应对干旱的黄河干流梯级水库群协同调度

科学控制梯级水库蓄泄过程是减少旱灾损失的重要手段。以减少干旱年份流域缺水量和优化缺水时空分布为目标,构建应对干旱的梯级水库群多时空尺度协同优化调度模型。采用交互式与改进粒子群优化方法,外层寻求多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制,内层优化梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,实现流域水资源年际调控、年内优化、库群协同、空间协调。以2014年的黄河流域重旱为例,通过模型优化提出2012—2014年龙羊峡水库旱限水位及梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,结果表明:通过龙羊峡水库旱限水位控制实现跨年度补水,控制各年度缺水率在4.9%~5.7%之间,通过水库群出库过程优化控制不同区域各时段缺水均匀分布,将农业缺水率控制在7.0%~11.0%之间,显著减轻了旱灾损失。     

应对干旱的黄河干流梯级水库群协同调度

科学控制梯级水库蓄泄过程是减少旱灾损失的重要手段。以减少干旱年份流域缺水量和优化缺水时空分布为目标,构建应对干旱的梯级水库群多时空尺度协同优化调度模型。采用交互式与改进粒子群优化方法,外层寻求多年调节水库旱限水位最优控制,内层优化梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,实现流域水资源年际调控、年内优化、库群协同、空间协调。以2014年的黄河流域重旱为例,通过模型优化提出2012—2014年龙羊峡水库旱限水位及梯级水库群年内蓄泄过程,结果表明:通过龙羊峡水库旱限水位控制实现跨年度补水,控制各年度缺水率在4.9%~5.7%之间,通过水库群出库过程优化控制不同区域各时段缺水均匀分布,将农业缺水率控制在7.0%~11.0%之间,显著减轻了旱灾损失。     

大气、陆面与水文耦合模式在中国西北典型流域径流模拟中的新应用

水文模式在较长的发展阶段由简单的概念模型逐步演变复杂的分布式物理模型,大气学科的各类气候模式在近年来迅猛发展同时也逐步带动了水文学的发展。从大气、水文两个学科发展角度纵向开展研究,通过分析以往研究成果认为,虽然大气、水文模式在其各自的发展已经到达了较为完善的地步,然而其相互耦合并取长补短的优势并未发挥。在探讨大气、陆面及水文模式发展的基础上,选取XJLDAS(Xinjiang Land Data Assimilate Datasets)大气陆面同化系统,CLM3.5(Community Land Model,Version 3.5)公用陆面模式及快速汇流模式RAPID(Routing Application for Parallel computation of Discharge)作为关键耦合对象,利用以上耦合系统对新疆精博河流域径流过程进行模拟。通过研究分析,认为:XJLDAS+CLM3.5+RAPID模式可较好地重现流域地表径流年内分布状况,然而,由于陆面参数化方案选取等原因,研究区径流量出现一定偏差。此外,在本研究中发现,陆面模式径流汇流模拟结果与实际结果存在一定偏差,将这种偏差进行分析后发现:在进行大尺度水文模拟时,需要在考虑在研究区相关地理特性(如地质构造、地表覆被)基础上进行模式相应改进,以最大限度的重现大尺度径流真实过程。     

水稳定同位素示踪的冰川流域水文模拟及不确定性研究

水文模拟不确定性长期以来是制约寒区水文发展的瓶颈问题。水稳定同位素示踪为认识冰川流域径流过程提供了重要“指纹”信息,但仍缺乏有效模型将该信息与冰川水文模型耦合,而且同位素信息对冰川流域水文模型不确定性的约束效果也有待检验。将水稳定同位素信息（δ¹⁸O）与冰川流域水文模型FLEX^G相耦合,实现对冰川流域水稳定同位素和径流过程的耦合建模（FLEX^G-iso）,并在乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川流域进行模拟检验和径流分割。结果表明：模型不仅对2013—2016年径流过程有良好的模拟效果,还可以重现水稳定同位素、冰川物质平衡等重要过程。利用水稳定同位素这一辅助数据,提高了模型参数的识别能力,减少了模拟过程中各水源的相互妥协效应和不确定性范围。2013—2016年1号冰川断面径流32%~34%来自融雪,48%~51%来自融冰,0%~7%来自地下水,12%~15%来自降雨径流。水稳定同位素对雪和冰川相关中间过程有明显的约束能力,原有模型对融冰贡献的模拟偏高约7%。FLEX^G-iso模型的建立有助于推动寒区水文学理论和方法的发展,以及寒区水资源、生态环境保护等相关决策制定。     

珠江流域大尺度陆面水文耦合模式的构建及应用

以珠江流域为研究对象,通过更新陆面水文模式所需的下垫面参数数据库,建立适合于珠江流域的大尺度陆面水文耦合模式系统,并利用该模式开展了1963~2006年流域水文水循环过程的数值模拟,通过与实测流量比较,系统考察了陆面水文耦合模型对珠江流域水循环各分量的模拟性能。分析结果表明,该陆面水文耦合模式对珠江流域年平均各水循环要素具有良好的模拟能力;模式对珠江流域干流主要控制水文站的月平均流量也有较高的模拟精度,模式模拟的水量平衡系数均接近1,相关系数均高于0.84,IOA相似度系数均高于0.9;相对而言,模式对流量峰值的模拟能力还有待提高。     

大型灌区陆地水循环模式的参数化方案:LWCMPS_ID

地表水系统、地下水系统和土壤植物大气连续体的强烈耦合作用是大型灌区水文过程的基本特点,这导致对大型灌区的陆地水循环和水资源进行评价必须采取综合的方法,然而目前还缺少适用的模拟工具。农业灌区的水文特征与天然流域存在显著差别,常规流域水文模型和陆面过程参数化方案用于大型灌区陆地水循环的分析还存在较大的困难。LWCMPS_ID是本文提出的一个适用于大型灌区陆地水循环模式的参数化方案,采用分块集中参数模型简明地实现了地表水、地下水和土壤水的动力学耦合分析,并且包含了一个土壤水冻结融化的简化模型。对处在黄河流域的内蒙古河套灌区,用LWCMPS_ID进行20 年水文动态的模拟,取得了较好的效果。     

陆面水文过程研究综述

在简单介绍陆面过程模式发展的基础上，从裸土蒸发、植被蒸散、土壤水传输、排水和径流等五个方面详细综述了陆面模式研究中对水文过程的参数化。目前陆面参数化方案中仍存在很大的不确定性，其中陆面水文过程参数化的关键问题包括：土壤分层、土层厚度、根带分布；参数的代表性和移植；观测资料；径流的参数化。分析了径流在陆面模式中的重要性，及目前陆面模式中对径流参数化存在的不足，介绍了部分陆面模式对径流的模拟研究，讨论了未来工作的研究重点。     

基于气候模式筛选的碧流河水库流域未来期径流预估研究

为评估IPCC第四次评估报告中的15个全球气候模式对碧流河水库流域气温和降水的模拟效果,通过LARS-WG降尺度方法,选取了HADCM3等3种气候模式,分析其在A2、A1B和B1三种排放情景下未来期(2011~2040年)碧流河水库流域气温和降水的变化,进而结合ABCD月尺度水文模型,预估未来气候变化下碧流河水库流域的径流变化特征,为流域水资源规划和管理提供依据。结果表明:CNCM3、HADCM3和IPCM4三个模式对碧流河水库流域模拟效果较好;与基准期相比,未来期多年平均降水变幅为-6.4%~3.7%,多年平均温度升高0.8℃~1.2℃,实际蒸发增幅为2.4%~4.4%;多年平均年径流量变化范围为4.8~6.2(108m3),三种排放情景下各模式平均径流量均呈减少趋势,较基准期减幅为-4.7%~-27.1%,未来水资源利用将会面临更大挑战。     

贵州典型岩溶流域日降雨径流过程模拟研究

以蓄满产流方式描述岩溶地区的产流过程,采用稳定入渗法划分径流,将非线性水箱模型用于模拟单元流域的调蓄过程,以遗传算法为基础率定模型参数,建立了基于遗传算法率定参数的概念性岩溶水文模型,并以贵州普定后寨河流域为例,采用流域内老黑潭、六谷、后寨测站的水文资料对所建模型进行检验,以相对误差、互相关系数和确定性系数来评定模型.结果表明,本模型预报结果的相对误差均小于士10%,互相关系数均大于0.80,确定性系数均大于或等于0.70,说明所构建的模型能够模拟及预报岩溶地区的降雨径流过程.      

对新安江模型蒸散发计算的改进

基于DEM构建数字流域水文模型，在此基础上，利用新安江模型作径流计算。利用陆面模式SSIB中大气动力阻抗法计算蒸散发的方法改进新安江模型的蒸散发计算，从而改进新安江模型对流域出流量的模拟，得到更为合理的陆面水文模型。以安徽水阳江流域为研究区域，利用改进前后的新安江模型进行径流模拟。结果表明，对新安江模型蒸散发计算的改进提高了模型对径流量的模拟效果。     

基于库容分区运用的水库群生态调度模型

在不影响防洪、供水等现有利益格局的前提下,通过改善水库调度方式、发挥库群联合调控作用,提高生态供水保证率,是当前中国北方缺水地区流域水资源管理中的重大科学问题。把河流生态系统作为一个独立用水户,制订多用户分区运用水库群调度模拟规则,同时考虑调度方案对生态与发电的影响,建立水资源系统仿真模型,结合保证各用户供水保证率最大且尽可能均衡的目标函数,构建基于库容分区运用的水库群生态调度模型。将模型应用于海河流域滦河水系,提出了现状供水条件下潘家口、大黑汀和桃林口三大水库联合调度方案,绘制了水库群分区运用调度图,评价了调度方案对水力发电和下游生态系统的影响。结果表明,所提出的模型有效,水库群生态调度方案较之现行调度,可在不降低兴利和防洪效益的前提下,将河流生态系统供水保证率由46.9%提高到93.8%,生态水文改变度指标改善明显。     

Future climate change impact evaluation on hydrologic processes in the Bharalu and Basistha basins using SWAT model

Urbanisation and climate change can have adverse effects on the streamflow and water balance components in river basins. This study focuses on the understanding of different hydrologic responses to climate change between urban and rural basins. The comprehensive semi-distributed hydrologic model, SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), is used to evaluate how the streamflow and water balance components vary under future climate change on Bharalu (urban basin) and Basistha (rural basin) River basins near the Brahmaputra River in India based on precipitation, temperature and geospatial data. Based on data collected in 1990–2012, it is found that 98.78% of the water yield generated for the urban Bharalu River basin is by surface runoff, comparing to 75% of that for the rural Basistha basin. Comparison of various hydrologic processes (e.g. precipitation, discharge, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) based on predicted climate change scenarios is evaluated. The urban Bharalu basin shows a decrease in streamflow, water yield, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration in contrast to the rural Basistha basin, for the 2050s and 2090s decades. The average annual discharge will increase a maximum 1.43 and 2.20 m³/s from the base period for representative concentration pathways (RCPs) such as 2.6 and 8.5 pathways in Basistha River and it will decrease a maximum 0.67 and 0.46 m³/s for Bharalu River, respectively. This paper also discusses the influence of sensitive parameters on hydrologic processes, future issues and challenges in the rural and urban basins.     

概化的Tank模型及其在龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库流量预报中的应用

Tank模型（又称为水箱模型），是一种用于流域径流预报的确定性水文模型，根据龙羊峡水库入库主要产流区－－黄河上游唐乃亥水文站以上流域下垫面条件下产汇流特性，将其概化为以降雨量为输入，径流量为输出的单孔出流的线性水箱，工用于该水库汛期旬平均入库流量的预报，经对历史资料进行拟合和试验预报的 结果表明，该模型具有较高的预报精度，现已应用于黄河上游龙羊峡水库汛期旬平均入库来水量的中期预报中，取得了十分显著的经济效益。     

Quantitatively analyze the impact of land use/land cover change on annual runoff decrease

Annual runoff in Luanhe river basin was detected a downward trend and caused water crisis in Tianjin, China. To quantify the decreased runoff volume, Mann–Kendall test and Pettitt test were employed to check whether there existed significant trend and change points for annual rainfall and runoff time series in Panjiakou reservoir basin and 8 sub-watersheds. It was found that the annual runoff time series had a significant downward trend at 5 % confidence level, and the change point was at 1979 in Panjiakou reservoir watershed. Then double mass curve of annual rainfall and annual runoff was plotted, and two lines were fitted before and after 1979, respectively. Based on this method, the comprehensive effects of land use/land cover change on annual runoff were estimated. To further quantify the contributions of each main factor to annual runoff decrease, water stored in check dams and social water use in different periods were surveyed first. And then multi-linear regression was used to develop the relations between annual runoff and the driven factors. Water area decrease was identified to be the main factor contributing to annual runoff reduction. The results in this study can provide valuable information for water resources planners and policy makers.     

Effect of climate change on water resources in the Yuanshui River Basin: a SWAT model assessment

The Yuanshui River Basin is one of the most important river basins ensuring food production and livelihoods in the Hunan and Guizhou Provinces of China. Based on digital elevation model, land use, soil, and meteorological data, the soil and water assessment tool was used to analyze the response of water resources in the basin to climate change. Specifically, the monthly runoff from the Yuanshui River Basin was simulated. Runoff measurements from the 1961–1990 series were used to calibrate model parameters, and measurements from the 1991–2010 series were used for model validation. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, correlation coefficient, and water balance error were used to evaluate the simulation results; the values obtained for these parameters were 0.925, 0.929, and 2.0%, respectively, indicating that the established model can be applied successfully to runoff simulations. To evaluate the effects of climate change and human activities on runoff, 24 different climate scenarios were modeled. By comparing the model simulation results with the baseline scenario, the effects of climate change were analyzed by year, during the dry season, and during extremely dry conditions. The results showed that runoff decreased with increasing air temperature and decreasing precipitation, and that the effects of rainfall on runoff were greater than those of air temperature. Under the same baseline conditions, the effects of climate change on runoff were most pronounced during extremely dry months.     

变化环境下澜沧江-湄公河流域干旱趋势

为提升变化环境下澜沧江-湄公河(简称澜湄)流经国对干旱的抵御能力, 亟需对流域未来干旱趋势进行科学研判。本研究选取了CMIP6的5个GCM模式, 使用3种共享社会经济路径-典型浓度路径组合情景下的驱动数据, 采用分布式水文模型CREST-Snow, 预估了2020—2050年澜湄径流演变和气象、水文干旱发展趋势, 量化了澜沧江梯级水库调度对未来径流的调节作用。结果表明: 2020—2050年, 澜湄流域整体呈湿润趋势, 但极端干湿事件发生频率增加, 其中2020—2029年干旱频发, 2030—2050年更偏湿润, 老挝、泰国2020—2050年干旱发生的频率和强度比流域内其他国家更高; 澜沧江梯级水库可有效提升下游干季径流量, 增幅从上游(99%)至下游(68%)递减, 在缓解湄公河干季旱情方面具有重要作用。未来有待进一步加强澜湄水资源合作, 优化水库调度方式, 促进澜湄流经国水旱灾害防治。     

渭河源区典型小流域水沙演变规律分析

根据渭河源区清源河典型小流域实测水文资料,分析了流域水文要素的年内和年际变化规律,流域降水、径流和泥沙主要集中在汛期,5-9月降水量占全年的78.5%,5-10月径流占全年的78.7%,5-8月输沙量占全年的88.9%。受上游修建水库、水土保持等人类活动的影响,流域汛期径流和泥沙1997-2013年比1980-1996年均减少了5.9%。流域面平均降水量、平均流量、平均输沙量年际变化不稳定,总体呈减少趋势,序列最大可能变异点分别为1995年、1994年和1997年。建立了流域年降水量与年径流深、次降水量P+Pa与次径流深相关模型,相关系数达到0.902和0.860。以年最大洪峰流量为参数,分别建立了流域年径流量与年输沙量、次径流量与次输沙量关系模型,相关系数达到0.835和0.917,公式模拟值与实测值接近,误差较小,可以作为以径流推算泥沙的重要依据。通过定性定量分析人类活动对流域径流、泥沙的影响程度,对区域抗旱防洪减灾、水资源管理、小流域治理及生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Integrative assessment of hydrological, ecological, and economic systems for water resources management at river basin scale

This study presents a basin-scale integrative hydrological, ecological, and economic (HEE) modeling system, aimed at evaluating the impact of resources management, especially agricultural water resources management, on the sustainability of regional water resources. The hydrological model in the modeling system was adapted from SWAT, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, to simulate the water balance in terms of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and streamflow. An ecological model was integrated into the hydrological model to compute the ecosystem production of biomass production and yield for different land use types. The economic model estimated the monetary values of crop production and water productivity over irrigated areas. The modeling system was primarily integrated and run on a Windows platform and was able to produce simulation results at daily time steps with a spatial resolution of hydrological response unit (HRU). The modeling system was then calibrated over the period from 1983 to 1991 for the upper and middle parts of the Yellow River basin, China. Calibration results showed that the efficiencies of the modeling system in simulating monthly streamflow over 5 hydrological stations were from 0.54 to 0.68 with an average of 0.64, indicating an acceptable calibration. Preliminary simulation results from 1986 to 1995 revealed that water use in the study region has largely reduced the streamflow in many parts of the area except for that in the riverhead. Spatial distribution of biomass production, and crop yield showed a strong impact of irrigation on agricultural production. Water productivity over irrigated cropland ranged from 1 to 1640 USD/(ha·mm⁻¹), indicating a wide variation of the production conditions within the study region and a great potential in promoting water use efficiency in low water productivity areas. Generally, simulation results from this study indicated that the modeling system was capable of tracking the temporal and spatial variability of pertinent water balance variables, ecosystem dynamics, and regional economy, and provided a useful simulation tool in evaluating long-term water resources management strategies in a basin scale.     

基于节水优先和工程布局调整的塔里木河流域节水潜力

为挖掘寒旱区内陆河流域的节水潜力, 论证山区水库替代平原水库的可行性, 以塔里木河三源流阿克苏河、叶尔羌河、和田河及其干流(简称"三源一干")为研究对象, 在"节水优先"治水方针的指导下, 考虑源流区山区水库群、干流区平原水库群以及各行业用水需求, 建立并求解了现状水平年和远景水平年的水库群联合调配的模拟与优化模型。结果表明: 水库群调度节水的关键在于降低河道内及平原水库库区中无效的蒸发渗漏损失; 2035年远景水平年, 通过山区水库群联合优化调配的最大节水潜力为2.46亿m3; 制定了源流山区水库替代干流平原水库的布局方案, 即结然力克、大寨、其满、帕满、喀尔曲尕和塔里木等6座平原水库的兴利库容分别可削减17%、17%、17%、33%、100%、100%, 该方案在保障塔里木河干流供水任务情况下可增加0.21亿m3的节水潜力。研究成果为实现流域水资源科学调控、保障区域水安全和生态安全提供了理论与技术支撑。     

基于水库群预报调度的黄河流域干旱应对系统

为有效应对日益严重的流域干旱问题,有必要开展面向干旱全过程的黄河流域干旱应对系统研究。基于干旱演变过程设计了干旱指数,通过天气预报模型、回归分析等进行干旱、需水与径流预报;设置多年调节水库旱限水位,实现水资源年际补偿;识别洪水和泥沙分期特征,采用分期汛限水位增加洪水资源利用量;建立了梯级水库群协同优化调度模型,调配抗旱水源。算例结果显示:黄河流域干旱应对系统能够平衡年际间的干旱损失以避免重度破坏,与实际情况相比,在重旱的2014年增加抗旱水源22.40亿m^3。建立的干旱应对系统已应用于黄河流域抗旱实践,提升了流域应对干旱的水资源调控能力。