北斗全球系统广播电离层模型性能初步评估

北斗三号系统于2017年正式启动建设，将采用新的北斗全球电离层延迟修正模型（BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model，BDGIM）。使用高精度格网电离层数据和双频实测电离层延迟数据作为参考，对北斗试验卫星系统播发的BDGIM模型精度进行了相应分析和评估，并与北斗Klobuchar和GPS Klobuchar模型精度进行了比较。研究结果表明，在中国区域，BDGIM模型和北斗Klobuchar模型精度相当，优于GPS Klobuchar模型；在全球范围内，BDGIM模型精度优于北斗Klobuchar和GPS Klobuchar模型。采用不同电离层模型进行伪距单频单点定位，并对定位结果进行对比分析，结果显示，使用BDGIM模型比北斗Klobuchar模型的定位精度有13%的提高，比GPS Klobuchar模型有7%~10%的提高。     

GNSS全球广播电离层模型精度分析

单频用户主要采用全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)广播电离层模型来修正电离层延迟,GPS、Galileo和BDS-2均播发广播电离层参数。BDS-3试验卫星也播发了应用于全球电离层延迟修正的BDGIM(BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model)模型参数。以国际GNSS服务(International GNSS Service,IGS) GIM (global ionosphere maps)产品和全球140余个GNSS观测站GPS双频观测量为基准,从全球范围、不同纬度、不同区域等系统分析了GPS、Galileo和BDS-3的全球广播电离层模型改正精度,并与IGS预报电离层产品(IGS P1和IGS P2)进行比较。分析认为,IGS P1和IGS P2产品的改正精度总体最优,BDGIM参数优于Gal NeQuick和GPS K8。对于BDS-3新发布的BDGIM参数,分析认为,在全球范围的改正精度(均方根)约为3.58 TECU,改正率约77.2%,在全球不同区域的改正精度相当。     

北斗不同电离层模型精度分析

目前北斗系统播发多种电离层模型参数，用户使用时容易产生以下问题：①同一历元不同卫星播发同一电离层模型，其值不完全相同；②北斗二号、北斗三号分别播发的Klobuchar电离层模型参数值存在差异；③对于能同时接收到3种电离层模型（BDS-2 Klobuchar、BDS-3 Klobuchar及北斗全球电离层延迟修正模型（BDGIM））的基本导航用户如何选取合适的电离层模型。针对以上问题，本文首先提出采用最大投票法策略，对同一历元相同电离层模型但值不同的参数进行合理合并，然后以IGS分析中心的电离层产品为基准，对以上3种北斗电离层模型进行了精度分析和对比，最后基于等效距离误差进行了验证分析。试验结果表明，BDS-2 Klobuchar、BDS-3 Klobuchar虽然模型值差异较大但模型精度十分接近，而BDGIM模型精度最高，相对于前两者在中低纬地区平均提升10%，在两极地区的提升更加明显，平均提升61%。     

两种电离层模型对卫星导航定位精度的影响分析

北斗卫星导航系统及全球定位系统等全球卫星导航系统电磁波信号在大气中传播会受到电离层延迟的影响,为满足导航用户需求,我国北斗卫星导航系统和美国全球定位系统均采用Klobuchar 8参数模型进行电离层延迟改正。但是全球定位系统Klobuchar模型和北斗卫星导航系统Klobuchar模型的电离层参数并不相同,分析不同导航系统发布的电离层参数精度对这两种双模导航定位中电离层参数的选择具有重要的研究意义。分别采用北斗卫星导航系统和全球定位系统电离层模型进行伪距单点定位,通过比较最终的定位精度从而对这两种不同模型在全球范围内的改正精度进行评价。研究结果表明:在中国区域内,采用北斗卫星导航系统模型的伪距单点定位精度较全球定位系统模型有较大提高;采用北斗卫星导航系统电离层参数更利于中国区域的全球卫星导航系统的导航定位。     

常用电离层模型对单点定位精度的影响分析

电离层延迟是限制GNSS定位精度的主要误差源之一,采用合理的电离层改正模型能够削弱定位误差。本文对Klobuchar模型、GIM模型以及NTCM-BC模型的原理进行了阐述,并以九峰台站2016-01-07~2016-01-09观测数据为对象,从不同的角度对BDS K8、GPS K8、GIM和NTCM-BC电离层模型对单点定位的精度的改正效果进行了分析。实验结果表明,九峰台站处,GPS K8和BDS K8模型改正后的单点定位误差RMS分别为2.8553m和1.7932m,NTCM-BC模型改正后的单点定位误差RMS为1.7290m,GIM模型改正后的单点定位误差RMS为1.2834m。     

不同Klobuchar模型参数的性能比较

对于GPS单频用户而言,电离层延迟是最重要的误差来源之一。GPS系统使用Klobuchar模型对电离层延迟进行改正,其改正数从370组常数中选取。目前全球分布的GPS测站可以获得高精度的全球电离层监测结果,GPS为什么不发播采用实测数据计算得到的Klobuchar模型参数呢？本文针对这一问题进行分析。首先对欧洲定轨中心CODE提供的全球电离层图GIM预报COPG电离层进行精度评估,然后根据COPG电离层进行Klobuchar模型参数拟合并利用IGS提供的事后高精度电离层图进行精度分析,最后将不同的电离层模型参数应用于单点定位以评估其对单频用户的影响。分析结果表明：受8参数的Klobuchar模型本身结构限制,采用全球实测数据计算的电离层模型参数与导航电文中发播的电离层模型精度相当,为55%左右。而仅采用地磁纬度45oS以北的数据拟合得到的模型参数,其电离层改正精度有明显提升,可达65%左右,但其对单频用户定位精度改善不明显。本文研究结果为我国全球电离层建模提供参考。     

基于北斗GEO的电离层延迟修正方法比较与分析

电离层延迟是影响导航定位精度的最主要因素。北斗卫星导航系统采用Klobuchar模型修正单频接收机用户的电离层延迟误差,对于双频接收机,可以利用不同频率信号的伪距观测数据解算得到电离层延迟值。为比较两种方法在天津地区的电离层延迟修正效果,利用NovAtel GPStation6接收机(GNSS电离层闪烁和TEC监测接收机)采集到的卫星实测数据进行计算。以国际全球导航卫星系统服务组织(IGS)发布的全球电离层格网数据为参考,对两种方法的修正效果进行比较分析。结果表明,在天津地区,利用双频观测值解算电离层延迟比Klobuchar模型计算结果更加精确,且平均每天的修正值达到IGS发布数据的82.11％,比Klobuchar模型计算值高948％      

北斗卫星导航系统Klobuchar模型精度评估

目前,我国北斗卫星导航系统已完成星座区域组网,系统每2h提供一组电离层延迟Klobuchar模型参数。利用欧洲定轨中心(CODE)的高精度电离层格网数据作为参考,对北斗卫星导航系统电离层参数性能进行了精度评估分析,并进行了定位分析。数据表明,其修正精度一般在70%以上,北半球的修正误差在1.5m左右,而南半球的修正误差在3.5m左右;在北半球中纬度地区的修正精度比高纬度、低纬度地区高;北斗单频伪距定位采用北斗Klobuchar模型在平面上的精度为3m左右,高程上为7m左右,与采用GPS的Klobuchar模型相比较,定位精度提高了约10%,高程方向尤为明显。     

利用GPS双频数据进行区域电离层TEC提取

从利用GPS提取区域电离层总电子含量(total electron content,TEC)的基本原理出发,解决了伪距观测值优化以及硬件延迟(DCB)处理问题,并将提取的TEC信息与欧洲定轨中心(CODE)计算的全球电离层(GIM)模型内插值应用在单频精密单点定位中,进行电离层延迟改正实验。结果表明,利用本文提取的TEC值进行单频精密单点定位电(PPP)离层延迟改正时,点位精度能提高到0.2~0.4m左右,明显优于利用GIM内插值的改正精度。     

不同NeQuick电离层模型参数的应用精度分析

Galileo采用NeQuick作为全球广播电离层模型,其实际应用中以有效电离水平因子Az代替太阳活动指数作为NeQuick的输入参数,并利用二次多项式拟合得到广播星历中播发的3个电离层参数。本文在总结和讨论NeQuick模型参数估计方法及其变化特征的基础上,分别以全球电离层格网、GPS基准站及JASON-2测高卫星提供的电离层TEC为参考,分析不同NeQuick模型参数(包括以太阳活动参数F10.7为输入的NeQuick2、以本文解算参数为输入的NeQuickC和以Galileo广播电离层参数为输入的NeQuickG)在全球大陆及海洋地区的应用精度,并与GPS广播的Klobuchar模型对比。结果表明,NeQuickG在全球范围内的修正精度为54.2%~65.8%,NeQuickC的修正精度为71.1%~74.2%,NeQuick2的修正精度与NeQuickG相当,略优于GPS广播星历中播发的Klobuchar模型。     

A preliminary evaluation of the performance of multiple ionospheric models in low- and mid-latitude regions of China in 2010–2011

Ionospheric delay is a dominant error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Single-frequency GNSS applications require ionospheric correction of signal delay caused by the charged particles in the earth’s ionosphere. The Chinese Beidou system is developing its own ionospheric model for single-frequency users. The number of single-frequency GNSS users and applications is expected to grow fast in the next years in China. Thus, developing an appropriate ionospheric model is crucially important for the Chinese Beidou system and worldwide single-frequency Beidou users. We study the performance of five globally accessible ionospheric models Global Ionospheric Map (GIM), International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), Klobuchar and NeQuick in low- and mid-latitude regions of China under mid-solar activity condition. Generally, all ionospheric models can reproduce the trend of diurnal ionosphere variations. It is found that all the models have better performances in mid-latitude than in low-latitude regions. When all the models are compared to the observed total electron content (TEC) data derived from GIM model, the IRI model (2012 version) has the best agreement with GIM model and the NeQuick has the poorest agreement. The RMS errors of the IRI model using the GIM TEC as reference truth are about 3.0–10.0 TECU in low-latitude regions and 3.0–8.0 TECU in mid-latitude regions, as observed during a period of 1 year with medium level of solar activity. When all the ionospheric models are ingested into single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) to correct the ionospheric delays in GPS observations, the PIM model performs the best in both low and mid-latitudes in China. In mid-latitude, the daily single-frequency PPP accuracy using PIM model is ~10 cm in horizontal and ~20 cm in up direction. At low-latitude regions, the PPP error using PIM model is 10–20 cm in north, 30–40 cm in east and ~60 cm in up component. The single-frequency PPP solutions indicate that NeQuick model has the lowest accuracy among all the models in both low- and mid-latitude regions of China. This study suggests that the PIM model may be considered for single-frequency GNSS users in China to achieve a good positioning accuracy in both low- and mid-latitude regions.     

Klobuchar电离层模型精化进展

电离层延迟是卫星导航定位的重要误差源之一。采用合适的电离层延迟模型可以有效地减弱电离层延迟误差对定位结果的影响。目前在导航定位中运用最广泛的是Klobuchar模型,但Klobuchar模型的修正率只有50%~60%。为了满足日益增长的导航定位精度的需求,不同的精化模型被提出。本文介绍了Klobuchar模型在GPS和BDS系统中的应用,比较了在两个系统应用时的差异。回顾概括了文献在Klobuchar模型的参数精化和模型精化两个方面的研究,并对各种精化模型进行了对比总结。模型精化的结果优于参数精化,未来对于Klobuchar模型的精化更趋向于模型精化。     

Ionospheric correction using NTCM driven by GPS Klobuchar coefficients for GNSS applications

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) require mitigation of ionospheric propagation errors because the ionospheric range errors might be larger than tens of meters at the zenith direction. Taking advantage of the frequency-dispersive property of ionospheric refractivity, the ionospheric range errors can be mitigated in dual-frequency applications to a great extent by a linear combination of carrier phases or pseudoranges. However, single-frequency GNSS operations require additional ionospheric information to apply signal delay or range error corrections. To aid single-frequency operations, the global positioning system (GPS) broadcasts 8 coefficients as part of the navigation message to drive the ionospheric correction algorithm (ICA) also known as Klobuchar model. We presented here an ionospheric correction algorithm called Neustrelitz TEC model (NTCM) which can be used as complementary to the GPS ICA. Our investigation shows that the NTCM can be driven by Klobuchar model parameters to achieve a significantly better performance than obtained by the mother ICA algorithm. Our research, using post-processed reference total electron content (TEC) data from more than one solar cycle, shows that on average the RMS modeled TEC errors are up to 40% less for the proposed NTCM model compared to the Klobuchar model during high solar activity period, and about 10% less during low solar activity period. Such an approach does not require major technology changes for GPS users rather requires only introducing the NTCM approach a complement to the existing ICA algorithm while maintaining the simplicity of ionospheric range error mitigation with an improved model performance.     

Performance evaluation of different ionospheric models in single-frequency code-based differential GPS positioning

Differential ionospheric slant delays are obtained from a quiet-time, three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), to be used in code-based differential GPS positioning. The code observations are acquired from nine continuously operating GPS stations around Taiwan whose baseline ranged from 19 to 340 km. Daily 24-hour epoch-per-epoch positioning obtained for 70 most geomagnetic quiet days (2008–2010) for each of the 72 baselines. The performance of TWIM has been compared with the standard operational Klobuchar model (KLB) used by typical single-frequency receivers and the IGS global ionospheric model (GIM). Generally, TWIM performed well in reducing the differential ionospheric delay especially for long baselines and different levels of low solar activity. It has a much better performance compared to the operational KLB model. TWIM also performed similarly with GIM, though GIM has the best performance overall. GIM has the best ionospheric gradient estimates among the three models whose differential ionospheric delay-to-horizontal error ratio is more than 0.25. This is followed closely by TWIM with about 0.20. KLB only has a ratio of <0.10. The similarity of the performance of TWIM and GIM demonstrates the feasibility of TWIM in correcting for differential ionospheric delays in the C/A code pseudorange that is caused by electron density gradients in the ionosphere. It can provide decimeter-to-centimeter level accuracy in differential GPS positioning for single-frequency receivers during geomagnetic quiet conditions across all seasons and different levels of low solar activities.     

BDS-3卫星对BDS全球定位性能提升分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)建设与组网工作的不断推进,北斗3号（BDS-3）已开始提供全球定位服务,其定位性能是广大用户关注的主要问题之一. 为了评价BDS在全球各地区定位可用性与精度,本文选取了全球范围内可接收北斗2号（BDS-2）与BDS-3卫星播发信号的44个静态观测站,分别使用BDS-2卫星与北斗2/3号（BDS-2/3）卫星的B1I与B3I信号及其无电离层组合观测值进行标准单点定位解算,同时使用广播星历解算BDS在全球范围的可见卫星数与位置精度因子(PDOP)分布情况. 结果表明,相对于BDS-2卫星,BDS-3卫星可以在全球范围内增加2～4颗可见卫星,同时减小了PDOP值和定位结果噪声,将BDS服务范围从亚太地区进一步扩展至全球. 另外,全球参考站双频无电离层组合可实现水平方向1.5 m、高程方向3 m的定位精度,单频定位也可实现水平2.5 m,高程4 m的定位精度. 本文还进行了手持动态实验,结果表明,BDS-2/3动态条件下可实现水平方向约2 m、高程方向约4 m的定位精度. 总的来说,目前BDS可以实现全球水平方向优于2 m,垂直方向优于4 m的伪距单点定位,满足绝大部分全球用户的定位需求.      

适用于不同尺度区域的Klobuchar-like电离层模型

导航定位中运用最广泛的电离层修正模型是Klobuchar模型,但经典的Klobuchar模型不能满足日益增长的导航定位精度的需求,因此不同的精化模型被提出。本文利用GIMs分析了夜间电离层随地方时的变化和电离层电子总含量随纬度的变化情况,在对各种适用范围较广的模型精化方案进行归纳总结的基础上,提出了一种适用于不同尺度区域的Klobuchar-like模型,并利用不同太阳活动时期不同季节的GIMs建立了适用于单站、大区域和全球的Klobuchar-like模型、14参数Klobuchar模型和8参数Klobuchar模型。Klobuchar-like模型单站、区域、全球的修正率分别达到了92.96%、91.55%、72.67%,均高于14参数、8参数Klobuchar模型和GPS Klobuchar模型,表明了该模型的有效性与实用性。     

Application of the TaiWan Ionospheric Model to single-frequency ionospheric delay corrections for GPS positioning

The performance of a three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model derived from FormoSat3/COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation measurements, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), in removing the ionospheric delays in single-frequency pseudorange observations is presented. Positioning results using TWIM have been compared with positioning results using other ionospheric models, such as the Klobuchar (KLOB) and the global ionospheric model (GIM). C/A code pseudoranges have been observed at three International GPS Service reference stations that are representative of mid-latitude (BOR1 and IRKJ) and low-latitude (TWTF) regions of the ionosphere. The observations took place during 27 geomagnetically quiet days from April 2010 to October 2011. We perform separate solutions using the TWIM, KLOB, GIM ionospheric models and carry out a solution applying no ionospheric correction at all. We compute the daily mean horizontal errors (DMEAN) and the daily RMS (DRMS) for these solutions with respect to the published reference station coordinates. It has demonstrated that TEC maps generate using the TWIM exhibit a detailed structure of the ionosphere, particularly at low-latitude region, whereas the Klobuchar and the GIM only provide the basic diurnal and geographic features of the ionosphere. Also, it is shown that even for lower satellite elevations, the TWIM provides better positioning than the Klobuchar and GIM models. Specifically, using TWIM, the difference of the uncorrected solution (no ionospheric correction), and the other solutions, relative to the uncorrected solution, is 45 % for the mean horizontal error (DMEAN) and 42 % for the horizontal root-mean-square error (DRMS). Using Klobuchar and GIM, the percent for DMEAN only reaches to about 12 % and 3 %, while the values for the DRMS are only 12 and 4 %, respectively. In the vertical direction, all models have a percentage of about 99 and 70 % for the mean vertical error (VMEAN) and vertical root-mean-square error (VRMS), respectively. These percentages show the greater impact of TWIM on the ionospheric correction compared to the other models. In at least 40 % of the observed days and across all stations, TWIM has the smallest DMEAN, VMEAN, DRMS, and VRMS daily values. These values reach 100 % at station TWTF. This shows the overall performance of TWIM is better than the Klobuchar and GIM.     

几种电离层模型对单频单点定位的影响分析

针对实时GNSS单频定位中电离层延迟改正问题,本文采用可用于实时GNSS单频定位的几种电离层模型对电离层延迟进行改正并分析其对GNSS单频单点定位性能的影响。其中,对单频SPP的电离层延迟采用模型直接进行改正,采用Klobuchar模型、CODE的预报产品c1pg、原国家测绘地理信息局的实时球谐电离层产品cosong和CODE事后产品codg计算的电离层精度依次提高;采用不同电离层模型作为电离层估计的先验约束进行单频PPP定位。结果表明:采用精度较好的电离层产品作为先验约束可加快单频PPP收敛。