雅浦-马里亚纳海沟附近海域的精细地貌特征研究

利用西太平洋地区的雅浦-马里亚纳海沟附近海域的多波束水深数据,获得了9.8°N—13.2°N、132.2°E—145°E矩形区域内的高精度水深地形图。通过对精细地貌进行研究发现,马里亚纳海沟南部的洋坡上发育有大范围的地垒、地堑型地貌,雅浦海沟北部存在明显的分段性特征,菲律宾海盆和帕里西维拉海盆内存在不同展布方向的大规模脊-槽地貌。研究结果表明此处复杂的地形地貌特征主要受板块运动的控制。最后结合已有研究成果,对该区域的地形地貌进行了分类。     

雅浦沟-弧体系构造演化过程

雅浦沟-弧体系具有十分独特的地质特征,雅浦岛弧以变质岩为主,岛弧岩浆作用较为缺乏,同时雅浦沟-弧距离异常短,增生楔缺失。在总结雅浦沟-弧系统及其邻区的地球化学、地球物理以及构造特征等证据的基础上,探讨了雅浦沟-弧系统的构造演化过程。雅浦岛上的变质基底具有相对较高的K_2O含量、高Ti含量以及较低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值,表明雅浦岛上的变质基底为帕里西维拉海盆洋壳的一部分。雅浦海沟东侧存在一块水深较深的三角形区域将雅浦岛弧与加罗林海岭间隔开来,地球物理特征显示该区域并没有受到加罗林热点的影响,说明加罗林海岭并没有与雅浦岛弧直接碰撞。结合帕里西维拉海盆在20～15 Ma的NE-SW向扩张以及与之相关的海盆东西两侧洋壳发生的左旋相对移动,推测雅浦海沟很可能是雅浦岛弧东侧的扩张中心暴露转变成的俯冲带,而雅浦海沟东侧的三角形区域则为俯冲板片重新暴露的结果。     

帕里西维拉海盆南端的地质构造特征及成因分析

帕里西维拉海盆是西太平洋地区最大、最典型的弧后盆地,根据帕里西维拉海盆的形态特征,将帕里西维拉海盆分为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和帕里西维拉海盆南端。本文利用国际公开的重力数据和实测的多波束、浅地层剖面数据研究了帕里西维拉海盆南端的重力异常特征和海底地形特征,并进一步探讨了该区域的特殊性及成因机制。海底地形与地球物理特征研究表明,帕里西维拉海盆南端可划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,分别代表海盆NE-SW向扩张形成的NW-SE向扩张构造、海盆E-W向扩张形成的N-S向扩张构造、海盆旋转过程中由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用形成的NEE-SWW向构造、与帕里西维拉海盆同期形成的海山区以及裂谷系统相互作用形成的深渊区。海盆南端表现出明显的东西不对称性,海盆只存在扩张中心以西的部分,推测受卡罗琳海脊碰撞影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部一部分逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,还有一部分被推离至现今西马里亚纳海脊以西,随着洋壳持续的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并,形成现今的雅浦海沟,最终造成了现今帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部的构造形态。     

西太平洋雅浦俯冲带的地貌及地层结构特征

2015年中科院海洋所在西太平洋雅浦海域首次开展了综合地球物理调查,并同步采集了重磁震及多波束、浅地层剖面等数据,主要利用采集的多道地震剖面及多波束数据研究了雅浦俯冲带主要构造单元的地貌及沉积地层结构特征,并进一步探讨了加罗林洋脊俯冲作用下的构造特征。研究表明弧后的帕里西维拉盆地为区域沉积中心,最厚处可能发育近千米沉积层,而雅浦海沟内未发育明显水平沉积,以俯冲侵蚀作用为主;加罗林俯冲板片之上的加罗林洋脊因其特殊的地形地貌改造了俯冲带的构造发育特征,可能造成了岛弧岩浆作用的南、北部差异;揭示了雅浦海沟北段的地貌及地质结构细节特征,认为加罗林洋脊的高地形可能导致了海沟附近的俯冲板片更大的挠曲拉张量,从而形成垒堑构造带;为索罗尔海槽的盆地张裂结构提供了多道地震剖面证据,并推测了海槽的形成年代。     

沉积环境对雅浦海沟沉积颗粒物组成和分布的影响

通过对西太平洋雅浦海沟不同水深沉积物中总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）、碳稳定同位素（δ13C）、粒度组成和比表面积（SSA）等参数的分析，探讨了雅浦海沟不同水深沉积颗粒物来源、分布及其影响因素的异同。结果表明，雅浦海沟沉积物TOC含量和δ13C平均值分别为（0.34%±0.14%）和（-20.8‰±0.7‰），其中海洋浮游植物、陆源土壤和维管植物来源有机碳（OC）的贡献分别为（70%±3%）、（22%±3%）和（8%±2%），且不同水深差异不大，海沟内沉积物的横向输运可能是深部沉积OC的重要输入途径。由于水深更深站位沉积颗粒物中具有更强的微生物活动和在水柱中更长的保留时间，导致其TOC和TN含量较低，但δ13C无明显差异。水深较浅站位TN含量、SSA、粒径组成和中值粒径等参数垂向变化波动较更深站位更为显著，表明海沟沟壁水深较浅处物源输入和沉积环境的不稳定。同时，由于低OC含量、低SSA以及高密度的海底火山喷出岩在海沟水深较浅的沟壁坡折处的广泛分布，导致该区域粒径组成与TOC含量无显著相关性，而较深站位中TOC含量与粉砂呈正相关，与砂和黏土含量呈负相关。整体而言，雅浦海沟沉积物中粉砂粒级颗粒物是OC的主要载体，而SSA是影响海沟沉积OC剖面分布的最重要因素。     

雅浦海沟海参(Synallactidae)肠道微生物多样性及系统进化分析

为研究超深渊海参肠道微生物多样性,了解其所在沉积环境的物质循环特征,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,对雅浦海沟海参肠道微生物16S rDNA的V3-V4和V4-V5可变区基因序列进行了扩增,并与近岸养殖刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)肠道微生物的多样性和组成进行比较。实验结果显示,与养殖刺参比雅浦海沟海参肠道细菌的多样性(辛普森指数和Chao1指数)和丰富度(ACE指数和香农指数)均较低;雅浦海沟海参肠道细菌主要包括γ-变形菌(Gammaproteobacteria,34.1%)、α-变形菌(Alphaproteobacteria,16.0%)和拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes,24.0%),古菌主要由奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota,98.8%)组成;雅浦海沟海参肠道中,化能自养的氨氧化古菌亚硝化侏儒菌属(Nitrosopumilus)相对丰度达95.6%,甲基营养的硝酸盐还原菌(Methylotenera)相对丰度为10.6%;而养殖海参肠道中硫酸盐还原菌(28.1%)和硫氧化菌硫卵形菌属(Sulfurovum,13.7%)的相对丰度较高。16S rDNA基因序列的系统进化分析结果表明,亚硝化侏儒菌与超深渊沉积环境中奇古菌门亲缘关系最近,且遵循氨氧化古菌从陆地到深海进化的理论;雅浦海沟海参和养殖海参的肠道微生物组成差异可能反映了超深渊和近海沉积环境中氮循环、硫循环特征。本研究可以为揭示超深渊物质循环和能量流动及生命演化提供参考。     

菲律宾海周边的深海沟地貌

菲律宾海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,它处在东海、南海和太平洋之间,被周围的岛弧、海岭所围绕,在每个岛弧东坡或东南坡的坡脚都存有深海沟,菲律宾海就被其周边的深海沟所环绕。学者们对这些深海沟曾有过许多报道,本文依据前人的资料和本所的部分资料对这些深海沟作以下整体的研究。1　菲律宾海周边的深海沟菲律宾海周边的深海沟和海槽呈链状环绕着菲律宾海,它们是西南缘的菲律宾海沟,西北缘的琉球海沟,东至东南缘的伊豆-小笠原海沟、北马尼亚纳海沟(硫黄海沟)和马尼亚纳海沟,南缘的雅浦海沟和帛琉海沟。此外在西缘有北吕宋海槽,在北至西北缘有…     

菲律宾海构造地貌特征

菲律宾海地处西太平洋边缘,位于两大俯冲带之间,四周被深海沟所环绕,陆源物质较少汇入,海底保存了较为原始的构造地貌特征。通过收集的精细水深测量数据,结合已有研究成果,以板块构造为基础对该区域划分四级构造单元,并对主要构造地貌进行系统研究。研究结果表明,菲律宾海地貌的形成、分布受构造活动控制,西菲律宾海盆因以中央裂谷带为中心的海底扩张形成了一系列NW—SE向的大型构造地貌;其东侧因太平洋板块的俯冲形成了近南北走向的"沟-弧-盆"体系。西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷带线状海岭、海山,海盆内不断转向的海岭,帕里西维拉海盆雁形裂谷等特殊地貌形态的存在,都与其形成过程中的特殊性有关,能与其复杂发育史相印证。     

西太平洋雅浦海沟区海水中CH4和DMSP的垂直变化特征

本研究首次探究了西太平洋雅浦海沟北段从表层到超深渊海水中甲烷（CH₄）及二甲基硫（DMS）的前体物质二甲基巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）的浓度变化情况。结果表明:雅浦海沟海水甲烷浓度变化范围为1.49~3.87 nmol/L。其上层海水甲烷平均浓度最高，有明显的次表层极大现象。雅浦海沟氧最小层海水的甲烷平均浓度最低；在500~1 000 m中层水中甲烷浓度有一定程度的增大，1 000 m以下至底层甲烷浓度继续升高。研究海区溶解态DMSP（DMSPd）和总DMSP（DMSPt）平均浓度的垂直变化随深度呈先增大后减小趋势，颗粒态DMSP（DMSPp）的平均浓度随深度呈波动式变化，在中层达到最大。雅浦海沟CH₄和DMSP浓度垂直变化受浮游生物、微生物、光照、温度、压力、大洋环流等的复杂影响。在真光层海水中，CH₄浓度与DMSPd、DMSPp和DMSPt浓度表现为负相关关系，在200 m至底层海水中，CH₄浓度与DMSPd、DMSPp和DMSPt浓度表现为正相关关系，显示光照条件是造成雅浦海沟不同深度海水CH₄和DMSP浓度相关性差异的关键因素。     

马尼拉海沟几何形态特征的构造演化意义

通过对马尼拉海沟海底地形地貌、构造特征及其相关地震等数据资料的分析,结合俯冲带动力学数值模拟成果,尤其是Schellart等的模式,详细讨论了马尼拉海沟几何形态、海沟南北段俯冲角度突变等构造特征。分析认为,南海中代表古扩张脊的黄岩海山链的俯冲挤入对马尼拉俯冲带的几何形态没有造成较大的影响,其几何形态较符合中等长度(2000～3000km)的海沟模型。由海沟后退和板片反转引起的平行于马尼拉海沟方向的地幔流加剧了海沟南北段俯冲角度的突变。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implication of lavas from the Yap Trench,western Pacific

We present major and trace element data of lava recovered from the northern Yap Trench in the western Pacific and discuss their petrogenesis and tectonic implications within the framework of interactions between the Caroline Ridge and Yap Trench. Rocks were collected from both landward and seaward trench slopes and exhibited geochemical characteristics similar to backarc basin basalt (BABB) and mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), including high Fe content, tholeiitic affinity, high TiO2 value at a given FeOT/MgO ratio, Ti/V ratio between 20 and 50, low Ba/Nb ratio and Th/Nb ratio, and trace element patterns commonly displayed by BABB and MORB, which are distinct from arc lava. These rocks seem to have been generated during mantle upwelling and decompression melting at a spreading center. However, compared with typical forearc lava produced by seafloor spreading in the Mariana forearc region, such as the early Eocene forearc basalts and late Neogene forearc lava in the southernmost Mariana Trench, the Yap Trench lava is derived from a more fertile mantle and feature a more minor subduction component; thus, they cannot be the products of forearc mantle decompression melting. We suggest that the landward slope lava represents backarc basin crust that was overthrust onto the forearc lithosphere during the collision of the Caroline Ridge with the Yap Trench (20–25 Ma), which played a key role in the evolution of the Yap subduction system. Moreover, the seaward slope lava represents the subduction plate crust that accreted onto the deep trench during the collision. This collision event resulted in the cessation of Yap Arc magmatism; thus, the Yap Trench volcanic rocks (<25 Ma) previously suggested to be arc magma products may actually represent the nascent island arc lava with a lower subduction component than in the mature Mariana Arc lava.     

马里亚纳“沟−盆”深水沉积环境稀土元素特征与物源约束

通过对西太平洋帕里西维拉海盆东南部的C-P19柱状样和马里亚纳海沟南坡的L3柱状样进行粒度和稀土元素地球化学分析,探讨了二者物源的异同。结果表明:研究区沉积物的稀土元素含量基本不受沉积物粒度控制,主要受控于物源变化。物源判别结果指示二者的物源具有同源性,其中西马里亚纳海脊剥蚀下来的火山物质对研究区的物质来源贡献最大。火山物质中的重矿物可以影响到稀土元素的含量,例如锆石的含量和稀土元素总量(ΣREY)的相关系数可达0.86。来自中国内陆黄土的陆源风尘物质对两个研究区的物源供给也有一定贡献,但其贡献程度较小。由于马里亚纳海沟南坡更加远离大陆且纬度更低,其接受的亚洲风尘也比帕里西维拉海盆和挑战者深渊更少。此外,南极底层水流经研究区,对海盆和海沟的沉积物都造成一定影响,而且在马里亚纳海沟南坡更加活跃,因而帕里西维拉海盆东南部的沉积物比马里亚纳海沟南坡更易于保存。     

Morphology and tectonics of the Yap Trench

We conducted swath bathymetry and gravity surveys the whole-length of the Yap Trench, lying on the southeastern boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate. These surveys provided a detailed morphology and substantial insight into the tectonics of this area subsequent the Caroline Ridge colliding with this trench. Horst and graben structures and other indications of normal faulting were observed in the sea-ward trench seafloor, suggesting bending of the subducting oceanic plate. Major two slope breaks were commonly observed in the arc-ward trench slope. The origin of these slope breaks is thought to be thrust faults and lithological boundaries. No flat lying layered sediments were found in the trench axis. These morphological characteristics suggest that the trench is tectonically active and that subduction is presently occurring. Negative peaks of Bouguer anomalies were observed over the arc-ward trench slope. This indicates that the crust is thickest beneath the arc-ward trench slope because the crustal layers on the convergent two plates overlap. Bouguer gravity anomalies over the northern portion of the Yap Arc are positive. These gravity signals show that the Yap Arc is uplifted by dynamic force, even though dense crustal layers underlie the arc. This overlying high density arc possibly forces the trench to have great water depths of nearly 9000 m. We propose a tectonic evolution of the trench. Subduction along the Yap Trench has continued with very slow rates of convergence, although the cessation of volcanism at the Yap Arc was contemporaneous with collision of the Caroline Ridge. The Yap Trench migrated westward with respect to the Philippine Sea Plate after collision, then consumption of the volcanic arc crust occurred, caused by tectonic erosion, and the distance between the arc and the trench consequently narrowed. Lower crustal sections of the Philippine Sea Plate were exposed on the arc-ward trench slope by overthrusting. Intense shearing caused deformation of the accumulated rocks, resulting in their metamorphism in the Yap Arc.     

A New Scenario of the Parece Vela Basin Genesis

A new high density geophysical data set in the Parece Vela Basin north of 15°N has been obtained through surveys conducted by the Hydrographic Department of Japan. The combined analyses of the swath bathymetry, magnetic and gravity anomalies from these surveys reveal a new scenario for the genesis of this basin. The evolutionary process is as follows: rifting and crust thinning (29–26 Ma), northward propagation of east-west opening (26-23 Ma) , east-west opening together with the Shikoku Basin (23–21 Ma), and the northeast-southwest opening (20/19–15 Ma). The western part of the basin is complicated, displaying some traces of northward propagation of the spreading center. The change between early east-west opening and the final stage of northeast-southwest spreading is marked by a distinct north-south boundary in both structural and magnetic patterns. Deep and rough topography of the extinct Parece Vela Rift is due to magma starvation in the terminal phase of the spreading.     

基于滑动窗口导纳技术反演西太平洋中部岩石圈的有效弹性厚度

西太平洋中部地区是西太平洋板块边缘沟-弧-盆体系构造演化的关键区域,其地质特征与构造演化一直是地学家关注的焦点问题之一。开展岩石圈有效弹性厚度的研究对于认识该区域的形成演化具有重要的科学意义。本文采用滑动窗口导纳技术,并在挠曲模型中考虑了表面荷载和内部荷载同时存在的情况,计算得到该区域的岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)。计算结果显示,研究区的Te值整体上为0~50 km,其变化基本上与构造单元相吻合,且与主要的构造边界密切相关。除海底火山具有相对较小的Te值(15~20 km)外,太平洋板块整体上具有较强的岩石圈强度(25~30 km)。马里亚纳海沟和菲律宾海沟的岩石圈强度从外隆起到海沟方向表现为明显的减弱,表明岩石圈由外隆起向海沟发生了弱化。帕里西维拉海盆西部相较于东部具有较弱的岩石圈强度,这可能与海盆的非对称扩张有关。卡罗琳板块的岩石圈整体上表现为相对均一的低Te值特征(<15 km)。欧里皮克海隆、卡罗琳海岭和索罗尔海槽的Te值为3 km,这可能是强烈的火山作用所导致的结果。     

Biostratigraphy of the Mussau Trench (Caroline Basin)

A sedimentary rock complex overlays the deep layers of oceanic crust in the Mussau Trench (and the conjugated underwater ridge) of the Caroline Basin. Paleontological analyses supported the previous idea of Oligocene-Quaternary deposits. In addition, Upper Cretaceous (Acila ex gr. demessa, Anisomyon sp., and others) and Eocene (Heterostegina sp., Discocyclina sp., and others) deposits have been found, suggesting shallow water environments in Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic time. Later on, regional submergence started. The complex of the deep-seated formations of the Mussau Trench is not younger than the Early Cretaceous oceanic crust of the Ontong-Java Plateau.     

Giant Megamullion in the Parece Vela Backarc Basin

We present results of high-resolution bathymetric studies of the extinct intermediate-spreading Parece Vela Basin in the northwestern Pacific, where we have identified an extremely large mullion structure, here termed a giant megamullion. We find that the giant megamullion is nearly an order of magnitude larger than the similar structures in the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (`megamullions'). The giant megamullion has slightly elevated mantle Bouguer anomaly, and yields serpentinized peridotites and gabbros, suggesting that they are exposing oceanic crust and upper mantle. An off-axis rugged `chaotic terrain' was also identified in the Parece Vela Basin. The terrain consists of isolated and elevated blocks capped by corrugated axis-normal lineations, and associated deeps. We thus interpret it as analogues to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge megamullions. We propose that amagmatic tectonics producing the giant megamullion and the chaotic terrain occupied a significant part in crustal construction in the Parece Vela Basin evolution.