The Mineralogy of gold and its relevance to gold recoveries

Processing of most gold ores, other than placers, involves conventional gravity separation and direct cyanidation. The difficult (or refractory) gold ores are not amenable to direct cyanidation and these ores require detailed mineralogical investigations to assist in determining the recovery processes. There are six mineralogical factors that can contribute to poorer recoveries. These are 1. the nature of the gold-containing minerals, 2. the grain size of the gold minerals, 3. the nature of the gangue minerals, 4. the associated sulfide minerals, 5. coatings on gold, and 6. chemically bound or invisible gold.Geological Survey of Canada Contribution Number 13089     

冀东一些金矿床金矿物特征及金成色地质意义

冀东青龙地区三家子、半壁山金矿床均产于古老变质岩系中，主要载金矿物为石英、黄铁矿，金的赋存状态有裂隙金、包裹体金、晶隙金。通过对比，认为Au成色与成矿时代、成矿温度、成矿深度有内在关系：成矿时代越早，Au成色越高；金矿物的形成温度与Au成色呈正相关关系；金矿床形成深度越大，自然金的成色亦越高。三家子金矿床成矿时代较晚，为中－中高温矿床，深部曾发生过多次成矿作用。半壁山金矿床成矿较早，为高中温金矿床。     

小秦岭金矿田构造演化与金矿成矿作用

依据小秦岭金矿田的地质构造穿插关系和同位素年龄资料,建立了本区构造、岩浆、成矿事件序列。在此基础上,将小秦岭地区的构造演化划分为６个阶段：褶皱变质、韧性剪切变形、稳定升降、韧－脆性断裂转化、断裂活动、抬升剥蚀阶段。对小秦岭金矿田的成矿时代,成矿深度、矿床成因等地质问题,给出了构造地质学方面的判据。     

胶东玲珑金矿区碲化物形成条件及其对金富集过程的约束SCIEI北大核心CSCD

胶东地区探明金储量超过5000t,是我国最重要的金矿集区。玲珑金矿区位于胶东西北部招-平断裂北段,具有典型含金石英脉矿床的特征。矿区部分矿段产出富碲铋化物的明金矿石,是研究富碲铋化物金矿床成因和金超级富集机制的理想对象。通过显微岩相学观察、扫描电镜及电子探针分析,首次对胶东玲珑金矿区富碲铋化物明金矿石的矿物组合和形成机制进行了较为详细的研究。玲珑金矿区含明金矿石中的金矿物主要为含银自然金,成色整体较高,平均为894。共发现了五种与自然金共生的碲化物,分别是辉碲铋矿、碲铋矿、碲银矿、碲铋银矿和碲镍矿,其中辉碲铋矿含量最多。通过矿物共生组合研究及物理化学条件分析,确定成矿流体的碲逸度范围为-12.6相似文献   

Transport and Concentration of Gold in Metamorphic—hosted Reworked Gold Deposits,China

Calculations based on the available thermodynamic data of AuCl ₂ ⁻ and Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ indicate that AuCl ₂ ⁻ is responsible for the transport and enrichment of gold during the stage of pre-concentration in the source bed while Au (HS) ₂ ⁻ is the main gold species involved in the formation of gold deposits in response to hydrothermal reworking. Acid chloride solutions witha _Cl ⁻ > 10° and sulfur-rich solutions with a_Σs in excess of 10⁻² are held as important criteria for gold enrichment in the source bed and for the formation of gold deposits by subsequent hydrothermal event, respectively.     

四川丹巴独狼沟金矿中金与碲铋矿物的赋存状态及金的富集机制

独狼沟金矿是位于丹巴成矿带中穹窿边缘的典型的石英脉型金矿,矿床中发育大量明金与碲铋矿物。本文以独狼沟金矿中碲铋矿物及自然金为主要研究对象,通过显微岩相学观察、扫描电镜、能谱以及电子探针分析,对矿床中碲铋矿物和自然金的赋存状态进行了较为详细的研究,并对金的富集机制进行了探讨。结果表明,碲铋矿物与自然金主要在成矿Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段产出,矿石中自然金主要为含银自然金,成色整体偏高,平均为881,碲铋矿物主要有楚碲铋矿、叶碲铋矿、赫碲铋矿、硫碲铋矿B、未命名碲铋矿物(Bi₂Te、Bi₈Te₃、Bi₃Te)以及自然铋,碲铋矿物与自然金具密切的时空关系。结合前人流体包裹体的研究结果,认为成矿Ⅱ阶段到Ⅲ阶段过渡的过程中温度以及体系中碲逸度的降低是矿床中多种碲铋矿物相形成的关键,独狼沟金矿成矿的物理化学条件以及碲铋矿物与自然金的矿物特征均指示成矿过程中金-铋-碲熔体对热液中金的抽取是导致自然金富集的关键。     

Thio complexes of gold and the transport of gold in hydrothermal ore solutions

The solubility of gold in aqueous sulphide solutions has been determined from pH_20°C ≈ 4 to pH_20°C ≈ 9.5 in the presence of a pyrite-pyrrhotite redox buffer at temperatures from 160 to 300°C and 1000 bar pressure. Maximum solubilities were obtained in the neutral region of pH as, for example, with m_NaHS = 0.15 m, pH_20°C = 5.96, T = 309°C, P = 1000 bar where a gold solubility of 225 mg/kg was obtained. It was concluded that three thio gold complexes contributed to the solubility. The complex Au₂(HS)₂S^2? predominated in alkaline solution, the Au(HS)₂^? complex occurred in the neutral pH region, and in the acid pH region, it was concluded with less certainty that the Au(HS)° complex was present. Formation constants calculated forAu₂(HS)₂S^2? and Au (HS)₂^? emphasize their high stability. In the temperature range from 175 to 250°C, values of pβ for Au₂(HS)₂S^2? vary from ?53.0 to 47.9 (±1.6) and from ?23.1 to ?19.5 ( ± 1.5) for Au(HS)₂^?. Equilibrium constante for the dissolution reactions, $\text{Au° + H}{}_2\text{S + HS}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{? Au(HS)}{}_2{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{+}\text{1}\text{2}\text{H}{}_2$ and 2Au° + H₂S + 2H8^? ? Au(HS)₂^? + H₂ vary from pK_m = +2.4 to +2.55 (±0.10) for Au₂(HS)₂S^2? and from pK_n = + 1.29 to + 1.19 (±0.10) for Au(HS)₂^? over the temperature range 175 to 250°C. Enthalpies of these dissolution reactions were calculated to be ΔH_m° = ?5.2 ±2.0 kcal/mol and ΔH_n° = +1.7 ±2.0 kcal/mol respectively. It was concluded that gold is probably transported in hydrothermal ore solutions as both thio and chloro complexes and may be deposited in response to changes in temperature, pressure, pH, oxidation potential of the system and total sulphur concentration.     

火山活动与金矿床

火山活动不仅对铁、铜多金属矿床的形成具有重要意义，而且对金矿形成也是至关重要的。笔者多年在火山岩分布区的工作的整理大量国内外大型超大型矿床矿田地质资料，深切地认识到火山作用在金矿形成过程中的重要意义。本文将从金矿床地质成因类型划分及其规模和资源量、各类型矿床的地质条件分析来说明这一认识，并初步总结了找矿工作中应注意的问题和标志，试图来推动火山岩地区金矿找矿工作。由于陆相火山岩金矿较为直观，因此本文着墨较少，而着重说明海底火山活动与金矿形成的内在联系。     

从含铜铅金精矿中提取金银的工艺方法

采用湿法预处理除铜 -氨氰法研究了从含 Cu、Pb金精矿中提取 Au、Ag的新工艺方法。它与常规方法相比 ,Au、Ag的回收率分别提高了 34 .78%和 1 2 .52 % ,对于中小型黄金矿山具有推广价值。     

枪马金矿金品位统计分布特征及其地质意义

地质变量的变化与地质体的特征密切相关,通过地质变量的研究可以揭示地质体某一特征的规律性。多次地质事件的数理统计特征表现为多个总体叠加的混合分布,因此通过研究混合分布和单一分布的特征,对矿床的矿化成因、矿化过程和矿化特征认识有指导意义。研究发现,枪马金矿的金品位主要由2个对数正态分布总体叠加而成,并对应于本区2次主要的成矿事件。对金的特征参数垂直空间上的研究表明,金矿化强度向深部逐渐增高,深部找矿远景很大。     

胶东地区破碎带蚀变岩型金矿时代的测定及其地质意义

通过对胶东半岛西北部超大型破碎带蚀变岩型金矿 -新城金矿的强烈热液交代成因黄铁绢英岩 Rb- Sr等时线法测年 ,获得 116 .6± 5 .3Ma成矿年龄。结合本区焦家、仓上等大型 -超大型金矿蚀变矿物、石英流体包裹体的 Rb- Sr等时线年龄、K- Ar年龄 (10 5± 7Ma;10 6± 2 Ma;113.5± 0 .6 Ma)等前人成果 ,确定胶东半岛西北部破碎带蚀变岩型金矿成矿时代主要集中在 10 0～ 117Ma。与围岩花岗岩、花岗闪长岩的成岩年龄 (16 0～ 15 0 Ma;130～ 12 6 Ma)存在着近 10 Ma的时差 ,并根据(87Sr/ 86 Sr) i比值以及已有的 C、H、O稳定同位素资料表明 ,即使成矿物质部分来源于围岩花岗岩类 ,但成矿作用与岩浆活动无明显的成因关系 ,而是深部循环的大气降水或幔源 C- H - O流体参与成矿作用的结果     

陕西小秦岭金矿床中金的赋存状态及分布规律

陕西小秦岭脉状金矿床中，金的赋存状态及其分布与硫化物的发育程度密切相关，金优先赋存于硫化矿物中，只有当硫化物不发育时，才主要以金矿物形式赋存于石英等矿物中。金矿物的Ａｇ／Ａｕ比率主要受成矿温度、硫化物发育程度、成矿热液中Ｃｌ／Ｓ浓度比值等因素制约。     

Evidence of local sourcing of sulfur and gold in an Archaean sediment-hosted gold deposit

Determining the source of sulfur in an ore deposit is key to understanding the nature of the ore forming processes. The Neoarchaean Paulsens sediment-hosted gold deposit (∼1 Moz @ 7.6 g/t) located in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia exhibits many of the characteristics of Phanerozoic shale hosted gold deposits (e.g. Huijiabao Trend, Northern Carlin Trend and Sukhoi Log), in that 1) black shales are the dominant host rock, 2) gold is hosted in pyrite as both free gold and dissolved gold in the lattice of the pyrite, and 3) multiple generations of pyrite have formed due to a variety of geological processes. In this contribution we utilised Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (SIMS) to measure the in-situ quadrupole (³²S, ³³S, ³⁴S and ³⁶S) sulfur isotope compositions of the different generations of pyrite. Our results indicate that the both diagenetic and hydrothermal pyrite generations display similar and anomalous Δ³³S signatures (up to +0.4‰). Further, the Δ³³S-Δ³⁶S arrays in the hydrothermal pyrite generations lie on a slope which is similar to that of the diagenetic pyrite. These data support the hypothesis that the sulfur in the ore zones came from the host Hardey Formation black shales.We also performed trace element analyses of syn-sedimentary and early diagenetic pyrite from the Hardey Formaiton using Nano Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Laser Ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS), all of which show that the syn-sedimentary and early diagenetic pyrite contain high concentrations of many trace elements (As, Ni, Co, Cu, Ag, Se, Te, Bi), including up to 1.5 ppm Au. These metals contents are also abundant in the several generations of mineralised hydrothermal pyrite and form clear patterns of growth associated with couple dissolution reprecipitation reactions. These findings clearly indicate that the fluid that transported the Au must have also been enriched in the base and precious metals that are contained in the early, syn-diagenesis pyrite.Data from this study clearly support the hypothesis that in some sediment-hosted gold systems, all the sulfur and gold required to form the deposit are sourced from the local sedimentary package. By using the presence of anomalous mass independent sulfur isotope signatures as chemically conservative and indelible tracers, it is possible to fingerprint the source of sulfur in a wide range of mineral systems, thus enhancing predictive exploration strategies at the regional to camp scales.     

胶东大尹格庄金矿床成矿流体特征与演化

胶东是我国最重要的黄金产地,也是全球成矿晚于赋矿围岩近2Ga的巨型金矿集区之一。大尹格庄金矿床位于胶西北招平断裂中段是区域内典型的超大型蚀变岩型金矿床也是胶东金矿集区内最大的金银伴生矿床。本研究在详实的野外地质调查和岩相学观察基础上对不同成矿阶段的石英中流体包裹体进行碳、氢、氧同位素测试和计算。大尹格庄金矿床热液成矿过程可分为四个阶段:黄铁矿-绢云母-石英阶段(Ⅰ阶段)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅰ阶段)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ阶段)和石英-方解石-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅳ)。氢-氧同位素组成表明,Ⅰ阶段流体的δD为-84.4‰～-68.4‰,δ~(18)O为2.04‰～7.36‰;Ⅱ阶段流体的δD为-78.6‰～-69.8‰,δ~(18)O为0.3‰～4.2‰;Ⅲ阶段流体的δD为-81.4‰～-72.0‰,δ~(18)O为-3.47‰～-1.25‰。随着成矿作用进行,δ~(18)O逐渐降低。流体包裹体的碳-氧同位素分析表明,δ~(13)C和δ~(18)O分别随成矿作用的进行降低和升高。两种测试获得的氧同位素变化趋势不同,可能是由于前者是通过石英单矿物氧同位素计算得到的流体包裹体中水的氧同位素而后者测定的是流体包裹体中CO_2的氧同位素。综合分析表明,大尹格庄金矿床成矿流体主体为变质水;成矿作用过程中,断裂带强烈构造变形诱发次生包裹体的形成导致氢氧同位素组成向中生代大气水漂移。     

上庄金矿含金黄铁矿细脉的成因探讨

在分析矿区内含金黄铁矿脉的产出特征以及镜下特征的基础上,应用水压致裂的原理来解释矿化细脉的成因,并结合控矿构造的演化,进一步阐述超高压流体的保持与释放机制,重新认识了成矿初期阶段中形成的自形粗粒黄铁矿与金富集之间的关系.     

甘肃全鑫金矿物质组成及金的赋存状态

全鑫金矿为变质碎屑岩型金矿,矿石的化学成分较简单,主要为SiO2(73.60%)和A l2O3(10.40%),有用元素主要为Au(平均3.45×10-6),其次为Ag,有害元素主要是C有机,As,S,含量很低。主要金属矿物为褐铁矿、赤铁矿及黄钾铁钒;脉石矿物以石英、长石、绢云母及粘土矿物为主。矿石为自形-半自形粒状结构、浸染状构造。矿石中金大多为自然金,粒度一般<0.005 mm,主要以微细粒包裹金的形式存在,部分为裂隙金,金的载体矿物主要为褐铁矿、黄铁矿。     

川陕丁家林、太阳坪金矿区金的赋存状态

通过野外及镜下研究，初步查明丁家林，太阳坪金矿区所含金矿物为自然,金金矿及含银自然金。丁家林金矿区包裹体金为主，太阳坪金矿区则以裂隙金为主。粒数及面积统计显示两矿区均以中、细粒金为主。载体矿物主要为黄铁矿，次为石英，偶见方铅矿，黄铜矿及闪锌矿。金的矿化与富集以富含黄铁矿，贫其他多金属硫化物为特征。矿石中常见明金为粗粒金，巨粒金及块状金。     

西藏尼玛砂金矿中金和银的提纯与精炼

为提纯与精炼西藏尼玛砂金矿中的金和银，在王水介质中制作供还原的Au液，选择草酸作为还原剂很容易将Au还原，而且不与其他金属离子反应。砂金的提纯与精炼要经还原Au液、排除HNO3和砂金的2次溶解及Au的还原。尾渣以NaCO3、硼砂、KNO3为配料在焦炭炉中进行熔炼和泼珠，进而分离出金、银。在提取银的操作中，采用饱和NaCl水溶液。制定的金、银王水法提纯与精炼流程所产出金锭的成色大于等于99．99％，银锭成色大于等于99．90％。     

内蒙古虎拉林地区砂金与岩金的关系

虎拉林地区砂、岩金矿的空间位置关系十分密切。在虎拉林河上中下游及虎拉林岩金矿分别采取样品，结果表明虎拉林河砂金粒度大，分选较差，磨圆度差；砂金形态总体上以粒状为主；溶蚀系数均值小于1。微量元素含量特征表明砂金的主要物质来源是近源，与岩金矿关系密切且具有继承性。虎拉林岩金矿床的矿石中自然金颗粒粗大，矿体的上部遭到剥蚀，虎拉林河砂金主要来源于虎拉林岩金矿床，砂金可作为岩金的找矿标志。自然金化学-结晶温度图表明砂金的原生Au源为中低温热液矿床。