覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法

基于有限元和拟静力的根本原理，提出了一种基于断层位错的覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应弹塑性有限元分析方法，计算中考虑了土层厚度、断层种类和倾角、软弱夹层以及土的非线性等因素，通过编制的程序计算了地表断裂位移，模拟了土层的破裂过程。     

覆盖土层场地地震断裂研究进展

回顾了近年来国内外覆盖土层地震断裂的研究状况，包括宏观震害统计分析、模型试验和数值模拟研究等，分析了存在的问题，建议了下一步的研究方向。     

断裂活动的平行消减作用

依据断裂活动时代，滑动速率，破裂位移，强震复发期和地震释放能量等要素，通过一些典型实例证明，断裂活动的平行消减作用具有普遍意义，讨论了与断裂活动平行消减作用有关几个问题，本的研究成果对确定断裂活动力源，认识断裂和地质活动规律以及地震预报和地震危险性分析重要意义。     

渭河断裂中段最新活动的几个证据

根据渭河断裂中段两侧渭河一二级阶地的高差对比,研究了近20000多年来,特别是近6000多年来渭河断裂中段的活动性,并粗略估算了断裂活动的位移幅度和位移速率。又根据断裂附近探槽揭示的古地震遗迹及历史地震、现代地震沿断裂的分布,认为渭河大断裂为近期活动较强烈的发震断裂。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震地表位移场的模拟——映秀-北川断裂逆冲兼右旋走滑错动形成的地表位移场

基于Yoshimitsu Okada及Steketee的断裂位错模型,从理论上反演了汶川地震时龙门山中央主断裂中段附近区域(距离断裂30km)内由断裂逆冲兼右旋错动形成的地表位移场的空间演化,包括地表垂直和水平位移场的基本特征。模拟表明了断裂错动过程中近断裂区域地表位移场的空间演化情况,而该空间演化情况通过野外科考和有限的GPS测站数据是无法细致描述的。文中将模拟结果与野外地表破裂带的科考成果进行比较,发现两者在变化趋势上近似表现一致;且位移场在离开断裂出露处迅速衰减的特征与现有研究成果一致;同时模拟结果也表明位移场的衰减速度在下盘强于上盘。模拟结果最终表明:断裂错动形成的地表垂直位移存在较大的空间不均匀性且较大的幅值主要集中于断裂的两端,即映秀和北川附近,垂直和水平位移场在断裂端部的变化都强于断裂的中部;地表垂直位移沿走向的变化在断裂上盘强于下盘;水平位移除了在断裂两端变化比较剧烈外,在空间上分布比较均匀;总体上,除断裂端部外位移场的幅值在上盘大于下盘。     

昌马断裂的运动方式与1932年昌马地震

本文从断裂的沉积、地貌和变形特征方面研究了昌马断裂的运动方式。结果表明,昌马断裂是一条枢纽断裂,枢纽轴位于断裂中段。提出了昌马断裂的力学模式,认为昌马地震是在北东～南西向水平挤压应力产生的左旋剪切应力和垂直断裂面的正压力联合作用下,昌马断裂枢纽轴部的介质强化,应力集中的结果     

1668年郯城8.5级地震断裂的全新世滑动速率,古地震和强震复发周期

本文根据野外察、实例和开挖资料，研究了１６６８年郯城８．５级地震断裂的水年和垂直位移及地震标志和证据、全新世位移分布和滑动速率、古地震遗迹、古地震期次、强震复发周期以及地震破裂模式。     

关于2008年汶川M_s8.0地震震源断裂破裂机制几个问题的讨论

2008年5月12日四川汶川Ms8.0地震是一条陆内活动逆断裂带最新活动的结果.地震震源断裂沿龙门山构造带中央断裂发生斜滑作用和沿前山断裂发生纯逆断裂作用,断裂产状前者陡后者缓,垂直位移前者大后者小,这是一条少见的具有右旋走滑特征的挤压性质双断坡破裂,它是深部斜滑断裂在上地壳脆性域发生应变分解的结果.地震地表破裂带的分段活动和位移分布、地震波反演、余震空间分布、主震和余震震源机制解都说明这一条活动断裂带的活动机制和震源断裂破裂机制的复杂性.北西向小鱼洞左旋走滑破裂带是调节北东向破裂带中缩短量不同的破裂段之间的捩断裂,但由于震源断裂西南段经受着强烈挤压,左旋走滑的小鱼洞断裂也具有明显的挤压分量.在中央断裂这一条走滑逆冲和逆走滑性质的断裂和破裂带中出现的走滑正断裂控制的沙坝沟槽是在一个特殊的构造和地貌条件下,由震源断裂滑动和重力共同作用的结果,重力作用加大了该段破裂的正断层型垂直位移量,它不能真正代表震源断裂的最大地表垂直位移.     

活动断裂滑动位移势和滑动速率的评估与地震复发

活动断裂滑动位移势和滑动速率是评价断裂活动程度和估计强震复发周期的两个重要。客观合理地认识它们，对地震预报研究将是十分有益。为缩短断层研究方法在地震职的时间尺度，本文在评价了前人工作的基础上，提出了合理估计这两个参量的几种可能途径。     

东秦岭内部铁炉子断裂带的最新走滑活动

通过对东秦岭内部铁炉子断裂错断晚更新世以来形成的水系位移测量和阶地砾石层的年代学研究，得到铁炉子断裂距今10万年以来的左旋位移约为125m，活动速率约为1．25mm／a。距今0．20～0．25Ma的中更新世中期以来的左旋滑动速率为3．0～3．75mm／a。估算出东秦岭地区活动断裂系左旋活动速率约为2．25～4．75mm／a，它大致反映了中晚第四纪华南与鄂尔多斯、华北平原活动地块向东滑动速率的差异。     

天津软弱土场地土层地震反应实例分析

对场地土层地震反应分析的主要方法进行介绍,在天津软弱土场地（Ⅳ类场地）上分别采用等效线性化和逐步积分的方法进行土层反应,并把土层反应得到的结果与天津地区Ⅳ类场地上的实际强震记录对比,发现等效线性化方法适用于天津软弱土场地土层地震反应。对软弱土场地土层地震反应结果进行分析,把该结果与GB50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》中相应的参数进行对比,分析两者之间的差别,为天津软弱土场地的抗震设防提供合理的建议。     

土层场地的放大作用随深度的变化规律研究——以金银岛岩土台阵为例

为了探究土层场地放大作用的机制,利用金银岛岩土台阵在四次地震中记录的26组弱震动的三分量加速度时程,采用考虑上行波场与下行波场相消干涉作用的传统谱比法,研究了土层场地的放大作用随深度的变化规律.结果表明：（1）地震波从基岩传播到土层中时,土层的多个振型被激励,放大作用随深度的变化是按照不同振型的特征而有规律地变化.自下而上直至地表,一阶振型的场地放大作用是逐渐增大的;二阶振型的场地放大作用经历了逐渐减小和逐渐增大两个过程;三阶振型的场地放大作用经历了逐渐增大、逐渐减小和逐渐增大三个过程;四阶振型的场地放大作用经历了逐渐减小、逐渐增大、逐渐减小和逐渐增大四个过程;更高阶振型的场地放大作用可以据此类推.（2）四次地震中同一振型的NS和EW两个水平分量的自振频率相差很小;二阶到六阶5个振型与一阶振型的自振频率之比小于相应的理论模型之比.（3）四次地震中均存在一些高阶振型的放大系数大于其一阶振型相应分量的放大系数的现象.目前的场地反应分析中,往往将最大放大系数对应的频率作为场地的卓越频率,这么做的结果,很有可能将不同振型的自振频率作为场地的卓越频率,导致同一地震中不同水平分量的卓越频率相差较大,或者在不同地震中同一水平分量的卓越频率差别较大,难以描述场地的固有特性;而按照不同振型分析场地放大作用的特征,可以从本质上揭示场地的固有特性.     

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.     

Effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic ground motions

This paper investigates the effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic waves. First, based on attenuation laws and the filtered Tajimi–Kanai spectrum, seismic motion at the base rock of a soil site is stochastically generated according to an assumed earthquake with a given magnitude and epicentral distance. Motions on the surface of this layered random soil site are calculated by nonlinear wave propagation methods, and by assuming the incoming seismic wave consisting of SH wave or combined P and SV waves. Soil properties, including shear modulus, damping ratio and mass density, as well as ground water level are considered as random in the numerical calculation. The Rosenblueth method is used to solve the random dynamic responses of the soil site. Parametric calculations are performed to investigate the effects of various parameters on site amplification of seismic waves. The mean and maximum ground motions on surface of the site are estimated. Numerical results indicate that the estimated surface motions differ substantially if the random variations of soil properties and soil saturation level are taken into consideration in the analysis.     

土层结构对地表加速度峰值的影响

本文在研究我国数百个工程场地钻孔资料的基础上，选取和构造了若干有代表性的典型场地剖面，利用目前工程上广泛应用的场地地震反应分析的一维等效线性化波动方法，计算了不同场地在三种不同强度的地震动输入下的地表加速度峰值反应。分析研究了覆盖层厚度、软土层的埋深与厚度等对场地地表加速度峰值的影响，得到了一些有意义的结论。     

不同类别场地地震动参数的计算分析

基于188个工程场地计算剖面及场地地震反应分析的等线性化波动分析方法，通过对场地地震反应的计算及计算结果的分析，研究了4类场地条件对场地地震动影响的特点及规律，给出了每一类场地地震动参数变化的经验关系。     

振动台试验模型地基土的设计与试验研究

本文在动力相似关系的分析基础之上,设计了一种以锯末为主要成分,用于地基-基础-上部结构动力相互作用振动台试验的模型土。用循环单剪仪对原型土和设计的模型土分别进行了试验,得出了2者的动剪切模量比Gd/Gdm ax和阻尼比λ随动剪应变γd变化的关系曲线,对两种土的动力特性进行了相似对比。试验结果表明,设计的模型土与原型土的动力特性具有较好的相似性。采用等效线性本构模型,给出了原型土和模型土的动力特性参数。对采用本文所设计的模型土进行振动台试验的动力相似问题进行了初步讨论。     

Dependence of fourier spectrum amplitudes of recorded earthquake accelerations on magnitude,local soil conditions and on depth of sediments

New empirical scaling equations of Fourier amplitude spectra of strong earthquake shaking are presented for the site characterization in terms of local geologic and local soil conditions simultaneously. It is shown that using only the local soil site classification may lead to biased results, and it is suggested that both soil and geologic conditions should be used together in estimation of the site specific spectrum amplitudes.     

A novel framework integrating downhole array data and site response analysis to extract dynamic soil behavior

Seismic site response analysis is commonly used to predict ground response due to local soil effects. An increasing number of downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile and to provide a check on the accuracy of site response analysis models. Site response analysis models, however, cannot be readily calibrated to match field measurements. A novel inverse analysis framework, self-learning simulations (SelfSim), to integrate site response analysis and field measurements is introduced. This framework uses downhole array measurements to extract the underlying soil behavior and develops a neural network-based constitutive model of the soil. The resulting soil model, used in a site response analysis, provides correct ground response. The extracted cyclic soil behavior can be further enhanced using multiple earthquake events. The performance of the algorithm is successfully demonstrated using synthetically generated downhole array recordings.     

Empirical relationships between natural vibration period and height of buildings in Singapore

Singapore is a classic case of a modern metropolis with low hazard but high exposure to the seismicity in Sumatra. Because of land shortage, more than 80% of the population lives in high‐rise residential buildings. As part of the efforts to assess the seismic performance of buildings in Singapore subjected to long‐distance Sumatran earthquakes, relationships between the natural vibration period and height of high‐rise public residential buildings in Singapore are derived empirically by conducting ambient vibration tests on 116 buildings. The measured buildings have a height ranging from 4 to 30 stories. The aspect ratio of buildings in plan is found to be insignificant in affecting the natural vibration period of the first mode of the buildings. The period‐height relationships are derived using regression analysis considering the site properties of a building. It is concluded that the vibration periods estimated from the proposed period‐height relationship for buildings located at soft‐soil site are about 40% longer than the vibration periods estimated for buildings located at firm‐soil site. Measurements are also conducted to study the influence of buildings on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil. For this purpose, two buildings with 25 and 30 stories located at firm‐soil site and soft‐soil site, respectively, are selected. It is found that the distance of building influence on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil may reach up to one building height for a firm‐soil site and two building heights for a soft‐soil site. Additional data of natural vibration periods of 19 instrumented residential buildings, which have height ranging from 9 to 30 stories, were obtained from the building response recorded during the September 30, 2009 Sumatran earthquake event. The natural vibration periods of these buildings are compared with those estimated using the proposed period‐height relationships, and the absolute differences are found to be less than 12%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.