Genesis types of the Neoproterozoic Molar tooth structures in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning provinces and its research significances

Molar tooth (briefly called MT) carbonate is one of the Proterozoic carbonates with enigmatic sedimentary structure. According to the morphology of MT, it can be divided into two main genesis-morphology types, i.e., autochthonous and allochthonous, and each type can be further divided into a series of subtypes. The autochthonous MT can be divided into filamentous (MF1), ribbon, nodular and dotted type (MF4), in which the ribbon one can be subdivided into simple vertical (MF2) and complex ribbon (MF3), broken ribbon by storm in situ (MF5) and MT within nodular limestone (MF6). Allochthonous MT includes conglomerate clasts and horizontal detritus. Studying on the links between MT and the host rocks on five stratigraphic sections in the southeastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning indicates that the morphology of MT is closely related to host rocks, and seven genetic types by relationships between MT and the host rocks with facies interpretations are classified and discussed in this paper. The sedimentary environments of MT formation will be diverse if their morphologies are different.     

Early diagenetic deformation structures of the Furongian ribbon rocks in Shandong Province of China——A new perspective of the genesis of limestone conglomerates

Ribbon rocks are characterized by an alternation of millimeter-to centimeter-thick limestone and argillaceous deposits (marlstone or shale).The sedimentary processes and diagenetic characteristics of ribbon rocks might be critical to the formation of limestone conglomerates.According to detailed field measurement and laboratory analyses (thin section observation and XRD analysis),four types of ribbon rocks are classified,i.e.,limestone and marlstone couplet (L-M),limestone and shale couplet (L-S),thin-bedde...     

Organic geochemical characterization and depositional paleoenvironments of the Devonian strata in Guizhong region,Guangxi, China

Devonian strata in the Guizhong region, Guangxi, China consist mainly of marine deposition carbonates (limestones and dolomites) as well as restricted clastic rocks. The strata thickness is measured as 2041m and classified into 14 formations. An integrated field geological, petrographic, sedimentological, palaeobiological, and geochemical study of these strata reveals that the depositional paleoenvironments were carbonate tidal flat, restricted platform, open platform, shelf, platform margin slop, and algal herm. The total organic carbon (TOC) of sedimentary organic matter ranges between 0.07% and 1.96% with average of 0.21%. The organic matter types are Type I and Type III. The vitrinite reflectance (R ₀) of kerogen ranges between 0.99% and 2.03%, indicating the maturated and highly maturated stages. The analytical results of the representative samples collected from shelf and subtidal facies show that the differences of organic matter type and biological diagnostic compounds are related to the types of source rocks deposited in different paleoenvironments.

     

Integrated interpretation of the magnetotelluric and magnetic data from Mahallat geothermal field,Iran

Magnetotelluric (MT) and ground magnetic surveys were conducted on the Mahallat geothermal field situated in Markazi province, central Iran, as a primary part of the explorations and developments of a geothermal energy investigation program in the region. Mahallat region has the greatest geothermal fields in Iran. MT survey was performed in November 2011 on an 8 km profile crossing the hot springs with a total of 17 stations. The 2D inversion of the determinant MT data was performed using a 2D inversion routine based on the Occam approach. The 2D resistivity model obtained from the determinant data shows a low resistivity zone at 800-2000 m depth and a higher resistivity zone above the low resistivity zone, interpreted as geothermal reservoir and cap rock, respectively. It also revealed two major concealed faults which are acting as preferential paths for the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. To obtain more geophysical evidence, a ground magnetic survey with 5000 stations was also performed over an area of 200 km² around the MT profile. Magnetic measurements show a main positive anomaly of about +1000 nT over the study area, which could be interpreted as an intrusive body with the high magnetic susceptibility (i.e. mafic and ultramafic rocks) into the sedimentary host rocks. We interpret the body as the heat source of the geothermal system. Structural index and depth estimation of the anomaly indicate that the intrusive body is similar to a cylinder extending from about one kilometer depth down to greater depths. The results of MT and magnetic investigations indicate a geothermal reservoir which proves the preliminary geological observations to a great extent.     

Geochemical constraints on the depositional environment of the 1.84 Ga Embury Lake Formation,Flin Flon Belt,Canada

The Flin Flon Belt of Canada contains Paleoproterozoic volcanic–sedimentary sequences that are related to the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny. The sequences include island arc volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Amisk Group) that are unconformably overlain by subaerial sedimentary rocks (Missi Group), and younger deep facies sediments. In the Flin Flon area, several north–south trending faults divide the sequences into blocks and obscure the depositional environment of the deep facies sediments. Locally, within the Flin Flon area, the Embury Lake Formation is in fault contact with island arc volcanic–sedimentary sequences of the Amisk and Missi Groups. To identify the depositional environment of the Embury Lake Formation, we used lithologic and geochemical approaches. Here, we report carbon isotopic values in organic matter (δ¹³C_org) and sulfur isotopes (δ³⁴S), as well as total organic carbon and total sulfur measurements for the black shale in the formation. Samples were taken from a drill core that contains alternating bands of sandstone and black shale. Pyrite in the black shale is divided into four textural types: euhedral, vein‐type, elliptical, and microcrystalline. Microcrystalline pyrite is typically generated by microbially mediated sulfate reduction. An extremely low S/C ratio (avg. = 0.04) is consistent with lacustrine deposition. The ranges of δ¹³C_org (?36 ‰ to ?27 ‰) and δ³⁴S (+3.0 ‰ to +7.7 ‰) values can be explained by bacterial photosynthesis that involved Calvin cycle and acetyl CoA pathways, and sulfate reduction in a low‐sulfate environment. Considering the depositional age reported in a previous study of < 1.84 Ga, the Embury Lake Formation was likely emplaced in a lacustrine setting during the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny.     

徐州大北望地区馒头组化石碳酸盐岩微相分析

江苏省徐州市大北望剖面早寒武世馒头组的碳酸盐岩地层发育较好,沉积类型多样,成岩特征明显,是研究碳酸盐岩沉积及成岩作用的理想剖面之一。文章采用微相分析的方法 ,对该剖面碳酸盐岩的生物组合、颗粒成分、基质类型及其结构等微相特征做了研究。根据颗粒类型、沉积结构和化石,本区的碳酸盐岩可以被分为3个大类和10种化石碳酸盐岩微相类型:泥晶颗粒灰岩(微相1至微相5),颗粒泥晶灰岩(微相6至微相8)和泥晶灰岩(微相9和微相10)。每一种微相对应特定的沉积环境及演化特征。综合分析表明,研究区下寒武统形成于泻湖、局限台地、开阔台地和台地边缘的浅滩环境,据此建立了沉积相模式。在徐州大北望地区进行的关于碳酸盐岩微相的研究表明早寒武世晚期的馒头组继承了早寒武世中期的特点,且海侵持续扩大的持续沉降活动。     

Base level change and depositional filling response of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin of Tibet

The base level during the deposition of Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin shows a complete cycle from rising to falling. The base level change is closely connected with tectonic evolution of the basin, especially connected with Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean evolution process in the formation and evolution of the basin. It is also affected by climate. The Jurassic strata correspond to a long-term base level cycle sequence. The sequence is in fact a non-complete symmetrical cycle, consisting of rising hemicycle and falling hemicycle. It can be divided into 6 intermediate-term base level cycle sequences, including 2 carbonate sequences, 3 mixture sedimentary sequences of carbonate and clastic rocks and one clastic sedimentary sequence. Depositional filling characteristics during base level change show that Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean spreads in Toarcian-Bajocian ages, and is at the height of spreading of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean in Bathonian-Oxfordian ages. In that process, sea area became smaller because of the dry climate. Eventually, marine depositional filling is ended with the subduction and collision of Bangonghu-Nujiang ocean.

     

利用大地电磁资料对玄武岩成像的可行性

The magnetotelluric （MT） method has been among the favorite supporting tools for seismic imaging of sub-salt and sub-basalt targets. In this paper we present an example from Kachchh, India （where basaltic rocks overlie Mesozoic sedimentary rocks）, and discuss the feasibility of using MT method as an exploration tool in this geological setting. Our results highlight the difference in magnetotelluric response caused by the thin intrabasalt layering. The key issue addressed in this paper is what MT can and cannot provide in such geological settings. First, we compute apparent resistivity and phase response curves using representative resistivity-depth models and borehole data from the study area. Later, we compare these results to assess the plausibility of using MT to image the sub-volcanic sediments at Kachchh. Finally, we substantiate our discussion through one-dimensional inversion of the field observed MT data from this region that exhibits poor sensitivity of MT for thin basalt layers.     

Geochemical evidence for the origin of Late Triassic melange units in the Oman Mountains as a small ocean basin formed by continental rifting

A useful tool to elucidate past tectonic environments is the geochemistry of volcanic and sedimentary rocks when used together.The regional structural setting of the Oman Mountains indicates that deep-water sediments and volcanic rocks formed adjacent to the rifted Arabian margin in the Late Triassic near the axis of a narrow ocean basin of Red Sea-type. Tholeiitic to trachytic extrusives formed seamounts associated with Late Triassic reefal build-ups. “Immobile” trace element compositions point to a within-plate origin. The interbedded and overlying Late Triassic deep-sea sedimentary cover comprises ribbon radiolarites and both distal siliclastic and calcareous turbidites that accumulated on an abyssal plain at least ca. 180 km northeast of the Arabian continent. Associated ferromanganiferous oxide-sediments are interpreted as chemical precipitates derived from high-temperature vents in the spreading axis of the young ocean basin. Pervasive regional subsidence took place during end Triassic/Early Jurassic time.Later, in the Cretaceous, oceanic crust was consumed in a northeast-dipping subduction zone. MORB-type crust was subducted while Late Triassic volcanic edifices and sedimentary cover were accreted. During eventual trench-margin collision the Semail ophiolite split into blocks allowing sub-ophiolite melange rocks to be expelled upwards through corridors, creating the Batinah Melange. As the ophiolite nappe ploughed inboard over already thrust-assembled abyssal plain sediments (Hawasina Complex), some duplexes were uplifted, oversteepened, overturned and then slid backwards onto the ophiolite to form the Batinah Sheets.     

DETERMINATION OF TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF A SEDIMENTARY BASIN FROM SANDSTONE COMPONENTS

1 INTRODUCnONThe comPonents of terrigenous sedimenop rocks indicate not only provenance information, but alsotoctOnic evolution of basin. The chdrical composition of the soure rOCks is probaby the major conttDon the chendstry of sedimentny rocks although this can be greaily modified by subsequent Processes(Rollinson l993). Thus, through exndning Petrological and chendcal comPosihons of tenigenoussedlinmp rocks, the comPonentS of the provenance or somee rOCks - which are conunnly a fun…     

河北沽源—多伦地区中生代含铀火山岩地球化学

沽源和多伦地区是燕辽多金属成矿带的重要组成部分，中生界主要发育上侏罗统白旗组、张家口组，下白垩统大北沟组和花吉营组。张家口组火山岩分布广、厚度大，是铀（钼）矿床的主要含矿主岩。中生代火山岩属于钙碱性系列，化学成分富硅、偏碱，δ值1.17-7.60。稀土元素特征反映火山岩有壳幔混合和壳源改造两种成因。火山岩形成于弱造山环境，其年龄与库拉—太平洋板块向亚洲板块俯冲的时间吻合。张家口组酸性火山岩具有我国相山产铀火山杂岩富硅、富钾，铕极亏损的地球化学特征。     

塔里木盆地冷盆热改造的地震学证据

塔里木盆地是我国最大的沉积盆地,对我国油气战略选区具有较大的意义.自震旦系成盆以来,塔里木盆地表现为一个低温的冷盆.在覆盖全盆的20条地震长剖面上,识别出83处特殊的地震反射结构,其特征为同相轴向上凸起呈尖角状,形态为直立或近直立,故名地震反射尖角直立结构.共识别出四种基本类型的地震反射尖角直立结构,平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型,两个形态基本一致的基本型紧邻而组合为双相位型,两个或多个不同类型、不同形态的集中于某处则构成复合型.平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型依次反映了变形增强的序列,理想状态下该反射结构由深至浅存在从刺穿型至平缓型的渐变序列,故基本类型的划分只是反映某处地震反射尖角直立结构的整体形态特点.地震反射尖角直立结构部位可能发育火成岩,与盆内钻遇火成岩钻井平面分布具有较高的相关度.地幔物质上涌至岩石圈,巨大的上拱能量造成了地层的变形,叠加构造因素的改造,地震反射尖角直立结构正是这一系列作用于地震反射上的响应.地震反射尖角直立结构是"热上涌"作用的产物.有机质的成熟、油气藏的形成和破坏与盆地热作用关系密切,对照塔里木盆地已有的油气田与"尖角直立"地震反射结构的平面分布,发现二者具有较高的相关性.地震反射尖角直立结构所反映的"热上涌"现象,促进了塔里木盆地"冷盆"背景下丰富油气资源的形成.     

Hydrogen isotope composition of natural gases from the Tarim Basin and its indication of depositional environments of the source rocks

By measuring carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions for C1, C2 and C3 of 74 gas samples, natural gases from the Tarim Basin can be divided into six groups on the basis of their origins: (1) coal-type gas derived from coal measures; (2) coal-type gas generated from the T-J lacustrine mudstones; (3) oil-type gas derived from the Cambrian and low Ordovician marine source rocks; (4) oil-type gas from the source rocks deposited in the marine-transitional facies; (5) mixing gas between gas derived from the Carboniferous transitional source rocks and the Mesozoic humic gas, and (6) mixing gases of thermal genetic gas and little deep gas in the Southwest depression of the Tarim Basin. The δ D values of methane in natural gases originating from different type kerogens are affected by both palaeo-environments of the source rock formation (kerogen types) and thermal maturity, with sedimentary environment (kerogen type) as the main controlling factor. Under the similar thermal maturity, the hydrogen isotope composition of methane is more enriched in deuterium in marine environments than lacustrine one. With the increase of thermal maturity and the increase of carbon atomic numbers of gaseous alkanes, the hydrogen isotopes become enriched in deuterium. The δ D values of ethane and propane (δ D2, δ D3) are controlled mainly by thermal maturity and to a lesser degree by sedimentary environment of the source rock formation. The partial reversal of hydrogen isotopes for gaseous alkanes would be related to the microbial oxidation, mixing of sapropelic and humic gases and / or mixing of gases from similar kerogen sources with various thermal maturities. In the oil-type gas, the sulfate reduction reaction would result in the reversed order of δ D1 and δ D2 (e.g. δ D1>δ D2).     

A new approach to the problem of tektite genesis

Variations in the major cation ratios in the (micro-) tektites of each of the different strewn fields were studied with the help of Niggli parameters. There is a high degree of variability in almost each individual strewn field which, however, is not random. Invariably, as SiO₂ increases the proportion of alumina and the alkalies among the cations increases, that ofMgO + ΣFeO (total iron as FeO) and CaO decreases; simultaneouslyK₂O/Na₂O increases whileMgO/FeO decreases. This is entirely analogous to magmatic differentiations and is incompatible with an explanation by mechanical mixing of sedimentary parent rocks. The picture can best be explained by partial melting, in analogy to fulgurites and combustion ultrametamorphic glasses.In some strewn fields (e.g. javaites, georgiaites, bediasites), all tektites formed from the same set of parent rocks. In these fields each cation parameter, when plotted against silica, follow a linear slightly curved path with a very small scatter (simple type). In others (e.g. moldavites, philippinites, australites) some or all cation parameters show a strong scatter which sometimes almost obliterates the differentiation trends. These complex diagrams can be reduced to 2–5 diagrams (lineages) of the simple type, each reflecting a different combination of parent rocks. Most lineages again show the influence of partial melting differentiation.If the chemical variations of tektites are caused by partial melting, the silica-poor end of each variation diagram (case of total melting) and not the average composition corresponds to the parent rock combination involved. Thus, neglecting losses by evaporation (which are minor), the chemical compositions of 25 starting materials were established. All except one of these can very closely be matched by a combination, in appropriate proportions, of only two of the most common sedimentary rocks. The only group which cannot be duplicated by a combination of any two sedimentary rocks are the bottle-green microtektites.     

Archaean metallogeny: A synthesis and review

Granitoid rocks interspersed with greenstone belts together comprise Archaean cratons throughout the world. The greenstone belts contain a wide variety of volcanic rocks which, despite cyclical variations in composition, generally change from ultramafic komatiites toward the stratigraphic base of the successions, upward through tholeiitic basalts and calc-alkaline andesites, to silici-alkalic rhyodacites toward the top. These extrusive rocks are intruded by rocks of a similar wide compositional range, which are probably comagmatic and subvolcanic to the former. The volcanic rocks are also intercalated with, and flanked by, volcaniclastic and distinctive immature sedimentary strata, including turbiditic greywacke and polymictic conglomerate. All are products of the prolonged volcanism that dominated Archaean supracrustal evolution and metallogenesis.Rare element pegmatites are associated with the Archaean granitic intrusions. Four important types of metalliferous ores, iron-manganese, nickel-chrome, gold-silver and copper-zinc occur in the greenstone belts, often co-regionally with one another in the same mining districts. Algoma type iron-formations of oxide, carbonate, silicate and sulfide facies occur throughout the volcano-sedimentary successions from base suggest common genetic processes for these ores. The Algoma type iron-formations are chemical sedimerare chromite deposits are restricted to the stratigraphically lower, ultramafic komatiites. Important gold ores are hosted primarily in the tholeiitic basalts, particularly where these are intercalated with ankeritic-pyritic chemical sedimentary strata, but smaller gold deposits are also known in stratigraphically lower ultramafic and higher felsic volcanic rocks. The largest massive base metal sulfide deposits occur in the stratigraphically higher felsic rhyodacitic members.The close spatial associations between deposits of these metals in Archaean rocks, particularly those of certain nickel, gold and base metal ores with iron-formation, together with their many similar geological characteristics, suggest common genetic processes for these ores. The Algoma type iron-formations are chemical sedimentary precipitates from ferruginous hydrothermal fluids that were periodically discharged on the sea floor during the prolonged Archaean subaqueous volcanism. The massive base metal deposits are of similar origin, essentially Cu-Zn-rich varieties of sulfide-facies iron-formation. The auriferous cherty, ankeritic or pyritic chemical sedimentary strata were also formed by similar sea floor exhalative hydrothermal activity. Although seldom of mineable gold content themselves, these constituted important, pre-enriched source rocks for later metamorphic generation of gold veins. Although many of the nickel sulfide and chromite bodies are of magmatic generation, others closely associated with iron-formation, and themselves delicately interbedded with cherty or talc-carbonate laminae, may be due to similar sea floor hydrothermal discharge that accompanied ultramafic extrusive activity. Considering their close spatial and genetic links, the occurrence of any one of these four types of deposit suggests the possibility of the others wherever the favourable Archaean host rocks are present.Different Archaean cratons however, have differing proportions of these four types of deposit, and of their distinctive host rocks. Greenstone belts in all cratons throughout the world contain the iron-formations and gold deposits. Greenstone belts of southern Africa and Western Austrialia, however, have more abundant ultramafic rocks and more important nickel-chrome deposits. Some of them may be older than comparable belts in Canada which contain more rhyodacitic rocks and more important copper-zinc ores. Some belts of Brazil and West Africa may be still younger, contain more pyroclastic-volcaniclastic rocks, lack both the nickel-chrome and copper-zinc ores, but contain important manganese in their iron-formations. These relations suggest worldwide diachroneity of Archaean greenstone belt generation, late-Archaean granitic orogeny and ensuing Proterozoic sedimentation.     

Late Cenozoic sedimentary process and its response to the slip history of the central Altyn Tagh fault,NW China

The ENE-striking Altyn Tagh fault (ATF), extending along the northern edge of the Ti-betan Plateau, is one of the major important strike-slip faults, and has been known as one of the key areas to debate the eastward extrusion and crustral shortening models of the Tibetan Plateau during and after India-Asia collision. This paper mainly presents new evidence of Late Cenozoic sedimentary process to reconstruct the slip history of the ATF during the Late Cenozoic. Field measurements and laboratory analyses of the sedimentary characteristics in the Late Cenozoic basins in the central Altyn Tagh fault suggest that Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequence should be divided into three units according to facies changes. The paleo-topography reconstruction shows that the sedimentarion in these basins was tightly related with the fault, indicating that the ATF has experienced at least three stages of strike slipping in the Late Cenozoic. New geological data from the Late Cenozoic sedimentary basins and the formation of the present Suo’erkuli basin provide evidence for the displacement of the fault. The result shows that the 80–100 km left-lateral strike-slip displacement of the fault has been accumulated in the Late Cenozoic.

     

ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF UPPER CRUST IN THE SOURCE REGION OF JINGGU YUNNAN MS6.6 EARTHQUAKE AND THE SEISMOGENIC ENVIRONMENT

The October 7, 2014 M_S6.6 earthquake in southwest of Jinggu in the southwestern Yunnan Province occurred as the result of shallow strike-slip faulting within the crust of the Eurasia plate in the broad plate boundary region between the India and Eurasia plates. The strike of fault plane is 140°, and the aftershock distribution shows that the rupture plane is also NNW-trending. Tectonics of the region are controlled by the convergence of the India plate with Eurasia, which has driven the uplift of the Himalayas to the west of this earthquake, and has caused the formation of numerous intraplate continental transform structures in the surrounding region. The pattern of elastic-wave radiation from the earthquake is consistent with the shock occurring either as the result of right-lateral faulting on a northwest-trending fault or as the result of left-lateral faulting on a northeast trending fault. Faults of both types have been mapped in southwestern Yunnan, and it is unclear at this time which type of fault hosted this event. Magnetotelluric survey line is across Jinggu earthquake zone. The advanced data processing and analysis technology of MT is employed and the quantitative data from field surveys are analyzed to acquire the reliable electrical model. The MT data are inverted using nonlinear conjugate gradient (NLCG) inversion algorithm. At last, the interpretation of the electrical model is performed considering the geology and the other geophysical data. Based on the final inversion model of the target profile, it is found that:(1) Electrical structure of the source region can be divided into four layers:The surface is relatively low resistivity layer(0~5km), consisting mainly of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basin sedimentary rocks, the value of resistivity is 100Ω·m; The high resistivity layer(5~10km) in upper crust mainly consists of Proterozoic metamorphic rocks, with resistivity higher than 1 000Ω·m; there are the upper crust high-conductivity layer(15~25km) and crust-mantle transition zone(blow 25km); (2) The focal depth of the Jinggu earthquake is about 10km, which locates in the interface between high resistivity layer and high-conductivity layer; (3) Most of the focal depths of the aftershocks are in the range of 5km and 10km, and the two depths(5km & 10km) are corresponding to the resistivity gradient belt.     

Organic geochemical characterization and depositional paleoenvironments of the Devonian strata in Guizhong region,Guangxi, China

Devonian strata in the Guizhong region, Guangxi, China consist mainly of marine deposition carbonates (limestones and dolomites) as well as restricted clastic rocks. The strata thickness is measured as 2041m and classified into 14 formations. An integrated field geological, petrographic, sedimentological, palaeobiological, and geochemical study of these strata reveals that the depositional paleoenvironments were carbonate tidal flat, restricted platform, open platform, shelf, platform margin slop, and algal herm. The total organic carbon (TOC) of sedimentary organic matter ranges between 0.07% and 1.96% with average of 0.21%. The organic matter types are Type I and Type III. The vitrinite reflectance (R ₀) of kerogen ranges between 0.99% and 2.03%, indicating the maturated and highly maturated stages. The analytical results of the representative samples collected from shelf and subtidal facies show that the differences of organic matter type and biological diagnostic compounds are related to the types of source rocks deposited in different paleoenvironments.     

南海北部陆区岩石磁化率的矿物学研究

基于2517套现场测量资料,245块岩石样品的体积磁化率测量和详细的岩矿鉴定及硅酸盐全分析结果,结合单矿物磁化率特征及各岩石之间的对比研究,发现岩石磁化率主要受组成岩石的矿物磁化率控制.即岩石磁化率(κr)与组成岩石各个矿物磁化率(κ1)及其体积含量(C2)成正比.例如侵入岩磁化率,κr=-5.68×102Cq+2.8...     

Sedimentary filling and sequence structure dominated by T-R cycles of the Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin

The Nenjiang Formation in the Songliao Basin is a symmetrical sequence of progradation-retrogradation,and is formed in the transgression cycle and regression cycle(T-R cycles)of the base level of deposition.We analyzed the drilling,well logging,core data,and seismic profiles of basin level,and by using the sequence stratigraphy,identified one secondary sequence boundary,two third-order sequence boundaries,and eight fourth-order sequence boundaries in the Nenjiang Formation.These eleven sequence boundaries can be divided into structural unconformity,depositional unconformity,flooding surface,and forced regression surface.Therefore the Nenjiang Formation can be subdivided into one secondary sequence,three third-order sequences,and ten fourth-order sequences.We have restored the sedimentary filling evolution within the stratigraphic framework of fourth-order sequences in the Nenjiang Formation.The sedimentary period of the first member of the Nenjiang Formation was corresponded to the global transgression period,which is also the development period of transgression cycle(T cycle),when the lake basin had the largest scope and deepest sedimentary water,the SB07(the maximum flooding surface)was formed on the top of strata during this period;covering above the SB07,there developed a set of condensation layer-oil shale,which is distributed in the whole basin and is the important source bed and regional cover.Therefore,a retrogradation sequence was formed in the T cycle of the first member of the Nenjiang Formation,characterized by the retrograding delta at a low angle.The delta has a giant front,a small plain,and many underwater distributary channels.Meanwhile,large gravity flow channels and sublacustrine fans are developed in the front of the delta.During the depositional period of the second member of the Nenjiang Formation,the R cycle began to develop due to the compression of the pacific tectonic domain;the source direction rotated 90°along with the eastern uplifting of the basin,and formed a series of east-west prograded and forced retrogradations.The prograding delta at high angel was developed in the interior of the sequence;the delta had a small front,a giant plain,and fewer underwater distributary channels,with the collapse at the foreslope,forming a series of slump fans.The slump fans can be divided into three types:discrete type,superimposed type,and fluid type.We built a whole"triad model"of the slump fan.Pointed out that the sequence of forced retrogradation formed by R cycle is a good structural mark of basin optimization,and rejected the viewpoint of"transgression"in the Nenjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin.