WebGIS在地震地磁数据共享系统中的初步应用

为了实现地震地磁数据的社会资源整合和共享的目的, 利用网络、 WebGIS及数据库技术, 开发了基于网络环境的地震地磁数据共享系统; 系统实现了信息服务、 数据服务和功能服务, 改善了地震地磁数据的应用领域和应用层次。 从系统原理及功能设计、 WebGIS系统、 地震地磁数据库系统、 Web发布及数据共享子系统等几个方面阐述开发建设过程中的主要技术环节。     

基于可视化技术的地震信息服务系统设计与实现

本文设计的地震信息服务系统,通过对地震信息、多监测台网分布、城镇空间分布和人口热力数据进行充分整合,基于可视化技术Echarts实现了国家、省、市三级地震信息活动大屏可视化、地震震情信息和历史地震统计等功能,并通过Kafka分布式数据处理技术,优化整合现有地震信息数据资源,提升信息服务实效性和可靠性;系统部署在公有云计算平台,用户无需部署系统就可获取相关数据,提供了更便捷的地震信息服务,为政府和应急管理部门提供高效、标准的地震信息服务,提升面向地震灾害的公共服务能力。     

地震信息二、三维一体化系统设计

运用Echarts可视化插件和全景技术,将GIS技术与地震信息服务进行有效结合,构建基于WebGIS的地震信息可视化地图显示、标注、查询等功能,实现历史大规模地震目录数据和台站信息在可视化系统中的二、三维一体化展示效果,通过发布震源深度参数的分布图、三维动态折纸模型和全景地震台站,加强公众结合区域特征观看和理解地震活动的直观性和感官效果。     

地震信息二、三维一体化系统设计

运用Echarts可视化插件和全景技术,将GIS技术与地震信息服务进行有效结合,构建基于WebGIS的地震信息可视化地图显示、标注、查询等功能,实现历史大规模地震目录数据和台站信息在可视化系统中的二、三维一体化展示效果,通过发布震源深度参数的分布图、三维动态折纸模型和全景地震台站,加强公众结合区域特征观看和理解地震活动的直观性和感官效果.     

地震应急对策决策支持软件的设计与开发

基于空间决策支持技术,设计与开发了地震应急对策软件,在软件的总体设计、功能模块、数据库建设、地震应急对策模型及接口设计与模块集成等方面进行了研究与开发,并在“青岛市地震应急指挥决策支持软件系统”中得到实际应用和检验。实践证明,该软件能够实现城市地震灾害信息的科学管理,智能制定各种地震应急对策和生动的可视化,从而有效提高地震应急的效率和响应速度,为城市地震应急工作提供了有效的辅助决策手段;建成的“青岛市地震应急对策系统”对全国大中城市地震应急指挥技术系统的建设具有示范意义。     

基于天地图的地震应急地图服务平台初步实现——以上海市为例

基于天地图和ArcGIS API建立一套地震应急地图服务模型平台,初步实现地震应急基础数据展示、地震损失预估范围发布、地震空间信息查询与定位、现场灾情反馈与标注和专题地图打印等功能。该平台以天地图为基础,利用ArcGIS API的多种模块为接口,搭建一套交互式、分布式、动态的系统构架,实现基本地震应急地图数据服务;并力求探索地震应急地图服务的初步方案,解决地震专题地图的效率和传播问题,为震时指挥决策提供辅助支撑手段,为今后多灾种信息平台融合提供了参考。     

利用MapGuide发布地震信息

Autodesk MapGuide是集GIS技术、数据库技术和网络发布技术于一体的非常流行的WebGIS产品，中简要介绍了该产品的基本构成和特点，并结合发布地震信息的实例详细叙述了该产品的使用方法，包括配置Web服务器以支持WebGIS信息发布，建立MapGuide Server数据源，用MapGuide Author通过添加图层、建立数据源连接和设置空间对象样式来制作地图件，制作地图件发布网页和MapGuide Viewer插件下载网页等，并介绍了如何用ASP技术生成查询报表。     

基于实时技术和3D WebGIS的地震信息发布系统

随着社会对地震信息服务提出更高要求,现有地震信息系统(基于GIS)动态数据处理能力不足,地震信息表达与真实三维环境表达存在一定差距,结合实时技术和GIS,设计和实现基于三维Web GIS的地震综合发布信息系统。该系统改进GIS对动态地震信息的处理模式,利用三维可视化技术表征动态地震信息,为地震信息服务提供一种快速、直观形象表达地震综合信息的方法,在大地震震情分析应用中发挥了重要作用。     

基于Python的地震影响场自动生成与发布技术的研究与实现——以陕西省为例

基于陕西省不同分区的椭圆和线源2种烈度衰减模型,采用Python自动化技术和Arcpy空间绘制技术自动生成地震影响场方法,通过ArcGIS Server实现影响场地图服务的自动发布。系统无需人工干预,提高了产出效率,提供标准网络地图服务接口,方便地震影响场的调用;同时建立客户端实现对地震影响场进行查询、管理和手动修正等功能,增加系统的实用性;最后通过测试数据,对系统产出和发布的效果进行验证。     

基于百度地图的安徽省地震目录可视化系统的设计与实现

本文基于B/S体系架构的总体设计思路,运用百度地图API接口进行二次开发,采用JavaScript引入百度地图并生成html动态标签和响应函数,实现大规模地震目录的Web地图展示,并为用户提供条件查询、联动查询和筛选查询,最终构建一个可视化的地震目录展示和查询系统,直观地把地震发生的位置情况和基本信息展示给公众,为地震信息化工作的开展提供技术支持。     

发震构造类型与震型预测

本文讨论了发震构造类型与其所发生的地震的类型之间的关系,认为弧形构造的地震类型主要为主余震型和主震—强余震型;平直构造为主震—弱余震型;拐折形构造为续发性大震型;当构造间交角区为拉应力区时,共轭形构造一般为双震型;破碎形构造为震群型。另外,本文还讨论了震源端部构造条件对震形的影响。作者认为震源端部构造一般起调整作用,其能否为地震时断层的错动提供足够的让位条件,决定了其发震类型的差别。在本文中作者还讨论了不同发震构造的地理环境与最大地震强度的关系及今后需要进一步研究的一些问题。     

Deep-seated faults and lineaments, and the location of earthquake epicenters in the Russian northeast on land

This paper summarizes the available geological and geophysical material for faults as regards their role in the seismic process. The entirety of the geological and geophysical evidence is used to reveal hidden faults, which are important in influencing the spatial distribution of earthquakes, and to produce a map of the major earthquake-generating faults and lineaments in the Russian northeast. As well as the occurrence of earthquakes at known faults that have surface expression, we find that seismicity tends to occur at the hidden faults and lineaments we have identified, as well as at intersections of faults. We made a quantitative assessment of the relationship of seismicity to tectonic fragmentation of the crust, correlating the density and discordance measure for faults to indicators of seismic activity (rate and energy release of earthquakes per unit area) for the southeast flank of the Okhotsk-Lena seismic region. The results obtained in this study revealed some features in the spatial distribution of earthquakes occurring on land in the Okhotsk-Lena seismic region: the maximum level of seismic activity occurs in areas with moderate values of the discordance measure for faults (12 < ‖D‖ ≤ 18) as identified from gravity data and in zones of increased horizontal gradients of the lines of equal discordance. At these locations, the greatest probability of earthquake occurrence for events of energy class K ≥ 12 corresponds to moderate values of the density of faults visible at the surface (0.12 < τ ≤ 0.16 km^?1).     

行波效应对大跨度空间结构随机地震响应的影响

深入研究了行波效应对大跨度空间结构随机地震响应的影响,进一步完善了大跨度空间结构随机地震响应分析理论。推导了双支座、单自由度体系地震响应功率谱密度函数的解析表达式,研究了不同频率体系的响应峰值随地面视波速的变化规律,分析了多支撑点、多自由度体系的地震响应功率谱矩阵的特点,发现多自由度体系地震响应随地面视波速的变化规律与单自由度体系相似。数值模拟了某体育馆网壳结构在不同地面视波速情况下的随机地震响应,结果表明,考虑地震动行波效应后,结构地震响应随地面视波速的变化而显著变化,当视波速较低时其变化规律很复杂;且支撑点附近、受拟静力位移影响较大的部分杆件的地震响应明显增大,远离支撑点处、受拟静力位移影响较小的部分杆件的地震响应稍有减小。由此得出结论,对于大跨度空间结构的随机地震响应分析,必须考虑地震动的行波效应,尤其当受拟静力位移影响较大的部分杆件对结构抗震设计起控制作用时;且应对可能出现的地面视波速进行全面分析,作为结构抗震设计依据。     

城市活断层探测信息系统的设计与实现——以福州市活断层信息管理系统为例

以福州市活断层信息管理系统为例,提出了城市活断层探测信息系统建设的目标,分析了以GIS技术为支持的、面向对象的设计方法及系统结构与功能。系统在局域网内采用C/S模式,在广域网中采用B/S模式,具有用户界面、应用程序和基础数据的3层结构。探测成果数据库按照分类、分层存贮,按专题组织查询的方式管理。城市活断层探测信息管理系统以活断层探测成果数据库为基础,空间分析为支撑,集地质、地球物理、地球化学、综合查询及专题分析应用为一体,具备活断层探测及分析研究成果分类与综合查询、展示、分析等功能,这一系统的建立可为活断层研究的定量化提供坚实的数据基础与技术平台,为城市规划、土地利用等防震减灾工作的开展提供科学依据     

Seismic expression of active extensional faults in northern Umbria (Central Italy)

This paper deals with the geometry and kinematics of the active normal faults in northern Umbria, and their relationship with the seismicity observed in the area. In particular, we illustrate the contribution of seismic reflection data (a network of seismic profiles, NNW–SSE and WSW–ENE trending) in constraining at depth the geometry of the different active fault systems and their reciprocal spatial relationships. The main normal fault in the area is the Alto Tiberina fault, NNW trending and ENE dipping, producing a displacement of about 5 km, and generating a continental basin (Val Tiberina basin), infilled by up to 1500 m with Upper Pliocene–Quaternary deposits. The fault has a staircase trajectory, and can be traced on the seismic profiles to a depth of about 13 km. A set of WSW-dipping, antithetic faults can be recognised on the profiles, the most important of which is the Gubbio fault, bordering an extensional Quaternary basin and interpreted as an active fault based on geological, geomorphologic and seismological evidence. The epicentral distribution of the main historical earthquakes is strictly parallel to the general trend of the normal faults. The focal mechanisms of the major earthquakes show a strong similarity with the attitude of the extensional faults, mapped at the surface and recognised on the seismic profiles. These observations demonstrate the connection between seismicity in the area and the activity of the normal faults. Moreover, the distribution of the instrumental seismicity suggests the activity of the Alto Tiberina fault as the basal detachment for the extensional tectonics of the area. Finally, the action of the Alto Tiberina fault was simulated using two dimensional finite element modelling: a close correspondence between the concentration of shear stresses in the model and the distribution of the present earthquakes was obtained.     

THE APPLICATION OF PETROLEUM SEISMIC DATA TO THE BURIED ACTIVE FAULT DETECTION——A CASE STUDY OF ACTIVE FAULTS SURVEYING IN SONGYUAN CITY

Located in the south of the Songliao Basin, Songyuan City is one of the few high seismic intensity regions (Ⅷ degree regions) in Northeast China, where a magnitude 6(3/4) earthquake took place in 1119. Since 2013, many earthquakes of magnitude above 5 have occurred in Chaganhua Town which is 100km southwest of Songyuan. The faults in the study region are almost all in a concealed state and covered by the Quaternary system, therefore, geophysical investigation, drilling and other similar means are required to determine their distribution, occurrence, nature and active period. Many seismic explorations in this region aiming at surveying the oil bearing structure have been conducted by Jilin Oilfield, which provides detailed seismic exploration information for preliminary detection of active faults. In this paper, the main features of petroleum-related seismic data and major methods for extracting tectonic information are presented; on the plain, the trace information of the main structure is extracted by the t0 interface contour map which allows direct reflection of rises and falls of stratal interfaces and the tectonic characteristics of the corresponding geologic period; on the section, the "extending upwards" characteristics of faults are captured by tracing and marking geological phenomena in the reflective standard layer, faults, the surface of unconformity and so on. Under the comprehensive use of the "3D" structure in the interpretation of the results, accurate spatial distribution information of main faults are obtained in the study region, this offers an effective approach to preliminary judgment of the activity of faults in this region. Meanwhile, the active age of the target faults is identified by superimposing the deep and shallow seismic data and integrating with the drilling detection.     

长春地区地震地质构造活动性分析

在了解长春地区地震相关资料和地质背景的基础上,调查研究区域断裂构造特征,并说明了F1~F10断层的长度、产状、类型及特征、活动年代等,比较得出对长春地区影响较大的4条活动断层,即F1、F2、F4、F6断层。对古近纪以来构造运动和有历史记录的区域地震情况进行了综合分析,结合构造断裂和地震时空分布特征,推测潜在震源区,并按照区域地貌特征分别给出了有利于城市建设的建议。     

NEW EVIDENCE ON NE-SEGMENT OF JINTAN-RUGAO FAULT DISCOVERED BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The NE-trending regional deep fault, i.e. the Jintan-Rugao Fault, is a boundary fault between the Subei depression and Nantong uplift, and its research has always received broad attention because of its importance and complexity. For the absence of definite proof, there is little consensus regarding the structure and spatial distribution of the fault among geoscientists, and its latest active time is ambiguous. The study of Quaternary activity characteristics of the Jintan-Rugao Fault is of great significance for earthquake trend prediction and engineering safety evaluation, and for earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in Jiangsu Province. In order to investigate the spatial location, characteristics and tectonic features and redefine the activity of the NE-segment of the Jintan-Rugao Fault, and on the basis of likely location and marker beds derived from petroleum seismic exploration sections, we collect and arrange 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles crossing the fault to conduct high-resolution seismic reflection imaging, following the working concept of ‘from known to unknown, from deep to shallow’. In this study, an observation system with trace intervals of 4~6m, shot intervals of 12~18m, and channels of 90~256 and 15~36 folds is used. In addition, by introducing different tonnage vibroseis to suppress the background noise, the raw data with high SNR(signal-noise ratio)can be obtained. By using the above working method and spread geometry, we obtained clear imaging results of the subsurface structure and fault structure in the coverage area of the survey lines. This exploration research accurately locates the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault, and further shows that it is not a single fault but a fault zone consisting of two normal faults with N-dipping and NE-striking within the effective detection depth. The shallow seismic profiles reveal that the up-breakpoint on the south branch with stronger activity is at depth of 235~243m, which offsets the lower strata of lower Pleistocene. Combining drilling data around the survey lines, we infer the activity time of this fault is early Pleistocene. The results of this paper provide reliable seismological data for determining the location and activity evaluation of the NE-segment of Jintan-Rugao Fault. In eastern China, where the sedimentary layer is thicker, the latest active age of faults can not be determined entirely according to the latest faulted strata. For a fault passing through the thicker area of new deposits, its latest active age should be based on the tectonic background, seismic activity, present tectonic stress field, topographic deformation, structural micro-geomorphological characteristics, sedimentary thickness of new strata, controlling effect of faults on new strata and the latest strata of faults, and combined with upper breakpoints, morphology, structure and occurrence of faults, the active state of the target concealed faults should be analyzed. If the activity of the fault is judged only by the upper faulted point, it may lead to overestimating the age of the fault activity.     

THE CRUSTAL SHALLOW STRUCTURES AND FAULT ACTIVITY DETECTION IN XINYI SECTION OF TAN-LU FAULT ZONE

The Tan-Lu fault zone is the largest active tectonic zone in eastern China, with a complex history of formation and evolution, and it has a very important control effect on the regional structure, magmatic activity, the formation and distribution of mineral resources and modern seismic activity in eastern China. Xinyi City has a very important position as a segmental node in the Shandong and Suwan sections of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Predecessors have conducted research on the spatial distribution, occurrence and activity characteristics of the shallow crustal faults in the Suqian section of the Tan-Lu belt, and have obtained some new scientific understandings and results. However, due to different research objectives or limitations of research methods, previous researches have either focused on the deep crustal structure, or targeted on the Suqian section or other regions. However, the structural style and deep-shallow structural association characteristics of Xinyi section of Tan-Lu belt have not been well illustrated, nor its activity and spatial distribution have been systematically studied. In order to investigate the shallow crustal structure features, the fault activities, the spatial distribution and the relationship between deep and shallow structures of the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault, we used a method combining mid-deep/shallow seismic reflection exploration and first-break wave imaging. Firstly, a mid-deep seismic reflection profile with a length of 33km and a coverage number greater than 30 was completed in the south of Xinyi City. At the same time, using the first arrival wave on the common shot record, the tomographic study of the shallow crust structure was carried out. Secondly, three shallow seismic reflection profiles and one refraction tomography profile with high resolution across faults were presented. The results show that the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone is a fault zone composed of five concealed main faults, with a structural pattern of “two grabens sandwiched by a barrier”. The five main faults reveal more clearly the structural style of “one base between two cuts” of the Tan-Lu fault zone. From west to east, the distribution is as follows: on the west side, there are two high-angle faults, F₄ and F₃, with a slot-shaped fault block falling in the middle, forming the western graben. In the middle, F₃ and F₂, two normal faults with opposite dip directions, are bounded and the middle discontinuity disk rises relatively to form a barrier. On the east side, F₂ and F₁, two conjugate high-angle faults, constitute the eastern graben. The mid-deep and shallow seismic reflection profiles indicate that the main faults of the Xinyi section of Tan-Lu fault zone have a consistent upper-lower relationship and obvious Quaternary activities, which play a significant role in controlling the characteristics of graben-barrier structure and thickness of Cenozoic strata. The shape of the reflective interface of the stratum and the characteristics of the shallow part of the fault revealed by shallow seismic reflection profiles are clear. The Mohe-Lingcheng Fault, Xinyi-Xindian Fault, Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault and Shanzuokou-Sihong Fault not only broke the top surface of the bedrock, but also are hidden active faults since Quaternary, especially the Malingshan-Chonggangshan Fault which shows strong activity characteristics of Holocene. The results of this paper provide a seismological basis for an in-depth understanding of the deep dynamics process of Xinyi City and its surrounding areas, and for studying the deep-shallow tectonic association and its activity in the the Xinyi section of the Tan-Lu Fault.     

浅层人工地震探测揭示的夏垫断裂西南段特征

浅层人工地震方法是针对厚覆盖区探测断裂的一种不可替代的技术。为查明夏垫断裂西南段的空间位置、性质及其活动性,2016年底对跨夏垫断裂西南段进行了高分辨率的浅层人工地震探测,获得三条480 m深度范围内地下结构图像的地震剖面,揭示了夏垫断裂西南段的形态\,特征以及空间位置。