驱动作用显著。     

基于RS、GIS的奈曼旗土地覆盖/利用变化研究

利用内蒙古奈曼旗1980年、1996年的1：10万的TM遥感影像，采用空间分析和统计分析的方法，研究了1980～1996年来该县土地覆盖／利用变化过程及其自然社会经济驱动机制。结果表明，20世纪80年代以来林地和草地的变化最为显著，林地、草地面积明显增加，沙地和耕地面积减少，其它土地利用类型面积变化不大；景观呈现整体破碎化的趋势，耕地和林地的破碎明显，未利用土地破碎萎缩，土地覆盖／利用向多样化、均匀化方向发展。粮食单产、年均降水量、农业机械动力是草地变化的主要驱动力，农牧民人均纯收人、大牲畜总头数是林地变化的主要驱动力。     

中缅泰老“黄金四角”地区缅甸段土地利用与景观格局变化分析北大核心CSSCI

以中缅泰老"黄金四角"地区缅甸段为例,通过构建土地利用重心测度、动态变化及景观指数等模型,对其1993年~2017年的土地利用与景观格局变化状况进行探究,得出以下结论:(1)随时间演进,研究区林地显著扩展而草地、耕地、灌丛及水体等均大幅减少,建筑用地虽扩展显著但比重始终较小;各土地利用类型的空间分布重心及其转移变化差异显著,24年间,建筑用地、耕地、草地、水体及湿地重心均整体向东北方向偏移而林地与灌丛重心偏向西南。(2)研究区土地利用变化速度整体较快但小幅放缓,土地利用空间变化剧烈的区域主要集中在林地、草地及耕地等用地类型上;随时间演进,各用地类型均发生了较明显的相互转化,其中以林地、草地、耕地及灌丛的间转化最为显著。(3)从斑块类型尺度来看,研究区不同用地斑块间的景观指数及其变动差异悬殊,整体而言,灌丛、草地及耕地的斑块密度明显较高但形状规整程度显著较低,而林地的平均斑块面积远大于其余地类。(4)从景观总体尺度来看,研究区景观的多样性与均匀度指数均持续降低而破碎度指数整体减小,各用地景观面积差异持续扩大且空间分布的均匀程度不断降低,整体呈由分散分布向集中布局的转变。     

中缅泰老“黄金四角”地区缅甸段土地利用与景观格局变化分析

以中缅泰老"黄金四角"地区缅甸段为例,通过构建土地利用重心测度、动态变化及景观指数等模型,对其1993年~2017年的土地利用与景观格局变化状况进行探究,得出以下结论:(1)随时间演进,研究区林地显著扩展而草地、耕地、灌丛及水体等均大幅减少,建筑用地虽扩展显著但比重始终较小;各土地利用类型的空间分布重心及其转移变化差异显著,24年间,建筑用地、耕地、草地、水体及湿地重心均整体向东北方向偏移而林地与灌丛重心偏向西南。(2)研究区土地利用变化速度整体较快但小幅放缓,土地利用空间变化剧烈的区域主要集中在林地、草地及耕地等用地类型上;随时间演进,各用地类型均发生了较明显的相互转化,其中以林地、草地、耕地及灌丛的间转化最为显著。(3)从斑块类型尺度来看,研究区不同用地斑块间的景观指数及其变动差异悬殊,整体而言,灌丛、草地及耕地的斑块密度明显较高但形状规整程度显著较低,而林地的平均斑块面积远大于其余地类。(4)从景观总体尺度来看,研究区景观的多样性与均匀度指数均持续降低而破碎度指数整体减小,各用地景观面积差异持续扩大且空间分布的均匀程度不断降低,整体呈由分散分布向集中布局的转变。     

基于遥感与GIS的乌审旗土地利用变化研究

在遥感与GIS技术支持下,以乌审旗1986-2005年5期TM影像为主要数据源,运用土地利用动态度和土地利用转移矩阵对土地利用的数量变化进行了研究.运用定量与定性相结合的景观空间格局分析方法,对土地利用景观格局特征的动态变化进行了分析,并利用社会经济数据对土地利用变化的人为驱动力进行了分析.研究表明:(1)20年间各土地利用类型经历着"涨势"与"落势"的波动.从各土地利用类型的转化方向来看.林地、草地和沙地相互转换频繁;耕地主要转变为林地、草地和沙地;水域主要向其他未利用地转换,其他未利用地主要向草地和沙地转换,工矿用地没有转出.从2005年各土地利用类型的转化来源看,耕地主要是由林地、沙地和草地转变而来;林地主要由沙地和草地转变而来;草地主要是由沙地和林地转变而来;水域主要是由沙地和耕地转变而来;居民地主要是由沙地、草地和林地转变而来;其他未利用地主要是由草地、水域和林地转变而来.(2)土地利用景观格局演变特征表现为:除居民点外各类景观斑块形状指数都呈增加趋势;除水域外,各类景观斑块密度下降、分离度减少;全旗景观优势度下降、多样性升高.(3)人为因素中的人口增长、经济发展以及生态工程的实施对土地利用变化起重要作用.     

内蒙古高原浑善达克沙地区土地利用与覆被变化及退化趋势

浑善达克沙地及其周边地区是我国北方沙尘暴多发区之一,该区的土地利用与覆被变化反映了一系列的环境与社会经济问题。基于卫星遥感信息和空间数据处理技术,并结合地面实地调查资料、气象观测和社会经济数据,得出了20世纪80年代末至90年代末这一地区土地利用与覆被变化情况。结果表明:耕地、建设用地和未利用地明显增加,草地和水域减少,变化面积最大的是草地,有944.42 km2的草地转变为其他用地类型;从变化速率来看,最快的是建设用地,增加了19.8%,其次是耕地,增加10.2%。土地利用转变的主要类型是草地向耕地和未利用地的转变,及耕地向建设用地的转变;呈退化趋势的土地面积近3倍于恢复土地面积。就土地利用与覆被变化的社会经济背景进行了深入分析。     

运用DEM剖析土地利用类型的分布及时空变化--以北京延庆县为例

以北京延庆县为例，从土地利用类型分布频率的角度，结合地形因子分析区域土地利用类型分布及变化规律。由于坡向影响着日照时数和土壤水分的再分布，而这对农业用地和园地等土地利用类型来说具有研究意义，因此，在前人的综合海拔和坡度两个地形因子的分布指数的基础上，提出坡向分布指数，即分别从海拔、坡度和坡向三个角度，对延庆县1996年和2001年土地利用现状数据进行比较分析，得出其耕地、园地和林地三种土地利用类型的分布及变化规律：耕地主要集中分布于低的地形等级上，园地则趋于高地形等级方向发展，并且阴坡上的分布频率有所增加，林地分布变化不明显。作者认为，人为干扰因素对园地分布格局的变化起到了一定的作用，而对耕地和林地的作用不明显，这为该区未来发展规划提供了参考。     

风沙过渡区土地利用变化及生态效应图谱——以陕北榆阳区为例

以遥感影像资料为依据,运用地学信息图谱研究方法,在RS和GIS的支持下分析榆阳区1985~2000年土地利用及其生态服务价值的时空变化特征。结果表明:该区研究期内最主要的土地利用动态是未利用地向草地的转化,其变化占全区总变动量91.14%;土地利用变化使生态系统的生态服务价值增加了158.59×10⁶元,增幅为8.23%,其中,风沙区占总增量的85.99%,增幅10.88%,黄土丘陵沟壑区占总增量14.01%,增幅3.29%。经过实证分析,利用地学信息图谱进行土地利用变化和生态效应定量研究是一种十分有效的方法。     

城市边缘区耕地面积变化时空特征及其驱动机制——以北京市顺义区为例

城市边缘区的土地资源紧缺而利用方式多样,土地利用变化既与城市发展有关又和粮食安全密切联系,因此加强城市边缘区的土地利用研究既必要又迫切。利用1990年和2000年TM影像获取的土地利用数据、 1991~2002年社会经济统计数据,借助GIS空间分析方法以及数理统计方法,系统探讨了北京市顺义区耕地流失的时空格局特征及其驱动机制。结果显示,1990~2000年顺义区流失耕地的57%转为建设用地,43 %转为生态用地。农用地中粮食作物的种植面积大幅减少,菜地和果园面积快速增加。工业发展是耕地流失的第一驱动力;人口城市化、房地产发展等加速耕地流失。     

华北平原禹城市耕地变化与驱动力分析(英文)

Taking Yucheng, a typical agricultural county in Shandong Province as a case, this study applied Logistic regression models to spatially identify factors affecting farmland changes. Using two phases of high resolution imageries in 2001 and 2009, the study obtained the land use and farmland change data in 2001-2009. It was found that the farmland was reduced by 5.14% in the period, mainly due to the farmland conversion to forest land and built-up land, although part of forest land and unused land was converted to farmland. The results of Logistic regressions indicated that location, population growth and farmer income were main factors affecting the farmland conversion, while soil types and pro-curvature were main natural factors controlling the distribution of farmland changes. Regional differences and temporal-spatial variables of farmland changes affected fitting capability of the Logistic re-gression models. The ROC fitting test indicated that the Logistic regression models gave a good explanation of the regional land-use changes. Logistic regression analysis is a good tool to identify major factors affecting land use change by quantifying the contribution of each factor.     

Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government.     

Using autologistic spatial models to simulate the distribution of land-use patterns in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province

Nowadays, spatial simulation on land use patterns is one of the key contents of LUCC. Modeling is an important tool for simulating land use patterns due to its ability to integrate measurements of changes in land cover and the associated drivers. The conventional regression model can only analyze the correlation between land use types and driving factors, but cannot depict the spatial autocorrelation characteristics. Land uses in Yongding County, which is located in the typical karst mountain areas in northwestern Hunan province, were investigated by means of modeling the spatial autocorrelation of land use types with the purpose of deriving better spatial land use patterns on the basis of terrain characteristics and infrastructural conditions. Through incorporating components describing the spatial autocorrelation into a conventional logistic model, we constructed a regression model (Autologistic model), and used this model to simulate and analyze the spatial land use patterns in Yongding County. According to the comparison with the conventional logistic model without considering the spatial autocorrelation, this model showed better goodness and higher accuracy of fitting. The distribution of arable land, wood land, built-up land and unused land yielded areas under the ROC curves (AUC) was improved to 0.893, 0.940, 0.907 and 0.863 respectively with the autologistic model. It is argued that the improved model based on autologistic method was reasonable to a certain extent. Meanwhile, these analysis results could provide valuable information for modeling future land use change scenarios with actual conditions of local and regional land use, and the probability maps of land use types obtained from this study could also support government decision-making on land use management for Yongding County and other similar areas.     

Landuse/landcover changes in Zhangye oasis of Hexi Corridor

Taking two false color composite Landsat 5 TM (Thematic Mapper) images of band 4,3,2 taken in 1995 and 2000 as data resources, this paper carried out study on LUCC of Zhangye oasis in recent five years by interpretation according to land resources classification system of 1:100,000 Resources and Environmental Database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that great changes have taken place in landuse/landcover in Zhangye oasis since 1995: (1) Changes of landuse structure show that cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased, on the contrary, water area and grassland decreased. These changes reflect the deterioration of eco-environment and the acceleration of urbanization, and also indicate the problems existing in the arrangement of water and land resources between the upper and lower reaches of the Heihe River. (2) Regional differences of landuse/landcover are evident, characterized by following aspects: in Sunan County located in Qilian Mountain area, unused land and grassland decreased, but cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased. In Minle and Shandan counties located in foothills, unused land, water area and cropland decreased, but grassland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased. In Zhangye City, Linze County and Gaotai County located in plain area of the middle reaches of the Heihe River, unused land, water area and grassland decreased, while woodland, cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased.     

基于RS与GIS的典型黑土区土地利用变化分析——以海伦市为例

以海伦市1986年,1995年和2007年3期TM影像为基础数据,在RS与GIS技术支持下,运用马尔科夫转移矩阵、单一土地利用类型动态度和景观空间格局分析方法对沿海市土地利用变化、景观格局特征进行研究,并分析了土地利用变化的驱动力。结果表明,①旱田和水田面积一直处于增长状态,增长速率由快变缓,主要由林地、草地和未利用土地转换而来。②林地、草地和未利用土地面积持续下降;城镇建设用地和农村建设用地的面积一直保持着增加态势,增长速率由缓变快,使得土地利用强度有所上升。③景观格局变化主要表现为,优势度整体上升、景观多样性整体呈现下降的趋势,城乡建设用地的类斑近圆指数最大,林地、未利用土地和水域斑块破碎度增加。④人为因素中的人口增长、经济发展、政府生态环境保护和农业可持续发展的政策在土地利用变化中起重要作用。该研究对于合理利用土地资源和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Scenario simulation and landscape pattern dynamic changes of land use in the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin: A case study of Zhangjiakou city,Hebei Province

Land use/cover change has been recognized as a key component in global change and has attracted increasing attention in recent decades. Scenario simulation of land use change is an important issue in the study of land use/cover change, and plays a key role in land use prediction and policy decision. Based on the remote sensing data of Landsat TM images in 1989, 2000 and 2010, scenario simulation and landscape pattern analysis of land use change driven by socio-economic development and ecological protection policies were reported in Zhangjiakou city, a representative area of the Poverty Belt around Beijing and Tianjin. Using a CLUE-S model, along with socio-economic and geographic data, the land use simulation of four scenarios–namely, land use planning scenario, natural development scenario, ecological-oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario–were explored according to the actual conditions of Zhangjiakou city, and the landscape pattern characteristics under different land use scenarios were analyzed. The results revealed the following: (1) Farmland, grassland, water body and unused land decreased significantly during 1989–2010, with a decrease of 11.09%, 2.82%, 18.20% and 31.27%, respectively, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased over the same period, with an increase of 5.71%, 20.91% and 38.54%, respectively. The change rate and intensity of land use improved in general from 1989 to 2010. The integrated dynamic degree of land use increased from 2.21% during 1989–2000 to 3.96% during 2000–2010. (2) Land use changed significantly throughout 1989–2010. The total area that underwent land use change was 4759.14 km², accounting for 12.53% of the study area. Land use transformation was characterized by grassland to forestland, and by farmland to forestland and grassland. (3) Under the land use planning scenario, farmland, grassland, water body and unused land shrank significantly, while garden land, forestland and construction land increased. Under the natural development scenario, construction land and forestland increased in 2020 compared with 2010, while farmland and unused land decreased. Under the ecological-oriented scenario, forestland increased dramatically, which mainly derived from farmland, grassland and unused land. Under the farmland protection scenario, farmland was well protected and stable, while construction land expansion was restricted. (4) The landscape patterns of the four scenarios in 2020, compared with those in 2010, were more reasonable. Under the land use planning scenario, the landscape pattern tended to be more optimized. The landscape became less fragmented and heterogeneous with the natural development scenarios. However, under the ecological- oriented scenario and farmland protection scenario, landscape was characterized by fragmentation, and spatial heterogeneity of landscape was significant. Spatial differences in landscape patterns in Zhangjiakou city also existed. (5) The spatial distribution of land use could be explained, to a large extent, by the driving factors, and the simulation results tallied with the local situations, which provided useful information for decision-makers and planners to take appropriate land management measures in the area. The application of the combined Markov model, CLUE-S model and landscape metrics in Zhangjiakou city suggests that this methodology has the capacity to reflect the complex changes in land use at a scale of 300 m×300 m and can serve as a useful tool for analyzing complex land use driving factors.