塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠纪沉积相与古地理研究

库车坳陷继晚二叠世的厚层磨拉石沉积之后,三叠纪开始进入封闭的挤压挠曲型盆地发展阶段,拉开了中生代前陆盆地发展的序幕,构造格局和构造样式较古生代发生很大转变。盆地内三叠纪气候湿热,沉积相类型多样。靠近北部山前发育大套冲积扇、扇三角洲和辫状三角洲沉积,向坳陷中心有辫状三角洲、曲流河和湖泊沉积。河漫沼泽上发育多套煤层。其滨湖、沼泽相炭质泥岩及煤系建造是库车坳陷重要的烃源岩。在整个三叠纪演化的不同时期,逆冲挤压应力逐渐增强又逐渐减弱,各时期盆地的古地理特征不同。从早三叠世到晚三叠世,盆地的沉积和沉降中心持续南迁,前缘隆起则持续向前陆方向后退。三叠纪前缘隆起和北部逆冲带在轮台以东连通,该连通古陆从早三叠世至晚三叠世持续由东向西移动,但迁移幅度不大,在晚三叠世时期成为一个次要物源区。      

羌塘盆地晚三叠世岩相古地理特征与烃源岩

羌塘盆地晚三叠世古地理格局是研究其沉积演化史和油气资源评价关键基础。通过地层划分对比、沉积相分析、沉积序列等方法,结合最新的地质调查及其研究结果,对羌塘盆地晚三叠世岩相古地理环境进行恢复,并讨论了上三叠统烃源岩基本特征。羌塘盆地晚三叠世受北侧碰撞造山挤压和南侧班公湖—怒江中特提斯洋盆打开双重影响,北羌塘前陆盆地逐渐萎缩消亡,南羌塘则经历走滑作用开始接受沉积。盆地北部的可可西里造山带、东部的岛链状隆起带和中部的中央隆起带为该时期盆地内三个物源区。北部边缘、中央隆起带东部边缘和盆地的中、东部地区,形成滨岸—三角洲相沉积。盆地中西部沉积较稳定的缓坡相碳酸盐岩。南羌塘坳陷的南部,沉积了向上水体逐渐变深的浅海陆棚相沉积物。此时期碳酸盐岩缓坡相区发育的烃源岩,具有高残余有机碳,高成熟度,低残余生烃潜量等基本特征,综合评价属于中等—较好烃源岩,以生气为主。推测多格错仁地区是今后油气勘探的优选目标和首选地区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起奥陶系构造-热演化史恢复

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起区构造位置独特,演化历史复杂.该区下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩有机质丰度较高,是寻找天然气的有利地区.奥陶系碳酸盐岩由于缺乏有效的古温标,热演化程度的确定及热演化历史的恢复一直是研究的难题.本文利用渭北隆起奥陶系碳酸盐岩大量的沥青反射率测试资料,结合上覆晚古生代、中生代地层的镜质组反射率资料及磷灰石和锆石裂变径迹等古温标,恢复了渭北隆起的构造热-演化史.研究结果表明古生界奥陶系热演化程度具有北高南低的特点.奥陶系等效镜质组反射率普遍大于2.00％,处于过成熟干气阶段.磷灰石裂变径迹资料表明渭北隆起抬升冷却具有南早北晚的特点.南部奥陶系-下二叠统抬升早,约为102～107 Ma,北部自65 Ma以来抬升,主要抬升时期为40 Ma以来.渭北隆起自早白垩世晚期(102～107 Ma)以来开始隆升,40 Ma以来具有整体快速隆升的特点.热演化史研究表明奥陶系经历的最大古地温是在早白垩世达到的,早白垩世发生过一期构造热事件,古地温梯度可达4.60℃/100 m,早白垩世是奥陶系烃源岩的主要生气期,生气期主要受构造热事件控制.奥陶系热演化程度及热演化史的研究对渭北隆起奥陶系天然气成藏条件研究及天然气勘探有重要意义.     

楚雄盆地会基关反转背斜的确立及其意义

楚雄盆地处在扬子地台西缘,发育在早—中三叠世古隆起上。晚三叠世早—中期伸展裂陷,沉积形成了近海泥质、灰质生油岩、含中基性火山碎屑复理石建造;晚三叠世晚期—早白垩世整体坳陷,四川盆地与楚雄盆地一度连为统一的巨型坳陷,沉积形成了内陆含煤磨拉石建     

应用生烃动力学方法研究库车坳陷烃源岩生烃史

根据烃源岩生烃动力学参数,结合沉积埋藏史和古热史资料,本文应用生烃动力学方法研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生烃史。研究表明,无论是煤,还是泥岩,库车坳陷三叠-侏罗纪烃源岩生气时间发生得晚,主生气期出现在10 Ma以来的喜山期晚期,生气高峰期出现在5 Ma之后。中上三叠世烃源岩生气时间和主生气期均早于中下侏罗世烃源岩。烃源岩这种晚期生气特征,为库车坳陷天然气的晚期聚集成藏提供了非常有利的烃源条件。      

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世延长期古湖盆生物相带划分及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世发育大型坳陷型湖盆。湖水的升降影响着湖盆水体面积的大小、深浅以及沉积体系发育分布,进而影响全盆地晚三叠延长统地层生储盖组合的发育特征。通过野外剖面、钻井岩芯中古生物化石的鉴定,结合古生物组合特征对鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世湖盆的古生物生态环境进行了恢复。确定鄂尔多斯晚三叠世湖盆是一个最大水深不超过60 m的浅水湖盆,属于温暖潮湿的淡水-半咸水环境。从湖岸到湖心,可以划分为预测古水深1～2 m的河流-沼泽生物相带;预测古水深3～15 m的滨岸-河口三角洲生物相带;预测古水深15～35 m的浅湖生物相带;预测古水深在35～60 m范围的半-深湖生物相带。这些生物相带的划分,为恢复鄂尔多斯盆地晚三叠世时期的岩相古地理奠定了基础,为盆地延长组沉积边界、盆地内沉积体系发育展布以及沉积相带的划分提供了坚实的地质依据,具有理论与实际意义。     

库车坳陷中生界气源灶生气强度演化特征

库车坳陷的烃源岩主要发育在中上三叠统和中下侏罗统,根据烃源岩厚度和有机相特征、埋藏热历史,采用BasinMod-1D软件,系统分析了库车坳陷上三叠统和中下侏罗统气源灶的生气强度及其在地质历史中的演化。中上三叠统气源灶以克拉苏构造带为生气中心,向四周生气强度逐渐变小;中下侏罗统气源灶则以拜城凹陷和依奇克里克构造带为中心,向南北两端生气强度逐渐变小。无论是上三叠统还是中下侏罗统气源灶,现今累计生气强度在坳陷主体均在20×108m3/km2以上,生气中心则在(60～100)×108m3/km2。上三叠统气源灶的大量生气始于12Ma,中下侏罗统气源灶大量生气则始于5Ma,库车坳陷气源灶演化的特色表现在5Ma以来气源灶极高的生气速率。中上三叠统源岩生气强度类似于中下侏罗统,说明中上三叠统源岩对天然气成藏的贡献不亚于中下侏罗统源岩,库车坳陷气源灶存在充足的气源且近5Ma快速生气,这是库车坳陷形成高效天然气藏的重要原因,库车坳陷目前发现的大中型气田(藏)均分布在生气中心及其周缘。     

松辽盆地长岭断陷火山活动与烃源岩成烃史分析

长岭断陷SN109井地震层序地层表明断陷期主要存在三次较大规模的火山活动。烃源岩在3次热事件的长期作用过程中,有机质在沉积初期就处于较高的热演化环境中,加速了有机质的成熟过程。沙河子组—营城组烃源岩约在122Ma（登娄库组沉积末期）埋深1500m,Ro达到0.5％,烃源岩开始生烃,此时,还没有有效的盖层;119Ma时（泉头组沉积末期）,烃源岩约埋深2000m,Ro大于1.3％,进入生气高峰和油裂解气阶段,泉二段盖层刚刚形成,天然气以散失为主,约95Ma（青山口组沉积末期）泉二段和青一、二段有效盖层形成,营城组烃源岩热演化Ro达到1.3～2％,油裂解气和高成熟天然气大量聚集,现今气藏中的天然气应以干气为主,勘探方向应加强盆地坳陷和斜坡区古构造,古气藏研究。     

湖北省中、晚二叠世煤系沉积期地质构造特征及其控煤作用

湖北省中、晚二叠世煤系沉积期的古构造格架是＂两隆夹一坳＂,北部为北西向秦淮巨型隆起、南部为东西向江南巨型隆起,两隆起之间为近东西向的大型波状坳陷盆地—湖北坳陷,该聚煤盆地的形成及总体展布受南北两个巨型隆起带控制,在中、晚二叠世湖北坳陷处于陆表海环境,接受了海陆交互相的含煤岩系沉积,煤系沉积与分布受盆地的控制,厚煤层和富煤带主要呈北西向展布,与聚煤盆地内次级坳陷相吻合。     

四川盆地叠合演化与油气聚集

根据前人成果和石油勘探资料,对赋存在扬子板块上的四川盆地进行了解剖,认为盆地经历了震旦纪、寒武纪—志留纪、石炭纪—二叠纪—中三叠世、晚三叠世—侏罗纪—早白垩世和晚白垩世—新生代盆地沉降、隆升剥蚀五大构造演化阶段。震旦纪、寒武纪—志留纪盆地演化阶段受周缘断陷的控制,以碎屑岩、膏盐岩和碳酸盐岩建造为特征,盆地基底整体表现为西高、东低的构造格局。中奥陶世末的构造事件形成了川中古隆起,志留纪末的构造事件导致了盆地的整体隆升与剥蚀。在经历了志留纪末期的构造变形、隆升改造后,石炭纪—中三叠世进入陆表海盆地演化阶段,以碳酸盐岩和膏盐岩建造为主要特征,整体表现为西南隆、东北降的构造格局。茅口组沉积末的构造事件导致了盆地隆升和剥蚀,中三叠世末的构造事件形成了泸州—开江古隆起,盆地消亡,地层遭受剥蚀。晚三叠世前陆盆地叠合在前期海相盆地之上,导致了盆地西低、东高的构造格局,侏罗纪—早白垩世表现为大型陆内坳陷盆地。侏罗纪末的构造事件使川东高陡构造带形成,早白垩世末构造事件导致了盆地的消亡与整体隆升,晚白垩世—新生代盆地沉积在西南部局限分布。盆地叠合演化形成了震旦系、下寒武统、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组、二叠系梁山组、龙潭组、上三叠统、下侏罗统等多套富含有机质的烃源岩,与盆地内叠合连片发育的中—上寒武统、下—中三叠统、上三叠统、侏罗系和中新统等多套膏盐岩或泥岩、煤系构成了盆地内良好的源-盖组合,成为盆地油气富集的基础。每套优质的盖层之下都发育了一套优质的储层,并与构造作用形成的圈闭形成了盆地良好的储-圈组合,成为油气富集的必要条件,形成了盆地下组合、中组合和上组合三大勘探层系。勘探成果显示,古隆起、古斜坡和烃源岩分布的配置控制盆地的油气分布。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with