砂箱模型模拟休耕田区以砂桩补注地下水对溶质传输影响

水田在休耕期间蓄水,除了可维持水田原有之生态机能外,亦可增加土壤水分涵养与补注地下水.利用砂箱来模拟休耕田区中打入砂桩以补注地下水时,砂桩存在对灌溉水中之溶质在土壤中传输之影响.由试验结果得知当砂桩贯穿牛踏层时可增加水分入渗速率约40倍,相对的,砂桩亦加速溶质在不同土壤层间之传输速率,尤其在牛踏层下方之土壤为砂层时,其影响更为显著.因此,蓄水过程中需注意水源之品质,以避免土壤与地下水受污染.     

文山州土壤养分空间分布与变化规律

采用GPS定位技术,对文山州基本烟田进行大规模的土壤取样,研究了区域植烟土壤养分状况的总体特征、空间变异特征,并采用普通插值法绘制了土壤养分空间分布图。结果表明:随海拔的升高,土壤pH值呈显著下降的趋势,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量呈极显著增加趋势,而土壤有效磷含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。全州土壤有机质和碱解氮含量整体呈由北向南、由东向西有增加的趋势,土壤有效钾含量整体上呈由中部向北部及南部增加的趋势,土壤pH值和有效磷空间变化趋势不显著。     

旅游干扰对纳帕海湖滨草甸湿地土壤水文调蓄功能的影响

在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,研究了旅游干扰对纳帕海湖滨草甸湿地土壤蓄水功能和水文调节能力的影响。结果表明,旅游干扰对草甸湿地表层土壤环境的破坏作用显著。随着旅游干扰强度增加,草甸湿地0～20cm表层土壤容重显著增加,孔隙度减小,土壤持水能力急剧下降,以未受旅游干扰作为参照,在轻度、中度和重度干扰下草甸表层土壤饱和持水能力分别下降了10%、48%和75%,表明土壤蓄水功能在高强度旅游干扰作用下退化显著。未受旅游干扰区草甸湿地土壤有效调蓄水空间、非毛管孔隙度、初渗速率和稳渗速率分别为1897g/kg、44%、3.14mm/min和1.92mm/min,在重度干扰作用下分别下降了77%、43%、94%和96%,高强度旅游干扰作用下草甸湿地土壤水文调蓄功能显著退化。     

江汉平原富硒冷浸田的利用模式

江汉平原是中国四大粮仓之一,拥有约69万公顷富硒土壤,大部分为冷浸田,如何利用富硒冷浸田种植富硒水稻是当前亟需研究解决的重大实际问题.以排水整改、强化施硒肥和排水整改后施硒肥3种模式开展了江汉平原富硒冷浸田的大田种植实验.结果表明,在排水整改模式下,排水降低了冷浸田地下水位,提升了土壤的通气性和氧化还原电位,加快了土壤中有机结合态硒向可利用态硒转化,使得土壤可利用态硒比整改前提高25.0%;促进了水稻对硒的吸收,使得水稻根系和籽实中硒含量比整改前分别增加20.6%和8.3%,仅茎干中硒含量无明显变化.在强化施硒肥模式下,每亩施加80 kg硒肥后土壤可利用态硒比施肥前提高41.7%;极大地促进了水稻对硒的吸收,使得水稻根系、茎秆、籽实中硒含量比施肥前分别提升79.4%、37.1%、25.0%.在冷浸田排水整改后每亩施加80 kg硒肥模式下,土壤可利用态硒含量和水稻根系、茎干、籽实中硒含量分别增加50.0%和41.8%、46.1%、47.9%.总之,上述3种利用模式均可提高土壤可利用态硒含量,有利于水稻对土壤硒的吸收,能够显著提高水稻籽实中硒含量;冷浸田排水整改后强化施硒肥利用模式效果最佳.      

基于地统计学烟区土壤养分及pH值空间异质性分析——以重庆市酉阳县岩溶区为例

调查了解土壤养分及pH值空间异质性特征是制定烟区土壤养分管理与施肥决策的前提。本研究基于经典统计学和地统计学方法,分析了酉阳烟区土壤表层pH值及土壤养分要素的空间异质性特征。结果表明:酉阳烟区土壤有机质含量丰富,有效磷较缺乏;土壤养分指标的变异系数在13.11%～71.46%之间,有效磷的变异系数最大,而有机质、全氮、碱解氮在土壤中比较稳定;土壤有机质和全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷呈极显著的正相关,pH值和有效磷和速效钾呈极显著的负相关;有机质、全氮、全磷及速效钾的变异函数曲线理论模型符合指数模型,而pH值和碱解氮则与球状模型拟合较好;全氮、碱解氮、全磷及有效磷表现出中等空间相关性,而有机质、全钾及速效钾的空间相关性表现较弱;分维数大小表现为:全钾的分维数最大,pH值、速效钾、有机质其次,全氮、碱解氮最少;土壤养分及pH值空间分布在东西和南北方向具有显著性差异,且在东西方向上的变异要高于南北方向。酉阳烟区土壤养分空间相关性不强,说明地形、施肥及耕作等随机性因素能够显著影响烟区土壤养分空间异质性。      

生物滞留带结构层参数对道路径流滞蓄效应影响

基于非饱和土壤水分运动理论,采用数值模拟方法研究了4种降雨作用下生物滞留带结构层参数对设施积水、产流及径流调控效应的影响特性。结果表明:生物滞留带表层积水受蓄水层深度影响显著,随蓄水层深度由20 cm增加到30 cm,设施的溢流控制水量平均提高0.196 m3左右,但积水时长增加可达85 min;生物滞留带各结构层参数对穿孔管产流均有一定影响,随种植土层与砂滤层厚度比或内部储水区高度增加,穿孔管产流时刻推迟,产流峰值减小,而蓄水层深度的增加则可导致穿孔管产流时刻提前、产流峰值增大;在4种降雨作用下,5类滞留带径流量平均消减率为16.71%~37.31%,径流峰值平均消减率为41.53%~63.90%,产流平均延迟时间为97.75~166.50 min;当滞留带发生溢流时,设施的径流调控能力显著降低,且结构层参数对设施径流调控效果的影响减弱。     

基于DRAINMOD模型的雨水花园运行效果影响因素

为研究雨水花园对暴雨径流水文调控效果受不同设计参数的影响,在试验研究的基础上,利用排水模型DRAINMOD分析了雨水花园长期运行效果受其蓄水层深度、汇流面积比以及降雨特征等因素的影响。模型测试结果显示,DRAINMOD可以较好地模拟雨水花园内部水文过程;长序列（1951—2007年）模拟结果发现,试验雨水花园对暴雨径流量削减率的年均值为18.5%,经介质净化的水量占雨水径流总量的76.1%;雨水花园蓄水层深度超过某一临界值后对其滞留效果没有影响;汇流面积比增大,排水量和溢流量均增大;在雨水花园内部增加30 cm反硝化作用蓄水层后,排水量下降了19.2%,雨水花园对径流量的削减率提高到33.5%。可见,增加内部蓄水层后雨水花园对水量削减和污染物浓度去除都具有积极作用。     

有机质含量对磷酸镁水泥固化土性质的影响研究

许多重要的软土工程譬如基坑、路基工程在破坏后需要快速修复,磷酸镁水泥的出现很好地满足了这一现代建设的要求,但不同地区软土的有机质含量不同,而有机质的含量对固化土的性质有着重要影响。为了研究磷酸镁水泥加固不同有机质含量软土的加固规律,本文通过向烘干后的软土中添加腐殖酸,人为制备不同有机质含量的土样,并取相同条件下PO水泥加固软土作对比,通过相关力学试验得到以下规律:两种水泥在加固不同含量有机质软土的过程中,加固效果都会随着有机质含量的升高而逐渐降低;磷酸镁水泥在快速修复和凝结方面明显优于PO水泥,但磷酸镁水泥中长期加固有机质软土的效果却不及PO水泥。同时利用SEM试验对得到的规律进行了解释并分析其微结构演化特征。该研究成果独到地分析了有机质含量变化对磷酸镁水泥加固效果的影响,证明了磷酸镁水泥可以应用于软土的抢修工程建设中,对加固软土工程具有指导和借鉴意义。     

重庆丰都岩溶区植烟土壤肥力特征及综合评价研究

以重庆市丰都县植烟区石灰岩土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查采样和室内分析方法,并采用主成分分析法和模糊数学隶属度函数模型估算出土壤适宜性指数（SFI）,进而对土壤养分状况进行综合评价。结果表明:（1）该岩溶区植烟土壤pH多呈弱酸性至中性,有23.08 %的土壤样品pH低于5.00,这些土壤酸化问题较为突出;（2）有机质和氮含量丰富,78.85 %的土样有机质含量处在植烟所需的最适宜范围（15～30 g/kg）内,全部土样的碱解氮含量均在植烟所需的适宜范围（65～100 mg/kg）内,且变异系数仅为0.92 %;（3）土壤全磷表现出中至高含量水平（＞0.6 g/kg）,但土壤有效磷供应不足,20.93 %土样有效磷含量处在缺乏水平（＜10 mg/kg）以下;（4）土壤钾元素供应充足,全钾含量全部处于丰富或极丰富水平（＞25 g/kg）,超过81.84 %土样其速效钾含量处于植烟所需的适宜范围(＞150 mg/kg)内;（5）该岩溶区土壤肥力整体水平不高,仅15.38 %土样的综合肥力为较高水平（0.70＞SFI≥0.60),57.69 %为中低等水平（0.60＞SFI≥0.40),26.93 %为低水平(SFI≤0.40),这与岩溶地区土壤贫瘠且侵蚀退化严重、施肥不合理等因素有关。为此,建议科学耕作,抑制土壤侵蚀退化,同时通过撒施生石灰等调节土壤pH,并适当提高复合肥中磷素比例。      

江西龙南地区富硒土壤资源开发可行性研究

多目标区域地球化学调查结果显示,江西龙南地区表层土壤Se平均含量为0.34 mg/kg,总体足硒,局部富硒,且土壤中重金属元素含量处于安全水平。异常查证结果表明,富含硒的基岩是富硒土壤分布的控制因素。在研究区发现天然富硒水稻、富硒大豆优质农产品,其中大豆的富硒率达100%。土壤中有效Se与总Se呈极显著的正相关,总Se含量增大可增加有效Se量;有效Se与阳离子交换量(CEC)、N、P呈较显著的正相关,土壤中粘土矿物及有机质对Se有较强的吸附、络合作用,且土壤中有效Se主要以亚硒酸盐形式存在。水稻、大豆中Se的生物富集系数均与土壤Se、N呈显著负相关,与土壤K2O呈显著正相关。     

Effects of seawater irrigation on soil microbial community structure and physiological function

Irrigation with diluted seawater would be an alternative water resource which can play an important role under scarce resources of freshwater for promoting agricultural production in coastal areas. Salvadora persica Linn. was irrigated with different concentrations of seawater (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % seawater), and their effect on plant growth, nutrient contents in soil and plants, shift in soil microbial community structure (phospholipid fatty acid; PLFA) and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP, Biolog ECO MicroPlate) were studied. Plant dry matter was significantly increased with all seawater treatments, and highest increase was at 20 % seawater treatment. Sodium and chloride contents were significantly increased, whereas ratios of K/Na and Ca/Na were significantly decreased in plants with seawater irrigation. Soil electrical conductivity (EC), available K and Na were significantly increased with increasing the concentration of seawater. Total PLFA concentration and PLFA profile of soils were used as indices of total microbial biomass and community composition, respectively. The concentrations of total PLFA, gram-positive, gram-negative and actinomycetes biomarker PLFAs were significantly reduced at 20, 40, 80 and 40 % concentrations of seawater, respectively. The application of different concentrations of seawater induced a clear shift in the soil microbial community structure toward the bacterial abundance. The microbial community structure and community-level physiological profiling in seawater irrigation treatments had significantly differentiated. It can be concluded that irrigation with different concentrations of seawater had significant impact on soil chemical and microbial properties which is attributed due to the salinity stress.     

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定岩芯中的8种金属元素

岩芯分析是油气田开采前期必须开展的必要研究工作。岩芯样品常见金属元素钾(12.30 mg/g)、钠(15.04 mg/g)、铝(28.83 mg/g)、铁(11.13 mg/g)含量较高,且含有大量有机物,文章首次提出以微波消解方式,用浓硝酸和过氧化氢分解有机物,盐酸和氢氟酸处理二氧化硅等无机物,分解稠油油藏岩芯样品效果明显,原子吸收光谱法测定样品中钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、铁、锰、钡8种金属元素的含量。分析结果表明,方法线性相关系数良好(相关系数为0.9949～0.9998),回收率在92.2%～101.6%。建立的微波消解技术无样品损失,操作简单,消解过程节省试剂,减少了环境污染,测定方法准确、可靠,检出限低。     

作物产量与土壤环境的关系

作物的产量与土壤元素中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｂ、Ｍｏ、Ｖ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ、Ｓｅ、Ｆ、ＴＩ、Ｂａ、Ｔｅ、Ｔａ、Ｓｒ、Ｔｉ、Ｓｉ等元素及稀土、有机质、酸碱度和含水量、含盐量密切有关。     

天津市西郊富硒土壤地球化学特征和成因分析

为了查明天津市西郊富硒土壤的地球化学特征和成因,开展针对土壤-大气-水体-作物的调查研究工作。结果显示:研究区土壤Se元素平均值为0.66 mg/kg,是天津市土壤背景值的2.87倍,有83%为富硒土壤。土壤Se元素被颗粒状有机物质大量固定和吸附,富集于耕层土壤。耕层土壤Se元素与粗砂粒、细砂粒、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu、Hg、N、P等指标显著正相关,与黏粒、粉粒、Na、K、Mg、As、CEC、pH等指标显著负相关。农民大量持续使用富含Se的有机肥是土壤Se元素显著富集的主要原因,占输入总通量的86.55%;大气沉降是次要原因,占13.35%。研究区土壤Se元素的年增加量为0.019 mg/kg,按2.77%的速度逐年增长。     

A modified EK method with an I<Superscript>−</Superscript>/I<Subscript>2</Subscript> lixiviant assisted and approaching cathodes to remedy mercury contaminated field soils

Wanshan mercury mine is the largest cinnabar deposit in Guizhou, China. Few effective methods had been achieved to remedy Hg heavily contaminated field soils. In this paper, a modified EK method with approaching cathodes (AC-EK) and an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant was described to remedy mercury-contaminated field soils near Wanshan mercury mine. Paddy Soil I and Paddy Soil II were sampled and contained 576.73 ± 45.50 and 491.35 ± 4.73 mg/kg Hg, respectively. Although they contained 6.9 and 9.4% organic matter respectively, more than 92 and 89% Hg were removed by AC-EK within 5 days. Removal ratio increased by 0.21 and 0.68 times using EK process with ACs over that with one single cathode (SC-EK). AC-EK method saved nearly 26.4–28.1% electric power as compared to SC-EK method. As an I⁻/I₂ lixiviant solution was used to solubilize HgS(HgO) during EK process, the bonding of Hg to organic functional S groups should be less important than the binding to inner sites of organic matter in soil. The relationship between EK remediation effect and soil organic matter content was fitted to a linear model. It turned out that when soil OM increased by 1.0%, EK removal ratio (%) of Hg would decrease by 2.63%.     

沂蒙山区土壤质量地球化学评价方法

为建立山东省临沂市沂蒙山区特殊地质背景土壤质量评价方法,在沂南县西南部研究区采集各类土壤样品1 029件,均分析了N、P、K、Mn、B、Mo、Cu、Zn、Co、V、Ni、Sr、Tl、Ti、As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Se、F、I、Ge、有机质、Na₂O、SiO₂、MgO、CaO质量分数及pH等29项指标。根据分析测试结果,建立了由土壤养分指标和环境指标组成的评价体系,并对该区土壤质量地球化学评价及其空间分布进行了研究。结果表明：研究区大部分土壤质量以良好、中等为主（土壤环境清洁,土壤养分丰富或中等）;研究区中部地区土壤肥力较好（w（N）>0.10%,w（P）>0.06%,w（K）>2.50%）,西南部、东北部山区土壤肥力较差（w（N）<0.075%）,土壤质量等级偏低。全区80%左右土壤的N元素、B元素、有机质均不足以满足常规农业生产需要,对常规作物生长不利。区内土壤环境质量水平总体较好,重金属元素分布受地质背景控制。     

西南喀斯特地区不同石漠化阶段土壤物理参数的变异研究

为了探索中国西南喀斯特地区石漠化过程中土壤物理性质的变异规律,采用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,对贵州省荔波县及普定县不同石漠化阶段典型土壤的物理参数进行了研究。结果表明：土壤有机质质量分数随石漠化程度的加深逐渐减小;非石漠化土壤重度仅为6.15 N/m^3,随着石漠化的发展,土壤重度逐渐增大,总孔隙度随之减小;石漠化的发展导致土壤黏粒含量升高;土壤水稳性团聚体质量分数及微团聚体的结构系数均随石漠化程度加深而减小;土壤有机质质量分数与重度、砂粒含量、大于5 mm团聚体含量及结构系数的相关系数分别为-0.921 2、0.827 7、0.907 2、0.899 3,均达到极显著水平。通过封山育林等措施增加喀斯特地区有机质积累可改善土壤物理性质,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

日照茶树种植区典型茶园的土壤肥力状况评价

通过野外采样和室内测定,以日照茶树种植区3个典型茶园为研究对象,每个茶园分别取鸠坑、黄山群体、福鼎大白各3个品种。最终取得9种茶样生长地的土样,研究分析土样的pH。有机质,全N,P,K,有效N,P,K等指标的土壤养分含量状况,并以此为评价指标,运用模糊综合评判法,对3个茶园的土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,茶园肥力综合水平为北垛春〉碧波山庄〉北叶青i茶园土壤总体上,pH值较适中,有机质含量很缺乏,全N含量偏低,全P含量中等,全K含量较高,有效N含量很缺乏,有效P含量非常丰富,有效K含量中等,并据此提出了关于该地区3个典型茶园今后合理施肥的一些建议。     

Climatic changes vs. catastrophic events in lacustrine systems: A geochemical approach

A geochemical study of oligotrophic Lake Sanabria (NW Iberian Peninsula) allows us to distinguish the geochemical response of a lacustrine system to catastrophic events and climatic events. The main major elements analysed were: K, Na, Mg, Ca, Ti, Al, Fe, Mn, P and S. The organic matter content in the sediment of Lake Sanabria is determined by the rainfall regime of the region. Periods when sediments were enriched in Ti, Mg, K, and Al are indicative of relatively wet paleoenvironmental conditions, whereas intervals when sediments were enriched in S and P (associated with organic matter) are indicative of dry conditions. A factor analysis of the geochemical data shows a progressive temporal displacements from organic rich conditions (relatively high values of S and P) to inorganic rich conditions (relatively high values of Ti, Mg, K, Al, and Na). Maximal inorganic content occurred at the beginning of two discrete sedimentary levels: the LOL2 (cal. 1160–1230 yr AD) and the LOL1 (cal. 1510–1680 yr AD) horizons. The LOL2 and LOL1 horizons constitute two discrete events related to climatic changes during the beginning and end of the Little Ice Age, respectively. In contrast, the geochemical analysis provides evidence that the samples associated with the 1959 catastrophic event that occurred in the catchment area of Lake Sanabria do not follow the long-term geochemical evolution paths of the climate driven system.     

Magnesium Isotope Compositions of Natural Reference Materials

This study presents a chemical protocol for the separation of Mg that is particularly adapted to alkali‐rich samples (granite, soil, plants). This protocol was based on a combination of two pre‐existing methods: transition metals were first removed from the sample using an AG‐MP1 anion‐exchange resin, followed by the separation of alkalis (Na, K) and bivalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺ and Sr²⁺) using a AG50W‐X12 cation‐exchange resin. This procedure allowed Mg recovery of ～ 10 0 ± 8%. The [Σcations]/[Mg] molar ratios in all of the final Mg fractions were lower than 0.05. The Mg isotope ratios of eleven reference materials were analysed using two different MC‐ICP‐MS instruments (Isoprobe and Nu Plasma). The long‐term reproducibility, assessed by repeated measurements of Mg standard solutions and natural reference materials, was 0.14‰. The basalt (BE‐N), limestone (Cal‐S) and seawater (BCR‐403) reference materials analysed in this study yielded δ²⁶Mg mean values of ?0.28 ± 0.08‰, ?4.37 ± 0.11‰ and ?0.89 ± 0.10‰ respectively, in agreement with published data. The two continental rocks analysed, diorite (DR‐N) and granite (GA), yielded δ²⁶Mg mean values of ?0.50 ± 0.08‰ and ?0.75 ± 0.14‰, respectively. The weathering products, soil (TILL‐1) and river water (NIST SRM 1640), gave δ²⁶Mg values of ?0.40 ± 0.07‰ and ?1.27 ± 0.14‰, respectively. We also present, for the first time, the Mg isotope composition of bulk plant and organic matter. Rye flour (BCR‐381), sea lettuce (Ulva lactuva) (BCR‐279), natural hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa) and lichen (BCR‐482) reference materials gave δ²⁶Mg values of ?1.10 ± 0.14‰, ?0.90 ± 0.19‰, ?0.50 ± 0.22‰ and ?1.15 ± 0.27‰ respectively. Plant δ²⁶Mg values fell within the range defined by published data for chlorophylls.