基于ISSR分子标记数据的兰州百合核心种质构建方法研究

利用ISSR分析获得的数据,研究了依据Nei & Li、SM和Jaccard遗传距离,采用UPGMA聚类法进行逐步聚类筛选核心种质的效果,并最终采用SM遗传距离逐步聚类从175份兰州百合种质中筛选出了37份核心种质。保留了初始种质21.14%的样品,多态性位点数、多态性位点百分率、Nei's遗传多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数的保留率分别为96.08%、96.59%、105.27%、103.62%,t检验表明核心种质的Nei's遗传多样性指数和Shannon's信息指数与原种质没有显著差异,表明构建的核心种质能很好的代表原始种质的遗传多样性。     

连作马铃薯根系分泌物鉴定及其对尖孢镰孢菌（Fusariumoxysporum）的作用

为了揭示马铃薯连作化感物质与枯萎病之间的关系,通过水培和田间长期定位试验相结合方法,收集不同连作年限马铃薯根系分泌物,采用GC-TOF-MS进行分离鉴定。结果表明：在检测到的马铃薯根系分泌的48种物质中有机酸占30种。比较轮作、连作5年和连作10年马铃薯根系分泌物中有机酸的相对含量,发现苹果酸和棕榈酸的差异比较大。马铃薯连作条件下根系分泌物能显著增强尖孢镰孢菌（Fusariumoxysporum）的发育并加重枯萎病发生。通过外源添加法研究苹果酸和棕榈酸对尖孢镰孢菌的化感作用,苹果酸和棕榈酸浓度分别在0.10—0.50 mmol·L^-1和0.05—0.10 mmol·L^-1对尖孢镰孢菌生长起到显著的促进作用。盆栽试验表明,浓度0.05—0.50 mmol·L^-1苹果酸和棕榈酸对马铃薯枯萎病有显著的促进作用。这说明苹果酸和棕榈酸是马铃薯根系分泌的化感自毒物质,对尖孢镰孢菌生长起促进作用是连作马铃薯枯萎病发病主要原因。     

土壤含水量、种植模式和丁香酚对土壤微生物种群结构的影响

盆栽试验了田间持水量（45%、60%、75%）、种植模式和小麦根系分泌物丁香酚对小麦、蚕豆下土壤微生物种群结构的影响。结果表明：间作土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较单作加权平均有所减少，但间作化感促进作用和土壤微生物多样性均大于单作加权平均，且丁香酚对单作小麦和小麦间作蚕豆土壤微生物数量表现出明显的化感促进作用，在丁香酚处理下间作土壤中3种菌类数量较单作加权平均分别提高95.9%、8.8%和99.6%，但对单作蚕豆土壤微生物数量表现为化感抑制作用；随着供水水平的增加，单作小麦化感促进作用增强，单作蚕豆化感抑制作用减弱，间作化感促进作用在60%相对含水量以下随供水水平增加而增强，超过60%后随供水水平增加而减弱。丁香酚处理下间作土壤微生物多样性指数在小麦拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期比单作加权平均提高74.3%、96.1%和134.0%，且在单作小麦和间作群体下在60%相对含水量以下随供水水平增加而提高，超过60%后随供水水平增加而降低，单作蚕豆则随供水水平增加而持续降低。因此，利用间作和灌水水平的控制可充分挖掘根系分泌物对土壤微生物数量和多样性的化感促进作用。     

干旱区绿洲不同种植模式作物的耗水特征

研究了限量交替灌溉条件下小麦间作玉米的产量效应和水分利用效率(WUE),并采用微型蒸渗仪测定了小麦间作玉米的棵间蒸发量,分析了影响间作棵间蒸发量的主要因素。结果表明,在低、中、高3个灌水水平下,小麦间作玉米的土地当量比分别达到了1.25、1.22、1.28,WUE较单作小麦和单作玉米的加权平均分别提高了5.8%、7.2%、16.9%。间作的日棵间蒸发量较单作加权平均分别高10.75%、8.53%、4.41%,棵间蒸发量占蒸散量比重间作较单作高6.0%～11.7%,降低表土层的土壤含水量是降低间作棵间蒸发的可行措施之一。间作通过叶日积的增大提高了作物产量和WUE,但其全生育期较低的叶面积指数不利于无效蒸发的抑制。     

兰州市郊干旱半干旱黄土丘陵区不同立地条件土壤微生物区系特征

应用稀释平板法对兰州市郊干旱半干旱黄土丘陵区4种立地类型土壤中不同土层微生物分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：①同一种立地类型土壤中各类微生物数量差异很大,各类群数量排序为细菌＞放线菌＞真菌。 并且各类群数量随着土层深度的增加而明显减少。②由于立地条件不同,4种立地类型土壤中微生物数量差异显著,呈现出南山坡地＞北山坡地＞盐碱滩地＞梁坡红黏土地的规律。③4种立地类型土壤中微生物数量与土壤环境因子密切相关。在南山坡地,土壤微生物与有机质显著相关;在北山坡地,土壤微生物与有机质、有效P显著相关;在梁坡红板岩地,与有效P、K显著相关;在盐碱滩地,微生物与有机质和有效K显著相关。     

小麦、苜蓿根际土中极性、弱极性馏分特征

为深入了解农作物根系分泌物与其根际土中可溶有机物的关系,用柱色层族组成分离方法, 对小麦和苜蓿根际土中的有机物采用了气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析测定.对分离出的极性和弱极性馏分分析结果表明:种植不同农作物的土壤中生物标志化合物分布特征差异很大.小麦根际土壤中主要分布的是C₁₀-C₃₂脂肪酸;苜蓿根际土壤中主要分布的是C₁₀-C₃₀脂肪酸;小麦根际土壤中活性物质十六烯酸、亚油酸和顺反油酸等不饱和脂肪酸在苜蓿上未检出;小麦根际土壤中有机质演化程度及降解程度均大于苜蓿根际土壤.在低演化状况下,根际土中生物标志化合物的分布特征能够很好地反映根系分泌物的特点.芳烃的甲基菲指数MPI值是判识土壤有机质演化和降解程度的良好参数.     

不同种植方式下丁香酚对2种作物根系形态的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究浓度为300×10^-6 mol·kg^-1的丁香酚对小麦（Triticum aestivum）间作蚕豆（Vicia faba）、单作小麦和单作蚕豆根系形态的影响,以期探讨通过间作弱化化感抑制作用的可能性和机理,为间作群体的化感物质调控提供理论依据。结果表明：丁香酚对单作小麦和间作蚕豆单株根鲜重、干重、根长都有抑制效应,但对间作小麦和单作蚕豆的单株根鲜重、干重、单株根长有促进效应。具体表现在间作复合群体中,经丁香酚处理后,小麦的单株根鲜重、干重、体积以及根长较单作有明显的增加,同时单株蚕豆根鲜重、干重、体积以及根长较单作显著减少,说明小麦间作蚕豆能有效缓解小麦根际丁香酚的累积,同时产生它感作用,对蚕豆根系生长产生明显的抑制效应。     

Effects of gibberellic acid on tiller-bulb number and growth performance of Lilium davidii var. unicolor

Lilium davidii var. unicolor(Lanzhou lily) is an important economic crop in the northwest cold and arid regions of China.Effective regulation of tiller-bulb development and plant growth is the key to improving yield and quality of the lily. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid(GA_3) on tiller-bulb development and plant growth of Lanzhou lily by applying GA_3 at various concentrations(0 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 30 mg/L, 60 mg/L, and 100 mg/L) before planting and in the seedling period. Results showed that the 60-mg/L GA_3 application had an inhibiting effect on tiller-bulb formation and increased the ratios of single and double bulbs but decreased the ratios of bulbs with three or more tiller bulbs, as compared to the control(CK) and other GA_3 treatments. The difference in flower number did not reach significant levels among the treatments. The tillering-related endogenous hormones IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) and Z(zeatin) content decreased, while IAA/Z increased with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment during tiller initiation. And also, the shoot-bulb number and total daughter-bulb number decreased significantly with the 60-mg/L GA_3 treatment. Furthermore, the 10-mg/L GA_3 application promoted growth of Lanzhou lily significantly and resulted in an increase in plant height; bulb diameter; bulb circumference; and biomass of shoots, bulbs, fibrous roots, and the whole plant. Therefore, GA_3 application is promising as a new regulation method for inhibiting tiller-bulb development and promoting bulb growth in Lanzhou lily production.     

红外相机记录的河西走廊荒漠生态系统中兽类和鸟类的群落动态

河西走廊地势狭长,位于两山之间,主要由荒漠构成,生境一旦遭到破坏,当地物种将很难找到替代的栖息地。本文以河西走廊中部典型砾质戈壁为研究区,经由2019—2020年红外相机和人工观测等方式监测到的兽类和鸟类数据为基准,探讨其群落动态及活动节律。结果表明：砾质戈壁兽类中的国家Ⅱ级重点保护及“三有”（有重要生态、科学、社会价值）动物有6种,而砾质戈壁鸟类中的国家Ⅱ级重点保护及“三有”动物有8种。兽类群落的季节变化小,春季鹅喉羚（Gazella subgutturosa）等的相对多度指数略高于其他季节,三趾跳鼠（Dipus sagitta）在4月大量出现;鸟类群落季节变化明显,春、夏季和秋季鸟类的相对多度指数高于冬季,物种数在夏季和秋季达到峰值。兽类和鸟类的相对多度变化趋势相似,均在夏末和春季达到顶峰。兽类的月相对多度指数与土壤含水量呈极显著的负相关,鹅喉羚和沙狐（Vulpes corsac）等日活动节律受人类活动影响出现在夜间、黄昏或黎明。鸟类的月相对多度指数与人类活动、空气温度、土壤温度和节肢动物均呈显著正相关,但人类活动在生长季会降低一些鸟类的活动频率。总之,河西走廊中部戈壁是鹅喉羚、沙狐、红隼（Falco tinnunculus）、锲尾伯劳（Lanius sphenocercus）、黑尾地鸦（Podoces hendersoni）、沙鵖（Oenanthe isabellina）、漠鵖（Oenanthe deserti）和短趾百灵（Calandrella cheleensis）等兽类和鸟类的主要栖息地,建立沙化土地封禁保护区对保护荒漠动物多样性具有重要的生态意义。     

干旱风沙区植被重建初期对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

为揭示干旱风沙区植被重建对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以乌海至玛沁高速公路腾格里沙漠段生态防护体系的植被重建区土壤为研究对象,以流动沙丘为对照,运用高通量测序技术研究植被重建区土壤微生物群落结构随植被恢复重建的变化特征。结果表明：植被重建区与流沙区土壤微生物群落组成相似,均以放线菌门（58.53%~67.85%）、变形细菌门（16.53%~19.68%）等为优势类群;优势菌属包括诺卡氏菌属、甲基柔膜菌属、微红微球菌属和微枝型杆菌属。与流沙区对照相比,植被重建区显著增加了土壤大部分菌门相对丰度和多样性。植被恢复重建后土壤pH、电导率及盐分含量降低;土壤微生物量磷（MBP）、土壤微生物量碳（MBC）与土壤微生物量碳氮比（MBC:MBN）在植被重建区浅层土壤（0~5 cm、 5~10 cm和10~20 cm）显著高于流沙区。因此,对于沙漠公路生态防护体系而言,植被重建能显著改善其浅层土壤养分状况、微生物相对丰度和多样性水平,是改善沙漠生态环境的重要措施。     

不同种植方式下柽柳光合生理参数光响应特性研究

为选择合适的间套模式,在塔干沙漠南缘绿洲外围利用Li-6400光合作用仪对四种种植模式(行间混交、带状混交、块状混交、块状套作)下多年生多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramasissima ledeb.)的光合水分生理指标对有效光辐射(PAR)的响应进行测定。结果表明:(1)柽柳具有高光饱和点(679~822μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和高光补偿点(50.0~61.1μmol·m^-2·s^-1)。(2)不同的光照强度和种植方式对柽柳净光合速率有明显的影响(p<0.01),当0< PAR< 1500μmol·m^-2·s^-1,除胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)外柽柳的各项生理指标均随光照的增强而增加。(3) PAR>1500μmol·m^-2·s^-1后,块状套作和块状混交气孔导度(Gs)下降,行间混交和带状混交Gs则随光强增加而递增;带状混交下胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均随光强增加而递增,其他3种种植方式下Ci和Tr均呈递减或平稳趋势。(4) 4种种植方式下柽柳光响应曲线的特征参数存在着差异(P<0.05),带状混交下的光饱和速率、光饱和点、表观量子效率均最高,块状混交的暗呼吸速率最大,水分利用效率(WUE)随着光强的增强而逐步增大,依次表现为带状混交>块状混交>行间混交>块状套作。通过4种种植方式柽柳光响应特征的综合分析可知,带状混交下的柽柳具有高光合和高水分利用效率的特点,对于极端干旱的塔南地区而言,该种植方式下的柽柳生理特征表现出最好的适应性。     

向日葵根分泌物对针铁矿吸附Cd2+的抑制效应

向日葵根分泌物明显抑制针铁矿吸附Cd2+。随着pH的升高,针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附量升高,针铁矿对Cd2+的平衡吸附量pH在3~6时增长的幅度较大,pH>7后,对Cd2+的吸附量的增长趋于稳定。在溶液初始pH为3~8的范围内,向日葵根分泌物抑制针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附。针铁矿等温吸附Cd2+符合Langmu ir方程和Freund lich方程,吸附动力学符合二级速率方程。根分泌物的存在明显抑制针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附强度和吸附速率。表明针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附是一个熵增的吸热反应;根分泌物的存在则降低了吸附反应的自发性。     

Long-term effects of gravel-sand mulch thickness on soil microbes and enzyme activities in semi-arid Loess Plateau,Northwest China

In semi-arid areas of China, gravel and sand mulch is a farming technique with a long history. In this study, a sample survey was conducted on long term gravel sand mulch observational fields in the Northwest Loess Plateau to determine the effects of long term mulch on soil microbial and soil enzyme activities. We found that after long term gravel-sand mulch, compared with bare ground, soil organic matter, alkali nitrogen, conductivity decreased, while pH and soil moisture increased. Urease, saccharase and catalase decreased with increased mulch thickness, while alkaline phosphatase was reversed. The results of Illumina MiSeq sequencing shows that after gravel-sand mulch, the bacterial and fungal community structure was different from bare land, and the diversity was reduced. Compared with bare land, the bacteria Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria abundance increased with increased thickness, and Actinobacteria was opposite. Also, at the fungal genus level, Fusarium abundance was significantly reduced, and Remersonia was significantly increased, compared with bare land. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soil environmental factors were important drivers of bacterial community changes. Overall, this study revealed some of the reasons for soil degradation after long term gravel-sand mulch. Therefore, it is recommended that the addition of exogenous soil nutrients after long term gravel-sand can help improve soil quality.     

科尔沁沙质草地纤维素分解菌的筛选、鉴定及其分解能力

从科尔沁沙质草地土壤中,通过分离、纯化、初筛和复筛得到2株分解纤维素(CMC)能力较强的真菌(NM1-1和NM1-2),采用形态学和rDNA-ITS分子生物学相结合的方法鉴定分别为伪弯头曲霉(Asperigillus pseudodeflectus)和尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)。NM1-1和NM1-2对布条的分解效果较好,30 d的分解率分别达到15.69%和16.91%;凋落物分解试验表明,加NM1-1和NM1-2的草地凋落物分解率在30 d内分别达53.61%和45.72%,分别比对照高7.70和6.42倍。NM1-1和NM1-2的CMC酶活性显著高于其生存的土壤环境。科尔沁沙质草地土壤高效纤维素分解菌的分离和筛选不仅补充了沙质草地土壤功能微生物库,同时对沙地凋落物分解和土壤有效养分输入起到促进作用。     

科尔沁沙地土壤微生物区系季节动态的初步研究

通过对流动沙丘、半固定沙地、固定沙地及其附近农田黄土和农田黑土中主要土壤微生物类群的好气型细菌、放线菌、丝状真菌和芽孢型杆菌不同季节数量的测定结果表明,微生物类群不同,所表现的季节变化有明显差异。放线菌和芽孢杆菌的生长高峰在春季,丝状真菌的高峰在夏季,好气型细菌的生长高峰出现在秋季。另外,土壤微生物的数量随土壤质地的不同也表现出显著变化,可划分为几种情形,即农田型、固定和半固定沙地型以及流动沙地型。     

近40年甘肃省耕层土壤有机碳时空分异及影响因素

区域耕层土壤有机碳（Soil Organic Carbon, SOC）调查是明确全球土壤碳储量和认识土壤碳循环的重要任务。利用甘肃省1980s、2000s、2020s等3个时期的耕层土壤调查数据,通过计算耕层土壤有机碳密度（Soil Organic Carbon Density,SOCD）,估算了甘肃省耕层有机碳储量。结果显示：（1）1980s、2000s、2020s甘肃省耕层SOC储量分别为97.68、109.14、123.13 Tg,近40年固碳总量约为25.45 Tg,固碳速率为0.012±0.01 kg·m^-2·a^-1,说明当前的农田管理措施有利于研究区耕地土壤长期固碳;40年间河西绿洲灌区、黄土高原区和陇南山地区耕层SOC储量呈增加趋势,甘南高原呈下降趋势。（2）从不同土壤类型来看,黄棕壤固碳速率最大,栗钙土最小。（3）近40年间甘肃省耕层SOC储量总体呈递增趋势,化肥、有机肥施用量以及秸秆还田量的持续增加,提高了作物归还量,进而增加了耕层有机物质含量,最终促进了耕层SOC的累积。     

Temperature Affects New Carbon Input Utilization by Soil Microbes: Evidence based on a Rapid δ13C Measurement Technology

Strong and rapid responses of soil microbial respiration to pulses, such as those from available soil organic matter (SOM) or water input from precipitation (especially in arid areas), are common. However, how soil microbes utilize new SOM inputs and the effects that temperature may have on their activities are unclear owing to the limitation in the application of traditional isotopic techniques at minute scales. In the present study, we developed a system of measuring ¹²CO₂ and δ¹³C minutely and synchronously under controlled incubation temperatures, i.e., for 48 h at 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C, to explore the carbon utilization strategies of soil microbes. We measured the respiration rates of soil microbes in response to different carbon sources, i.e., added glucose (Rg) and initial SOM (Rs), as well as the total respiration rate (Rt). All responses were rapid and characterized by unimodal curves. Furthermore, the characteristic values of these curves, such as the maximum of rate (R-max), the time required to achieve R-max, and the ratio of the duration of R-max to that of 1/2 R-max, were all dependent on incubation temperature. Interestingly, temperature greatly influenced the strategy that microorganisms employed to utilize different carbon sources. The effects of temperature on the intensity of the microbial respiratory response and the ratio of Rg/Rs are important for evaluating the effect of land-use changes or variations in seasonal temperature on SOM turnover and should be considered in ecological models in future studies.     

科尔沁沙地植被恢复过程中群落组成及多样性演变特征

流动沙丘、固定沙丘和沙质草地均是科尔沁沙地土地沙化的产物,植被恢复重建则是该区域流沙治理的主要措施,理解植被恢复过程中群落组成及植物多样性演变特征有利于沙地植被恢复和生态重建.本研究基于连续15年对科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、固定沙丘和沙质草地长期植物群落结构调查数据,分析了 3种沙地类型植物群落年际变化特征及不同生活型植物年...     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）根系微域细菌群落多样性特征

基于16S rRNA高通量基因测序技术，对毛乌素沙地小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla)、柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）根系微域（即根系、根际土、根区土、灌丛间空白土）间的细菌群落多样性和结构差异性进行表征。本研究对各根系微域间细菌群落的Alpha多样性指数进行了单因素方差分析以及基于OTU水平的PCA分析，探究其在根系微域间Alpha和Beta多样性的层级变化，证实了有关植物根系微域生态位分化的报道，并发现锦鸡儿属植物根系微域间细菌群落的多样性和结构组成随着4个微域类型由外及内呈现出显著的层级差异性（P<0.05）。通过对优势细菌群组的结构组成分析，发现锦鸡儿属植物对特定细菌群组具有显著的向根系内筛选富集的作用（P<0.05）。这种植物通过根系微域对特定细菌群组的逐级筛选富集作用，是导致锦鸡儿属植物灌丛下不同生态位间细菌群落结构和组成发生层级变异的主要原因。     

A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Warming and Elevated CO2 on Soil Microbes

Soil microbes play important roles in terrestrial ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycling. Climatic warming and elevated CO₂ are two aspects of climatic change. In this study, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesise observations related to the effects of warming and elevated CO₂ on soil microbial biomass and community structure. Ecosystem types were mainly grouped into forests and grasslands. Warming methods included open top chambers and infrared radiators. Experimental settings included all-day warming, daytime warming and nighttime warming. Warming increased soil actinomycetes and saprotrophic fungi, while elevated CO₂ decreased soil gram-positive bacteria (G⁺). Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation were negatively correlated with warming effects on gram-negative bacteria (G^-) and total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), respectively. Elevation was positively correlated with the warming effect on total PLFA, bacteria, G⁺ and G^-. Grassland exhibited a positive response of total PLFA and actinomycetes to warming, while forest exhibited a positive response in the ratio of soil fungi to bacteria (F/B ratio) to warming. The open top chamber method increased G^-, while the infrared radiator method decreased the F/B ratio. Daytime warming rather than all-day warming increased G^-. Our findings indicated that the effects of warming on soil microbes differed with ecosystem types, warming methods, warming times, elevation and local climate conditions.