断层对顶板稳定性影响相似模拟试验研究

通过相似模拟试验方法分析了不同倾向高角度正断层, 在采动影响下顶板岩体变形破坏和矿压分布规律。结果表明, 在采动影响下断层“活化”,断层带及其影响范围内的岩体破碎, 表现为周期断裂步距小, 冒落带高, 尤其是断层下盘, 顶板稳定性差; 当工作面开采到离断层面22.5~ 30 m时, 直到断层位置的前方煤体中支承压力增大, 煤体被压碎, 且随着距断层面距离的缩小, 支承压力的峰值位置向工作面前方转移; 通过断层后, 顶板岩体中支承压力减小, 比无断层存在的情况要低。      

综采工作面周期来压步距受回采速率影响研究

为实现不同采煤速率条件下综采工作面周期来压步距的预测,保证来压时工作面稳定,以陕北某煤矿14204工作面为工程背景,通过对工作面支架压力实时监测得出矿压显现规律,并分别采用对数函数和双曲函数对周期来压步距受推采速率的影响进行回归分析。分析结果表明,14204工作面平均来压步距为13.3 m;经过对比分析,发现双曲函数能很好的拟合推采速率对周期来压步距的影响;随回采速率的提高周期来压步距有所增加,但是由于工作面两端及中间位置的顶板所处的边界条件、地质条件等不尽相同,所以周期来压步距增加的幅度有所差异。研究成果为陕北地区综采工作面矿压显现规律的预测及控制提供了有益的实践经验。      

断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压及顶板稳定性的影响

通过对现场观测和数值模拟分析,系统研究了断裂结构面对回采工作面矿压分布和顶板稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,回采工作面顶板断裂结构面有3种典型组合类型,即“正三角形”结构、“川字形”结构和“倒三角形”结构。在工作面开采过程中,“正三角形”结构顶板稳定性差;“倒三角形”结构顶板稳定性好;而“川字形”结构顶板能形成结构平衡且稳定。由于断层使介质不连续,导致初始应力场挠动,局部产生附加应力,在断层带附近形成低压力区和高应力集中区带,比较明显的影响范围距断层面大约10~30 m。当工作面推进到高应力集中区带时,工作面前方煤(岩)体中支承压力明显增大,支承压力峰值位置向前方煤岩体中转移,易于发生冒顶事故和其他矿井动力地质现象;当工作面推进到低应力区带时,压力峰值降低,顶板稳定性差。      

高强度开采工作面矿压显现的面长和推进速度效应

高强度开采工作面矿压显现复杂,容易发生压架、冒顶等灾害。为从理论上解释高强度开采工作面的矿压特征,分析了高强度开采工作面的一般特征及其对矿压显现的影响,以顶板初次断裂为例,运用薄板理论并结合岩石力学试验成果,推导出不同面长和不同推进速度下顶板断裂步距的计算公式,并分析了面长和推进速度对来压时支架工作阻力的影响机制。结果表明,面长影响顶板应力分布,推进速度改变顶板承载能力,而且面长越短,推进速度越快,顶板的初次断裂步距就会越大。对于高强度开采工作面,面长普遍大于200 m,面长效应影响微弱,矿压显现主要受推进速度作用,断裂步距和来压时支架工作阻力都比非高强度开采工作面大,容易发生压架和冒顶等灾害。     

深部开采覆岩应力变化规律模拟实验研究

为了研究深部开采条件下覆岩结构运动所引发的动力破坏特征及巷道围岩中采动支承压力分布规律,以某矿20180工作面覆岩为研究对象,通过相似材料模拟实验,得出了深部开采条件下覆岩应力变化规律。结果表明:顶板垮落规律显著,初次来压步距较长,周期来压步距基本相似;开采过程中底板与顶板支撑压力是动态变化的,并具有同步性;随着顶板岩层高度的增加,应力集中系数逐渐减小。根据底板和顶板的应力变化规律,将底板和顶板划分为五个区域,为深部开采条件下工作面巷道超前支护,采空区瓦斯抽放及矿压控制提供可靠理论依据。     

长壁孤岛工作面冲击失稳能量场演化规律

煤矿冲击地压一直是困扰中国煤矿安全的主要问题,而煤矿开采过程中跳采形成的孤岛工作面由于容易产生应力集中,来压强度提高,极容易发生冲击地压。基于唐山矿T2193下孤岛工作面的地质条件,从数值分析的角度研究了煤岩体材料的非均匀性,揭示了孤岛工作面顶板周期来压时煤岩体能量释放的动态特征,分析了工作面前方能量释放激增机制。数值模拟结果显示,长壁工作面回采过程中直接顶的不断垮落造成了老顶悬空距离的不断增大,工作面周期来压时,积聚于老顶岩层内的弹性应变能将瞬间释放,容易引发工作面及巷道的冲击失稳。孤岛工作面由于其特有的矿压显现特征,老顶周期破断时所释放的弹性应变能将更加剧烈,冲击地压势必愈加强烈。孤岛工作面顶底板和煤层的能量释放激增可以作为判断煤岩体冲击失稳的前兆信息。孤岛工作面前方发生冲击破坏的主要原因是由于工作面回采过程中围岩所积聚的大量弹性能在顶板断裂时所伴随的巨大能量释放而造成的。     

基于岩体阻水能力测试的煤层底板突水评价方法

以金牛能源股份有限公司邢台矿9号煤开采为例,对底板岩体质量及阻水性能进行了评价。首先分析了开采煤层的底板岩体地质结构,获取了岩石力学参数;进行了地应力测试,掌握了该区域地应力性质;进行了矿山压力显现规律研究,获取了工作面的初次垮落步距、周期来压步距和来压强度;在综放和综采工作面进行了底板破坏深度测试,得到了不同开采条件下煤层底板破坏深度;采用三维非线性固-液耦合岩石水力学计算方法,以非线性数值模拟软件ANSYS为手段,建立了三维数值仿真模型,根据矿井水文地质、工程地质特征和开采技术条件,分4种工况,对不同开采阶段、不同深度煤层底板应力分布、破坏状态的影响进行了分析研究。数值模拟结果表明,从突水的必要条件(底板破裂带贯通)和充分条件(水平应力小于承压水压力)来考察,在本次计算采用的工作面开采条件和正常的地质条件下,突水的可能性由大到小依此为:工况Ⅳ >工况Ⅲ >工况Ⅱ >工况Ⅰ,由此为该矿首个9号煤工作面开采选择提供了依据。      

芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板特征研究

基于钻孔岩心资料,分析了芦岭煤矿8煤层顶板的岩性类型和顶板的结构类型,统计了顶板30m以内砂岩的厚度和8煤直接顶厚度。按照硬质岩石百分含量(K)的大小将顶板岩体岩性分为硬质岩体、中硬岩体和软质岩体三类;按照直接顶厚度/采高的比值(Km)将顶板的工程地质类型分为无周期来压顶板、周期来压顶板和周期来压强烈顶板三种类型,得出了8煤顶板类型分区。研究结果为该矿工作面布置方法、顶板支护方式的选择提供了依据,为顶板事故的预防提供了参考资料。     

直接顶-基本顶耦合作用下采场顶板断裂力学模型研究与应用

周期来压是矿山压力显现的典型特征,准确进行采场周期来压步距预测是有效降低采场事故发生的重要途径。针对基本顶自身缺陷与直接顶耦合作用对周期来压步距的影响,视采场顶板为自带裂缝的有限板模型,根据覆岩协调变形机理,基于断裂力学理论建立采场顶板断裂力学模型,推导直接顶-基本顶耦合作用下周期来压步距函数式,以陕北某矿区2个工作面为例,分析基本顶岩石断裂韧度、裂缝深度、直接顶厚度和弹性模量等参数对周期来压步距的作用规律。研究表明：基本顶断裂韧度与周期来压步距呈近似线性关系;裂缝深度比(裂缝深度/顶板厚度)对周期来压步距影响较大,裂缝深度比达到0.8后,基本顶失稳破坏;直接顶厚度小于3 m时对周期来压步距影响较小,超过3 m后对周期来压步距影响显著。研究结果对采场顶板周期来压步距预测及支架选型具有重要的理论意义和工程价值。     

浅埋煤层非坚硬顶板强制放顶实验研究

以南梁煤矿地质资料为依据,通过对不同覆岩条件和不同强制放顶方案的相似材料模拟实验,证明整体性较好的顶板以强制放顶减小工作面初次来压步距是可行的,既可实现工作面连续推进,又可避免顶板大面积垮落带来的安全隐患。实验揭示了地表厚粘土层浅埋煤层单体支柱工作面开采时,顶板活动及矿山压力显现规律;为南梁煤矿单体支柱长壁工作面实现连续开采,提供了可靠依据。      

Measurement of the Strong Pressure Appearance Laws with Hard Roof and Full Mechanized Mining Extra Thick Coal Seam

To master the laws of strong strata behavior of Tashan coal mine under Carboniferous coal mining process, the laws of strong strata behavior in 8107 working face was measured and analyzed. It was shown that the average initial weighting step of 8107 working face was 59.4 m. The average periodic weighting step of main roof was 16.2 m. The maximum working resistance during periodic weighting was 14,711.1 kN. The maximum working resistance during non-periodic weighting was 11,339.9 kN. The average dynamic load factor K during periodic weighting was 1.31. The stress of coal column on the side of the goaf could be divided into four zones (stress stabilization zone, stress slow-increasing zone, significant—increasing stress zone, stress reduction zone) along the strike of 8107 working face. There was a peak of lateral support pressure along the trend of 8107 working face. And the peak position was biased to the side of return airway roadway. With the increase of the distance from the down-side of return airway, the pressure peak of the inner coal body along the strike of 8107 the working face increased and the peak position decreased from the coal wall. The peak stress of coal column tended to be close to the up-side of return airway. And the distance from the down-side of return airway for the peak of inner coal was larger than that for the peak of coal pillar. The peak position of abutment pressure of hard roof was in the range of 10–25 m in front of 8107 working face under full mechanized mining extra thickness coal seam conditions. The relative stress concentration coefficient of k was 1.3–6.5. The range of 10–25 m from the front of the working face to coal wall was stress reduction zone. And the influence range of abutment pressure was about 80 m. It was of great significance to the control and practice of the surrounding rock of the stope for the mining of the hard extra-thick coal seam.     

松软煤层综放面顶底板采动应力分布规律研究

以某矿综放采场为背景,通过现场实测、相似材料模拟等手段,研究了松软煤层综放开采中液压支架受力状态、两巷单体支柱受力特征和顶底板的采动应力分布规律,结果表明液压支架在工作面不同位置受力状态不同,处于中部位置的支架受力最大,同一支架前立柱受力大于后立柱;风巷围岩应力大于机巷围岩应力,两巷的超前采动应力峰值位置在工作面前3～11m;顶板岩层同一层位中采动应力分布随工作面的距离不同而不同;不同层位应力分布也不同,离煤层越近的岩层中应力集中系数越大;底板岩层在工作面前方6m左右处应力达到最大,在工作面处应力为零。该研究结果有效地指导了该矿井同一煤层综放面巷道布置、两巷支护及工作面顶板管理。     

Borehole stress monitoring analysis on advanced abutment pressure induced by Longwall Mining

The paper presented the research on the dynamic advanced abutment stress induced by longwall mining with borehole stress meters on mining side coal mass. Twenty vibrating wire borehole stress meters were installed into the extracting coal mass wall of a first mining roadway of 910 m depth in Zhuji Coal Mine, China, and were used to monitor dynamic changes in vertical and horizontal stresses. Three months of continuous monitoring and further analysis showed that the impacting distance of advanced abutment stress induced by mining in the strike of the working face along its central axis was the farthest, greater than 250 m (the face length is 220 m); it gradually decreased in the radial direction of the face from its central axis outward; the pressure peak was located within 24 m in the front of the mining coal wall; non-synchronous caving of the layered mudstone roof at the stope occurred. Comparison between vertical and horizontal stress increments indicated that the horizontal stress was much smaller than the vertical stress in the coal mass of mining side, while the latter’s magnitude determined the drastic degree of mine pressure manifestation. The study has been applied to determine the advanced support length of the working face and further provide a reliable basis to forecast such dynamic disasters as rock burst, coal and gas outburst, etc., as well as to design the asymmetric supports on both sides of a gateway.     

断层面摩擦强度对工作面开采影响数值模拟分析

断层面摩擦强度是评价煤炭开采中应力扰动诱发断层滑动危险性的依据。依托晋城矿区成庄井田,采用理论分析和数值模拟计算方法,分析了断层面摩擦强度对深部地应力的约束机制,研究了成庄井田F13断层及其在不同摩擦强度条件下对回采工作面顶板稳定性、超前支承压力分布和断层滑动的影响规律。研究结果表明:地壳深部最大与最小主应力比值受断层面摩擦强度的限制,当其达到临界方向断层的摩擦强度极限时,断层就会发生滑动;断层破碎带的存在导致初始应力场扰动,形成断层带低应力区及高应力集中区,在回采过程中将直接影响煤层顶板移动变形和采动应力分布;断层面摩擦强度较小时,工作面开采至断层附近顶板下沉量及断层上下盘错动位移较大,支承压力峰值由大变小明显,断层面上剪应力与正应力的比值易达到断层面的摩擦系数,断层滑动的危险性较大。      

Research on Correlation Between Abutment Pressure and Gas Drainage Flow of Coal Seam

In this paper, based on the field test of No.S3012 working face of Shan Mushu Coal Mine in Sichuan Coal Group, monitoring the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow during the mining process, studying the change law of the abutment pressure and gas drainage flow of the coal seam, and using the numerical simulation method research on the evolution of abutment pressure and displacement of coal seam during the mining process. The results shown that: with the advance of coal mining face, the abutment pressure of coal seam can be divided into stress decreasing area, stress increasing area and original stress area, and the stress state of coal seam and the pore, crack structure and permeability of coal body are obviously changed. With the advance of the mining face, the abutment pressure in front and back of the coal mining face is the moving abutment pressure, and the coal mining face to be in the pressure relief area, the front abutment pressure peak value deep into the coal body 5–10 m, the influence scope reaches the front coal mining face to 90–100 m, this area is the stress increasing area. And the evolution law of the roof displacement of goaf is similar to the elliptical with the axial ratio changes, when the ratio is close to 1, the roof subsidence affected area is similar to the shape of “O”.     

C型采场支承压力分布特征的数值模拟研究

冲击地压的发生与支承压力的分布有重要关系。为研究C型采场支承压力的动态变化规律,采用FLAC3D软件对孤岛工作面推进过程中煤体垂直应力场进行了数值模拟。通过对工作面推进过程中煤体支承压力的平面分布特征、走向支承压力和倾斜支承压力的动态演化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：① 煤体中垂直应力分布呈“C”形;② 孤岛工作面超前支承压力影响距离为正常工作面的3～5倍;③ 双工作面“见方”时,支承压力峰值达到最大值。工程实例验证了结论的可靠性,其结果可为现场冲击地压预测和防治提供依据。     

Forecasting shield pressures at a longwall face using artificial neural networks

Leg pressure data from all shields of a longwall face are monitored and recorded in the surface computer. An algorithm is developed to detect peak pressures or periodic roof weightings from these pressure data. The intensities and locations of periodic roof weighting are further analyzed using artificial neural network for forecasting of forthcoming shield pressures. The network was trained using data 153 m (500 ft) of face advance. Shield pressures are forecasted for the successive nine mining cycles or approximately 9 m of face advancement. The results obtained validate the efficacy of the developed model.