新近纪南海深层水的增氧与分层

综合南海ODP1148站、1146站和1143站沉积物物性、底栖有孔虫、同位素等资料, 探讨早中新世以来南海深层水的演化特征.结果表明, 在21~17Ma、15~10Ma和1~5Ma3个时间段分别对应3个富含红褐色粘土的岩性单元, 其红色参数(a*) 增高指示南海深层水中溶解氧含量的增加.对比发现, 前两阶段的深层水增氧与南极底层水和北大西洋组合水增强有关, 说明10Ma前南海与外地的底层水基本是相互连通的.10Ma以后, 南海深层水溶解氧降低, 同时分别处于下深层水的1148站和上深层水的1146站之间的CaCO₃含量变化加大, 喜氧底栖有孔虫减少, 底栖δ13C在10Ma大幅度减轻, 说明南海当时的深层水受大洋深层水的控制减弱.推测主要是南海海盆自16~15Ma停止扩张以后, 南海逐渐关闭引起本地深层水开始形成的缘故.从6Ma左右开始出现大量的太平洋底层水和深层水的底栖有孔虫标志种, 1148站和1146站在5~3Ma期间的CaCO₃含量之差达到40%, 标志南海深层水最大分异期.除了全球气候变冷、北半球结冰引起太平洋深层水扩张的影响之外, 南海海盆由于更强烈向东俯冲而进一步下沉也可能是原因之一.3Ma以来南海深层水演化进入现代模式, 两站之间的CaCO₃含量之差稳定在10%左右, 厌氧底栖种丰度增加.太平洋底层水和深层水的标志种相继在1.2Ma和0.9Ma大量减少, 底栖δ13C也同时大幅度变轻到新近纪的最低值, 表明太平洋底层水的影响基本消失, 太平洋深层水的影响也大大减弱.因此, 标准现代模式的南海深层水, 推测主要由于“中更新世气候转型”时期巴士海峡下面的海槛抬升到接近目前~2600m的深度时, 才开始形成.      

南海ODP1143站上新世至更新世天文年代标尺的建立

基于底栖有孔虫δ18O的精确的年代标尺是古海洋学研究的基础, 特别是长度超过5 Ma, 分辨率小于5 ka的连续δ18O记录在全球大洋深海记录中更是凤毛麟角.在大西洋和东太平洋已经建立起了类似的代表性剖面, 如大西洋ODP659站和东太平洋ODP846站, 但在对全球气候有着重要影响的“西太平洋暖池区”还没有建立起这样的剖面.以南海大洋钻探184航次1143站底栖有孔虫的δ18O为材料, 建立了西太平洋地区跨越5 Ma、分辨率达2~ 3 ka的天文年代标尺.天文调谐的基本原理参照Imbrie et al.(1984), 并将斜率周期上8 ka的相位差和岁差周期上5 ka的相位差从晚更新世扩展到5 Ma; 调谐目标选用Laskar(1990)的斜率和岁差; 调谐方法采用了有别于ODP659站和ODP846站的自动轨道调谐方法(Yu and Ding, 1998).调谐结果显示, 1143站190.77 m、191个冰期、间冰期的深海沉积记录了5.02 Ma的南海古海洋学历史; 1143站布容/松山磁性反转事件的年龄为0.78 Ma, 与前人研究结果一致; 15个识别出的浮游有孔虫生物事件年龄部分与已经发表过的年龄相吻合, 部分为该生物事件在南沙海区的新年龄.由年代标尺推导出的南海沉积特征显示, 2.9 Ma是沉积速率的一个转折点, 在此之前, 平均线性沉积速率只有39.5 m/Ma, 冰期、间冰期平均波动幅度为50 m/Ma; 2.9 Ma以后, 平均线性沉积速率猛然上升到65.4 m/Ma, 冰期、间冰期平均波动幅度为200 m/Ma.此外, 南海的沉积速率还显示出冰期或间冰期中的亚冰阶沉积速率高, 而相邻的间冰期或亚间冰阶的沉积速率低, 这种特点在更新世尤为典型.这可能与全球冰量变化带来的冰期、间冰期差异性风化剥蚀和搬运有关.      

西菲律宾海190ka以来钙质超微化石的氧碳同位素记录

对西菲律宾海Ph05-5柱状样190ka以来钙质超微化石进行了氧碳同位素分析.研究结果表明, 钙质超微化石δ18O值在末次间冰期(MIS 5e) 和全新世明显低于末次冰期(MIS5d~2) 和倒数第二次冰期(MIS6).超微化石δ18O值与浮游和底栖有孔虫δ18O值都呈明显的正相关关系, 但超微化石δ18O平均值比浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides rubber δ18O平均值高0.431×10-3, 比Neogloboquadrina dutertrei δ18O平均值低0.410×10-3, 而这三者又远远低于底栖有孔虫Cibicides wullerstorfi的δ18O平均值.超微化石δ13C值变化阶段性特征明显, 并与该孔超微化石绝对丰度变化趋势极为相似, 二者共同反映出西菲律宾海大约从190ka到110ka的MIS6和大约MIS 5e期, 表层海水初级生产力相当稳定且显著低于其他各时期; 大约从MIS5d期开始表层初级生产力显著上升, 初级生产力的这一高值一致持续到约25ka左右的末次冰期; 在25ka以来的MIS1、2期, 表层初级生产力有所下降, 但仍高于190ka到110ka的MIS6和MIS 5e期.      

中更新世转型时期南海北部上层水体结构演化特征——ODP1146站浮游有孔虫稳定同位素记录

文章以南海北部ODP1146站沉积物岩芯为研究材料,利用浮游有孔虫次表层水种Pulleniatina obliquiloculata壳体的氧、碳稳定同位素,结合该站位浮游及底栖有孔虫氧碳同位素数据,分析中更新世以来南海北部上层水体结构的演化。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata壳体δ^18O的变化可分3个阶段:1)1.2~0.9 Ma,冰期-间冰期变化幅度较小、主导周期为41 ka斜率周期;2)0.9~0.6 Ma,冰期旋回变化幅度逐渐增强、100 ka偏心率周期开始强化;3)0.6 Ma以来,冰期旋回呈现稳定且幅度较大的100 ka周期变化。0.9 Ma以来南海北部上层海水δ^18O的冰期旋回变幅增强,可能反映东亚冬季风在0.9 Ma之后显著强化。其中,表层水体δ^18O只在冰期变幅增强,P.obliquiloculata所反映的次表层水体δ^18O的变化幅度在冰期和间冰期都显著增强。约0.9 Ma浮游和底栖有孔虫δ^18O的100 ka周期几乎同时显现;但在0.9~0.6 Ma时期P.obliquiloculata的δ^18O偏心率周期更为显著、斜率周期的强度也更高。因此,冰期旋回周期转型及幅度变化两方面的证据共同反映温跃层结构演化在南海北部中更新世转型(MPT)气候转变过程中的特殊性。1.2 Ma以来ODP1146站P.obliquiloculata的δ^13C在0.02 Ma、0.49 Ma和0.99 Ma左右呈明显的碳重值,同时表层种-次表层种之间的δ^13C差值减小到近于0,可以解读为碳重值事件期间南海北部生产力相对减弱。     

北冰洋西部晚第四纪浮游有孔虫氧碳同位素记录的海冰形成速率

北冰洋西部晚第四纪浮游有孔虫Neogloboquadrina pachyderma(sin.)(Nps)壳体的δ18O和δ13C与浮游有孔虫丰度和筏冰碎屑含量的综合研究表明,MIS 7晚期以来,Nps的δ18O和δ13C值出现7次明显的偏轻,可能与海冰形成速率的提高造成轻同位素卤水的生产和下沉相关.偏轻的Nps δ18O和δ13C值对应于极低的浮游有孔虫丰度和筏冰碎屑含量,因此这些轻值与温暖的大西洋水和淡水的输入无关,应当指示进入北冰洋的大西洋水减弱和楚科奇海陆架水的大量减少.相反,Nps δ18O的重值则反映输入北冰洋的淡水和太平洋水的减少;Nps δ13C的重值指示来自陆架流通性更好的表层和盐跃层水向北冰洋的输送.     

IODP 311航次底栖有孔虫碳稳定同位素对天然气水合物地质系统的指示

为了探索海洋天然气水合物背景下有孔虫特征的响应,对综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)311航次岩芯沉积物中底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina和Bulimina mexicana进行了初步研究。通过对冷泉站位U1328和毗邻的非冷泉站位U1327沉积物中底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina和Buliminamexicana的显微形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素测试等,证实有孔虫壳体未受到后期成岩作用的改造和自生碳酸盐岩的交代影响,有孔虫壳体的碳稳定同位素呈现明显的负偏。其中U1327站位中U.peregrinaδ13C为-0.67‰~-2.75‰(PDB),B.mexicanaδ13C为-0.51‰~-1.52‰(PDB);U1328站位中U.peregrinaδ13C为-0.72‰~-2.71‰(PDB),B.mexicanaδ13C为-0.58‰~-1.45‰(PDB)。底栖有孔虫壳体的碳稳定同位素负偏成因可能与水合物不稳定分解释放的甲烷厌氧氧化作用和食物源有关,因而可较好地指示海底天然气水合物系统地质背景。     

南海北部甲烷渗漏系统环境变化的碳、氧同位素记录

冷泉碳酸盐岩记录了甲烷渗漏活动和流体组分随时间的变化过程,对示踪冷泉系统沉积环境变化具有非常重要的意义.对南海北部获取的冷泉碳酸盐岩进行了碳、氧同位素剖面研究,并对南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素变化范围进行了统计分析.研究结果及已发表的δ13C和δ18O剖面数据表明,南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩剖面的δ13C和δ18O之间普遍存在相关性,相关系数R2最高可达0.933 1.经统计,南海北部冷泉碳酸盐岩样品δ13C和δ18O均具有较大的变化范围,其最大变化分别为34.50×10-3和5.89%(Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite,V-PDB).冷泉碳酸盐岩δ13C和δ18O的相关性特征可能指示了初始流体的变化、后期矿物形成/重结晶作用、渗漏系统较为复杂或者成岩作用等环境变化信息.对不同碳酸盐岩样品来说,δ13C的变化主要由海水的参与程度决定,而δ18O的变化可能与温度和Mg元素参与方解石沉淀的程度有关.      

珠江口盆地东部陆坡末次冰期天然气水合物-冷泉活动的记录与时间

对珠江口盆地东部陆坡GMGS 08C孔的3层自生碳酸盐岩(结核状)和有孔虫(底栖和浮游)开展高分辨率氧碳同位素分析和AMS~(14) C测年,第1层自生碳酸盐岩δ~(13) C为-38.85‰,第2、3层的δ~(13) C介于-41.36‰~-56.74‰,平均值-51.64‰,均低于-40‰。δ~(18) O值介于2.94‰~4.18‰,平均值3.68‰,明显偏重。这表明其为天然气水合物分解的产物,形成于微生物对甲烷的缺氧氧化作用,甲烷主要源自生物成因;自生碳酸盐岩层位的底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina和浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides ruber的δ~(13) C值几乎同时出现极负偏,最低值分别达到-12.17‰和-9.06‰,有孔虫δ~(18) O总体上正偏,最大正偏幅度达1.50‰,说明其负偏与后期源于甲烷厌氧氧化作用(Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane,简称AOM)的成岩作用有关。自生碳酸盐岩及其与有孔虫异常碳(偏负)氧(偏正)、粥状沉积是GMGS 08C孔水合物分解甲烷渗漏的重要指标,据此推断该孔在末次冰期(MIS2—MIS3)发生过至少2次天然气水合物分解释放-冷泉甲烷渗漏活动,分别距今36ka和31~26ka,主要发生在低海平面期,说明冷泉活动明显受海平面变化影响。     

南海东北部陆坡天然气水合物多期次分解的沉积地球化学响应

南海地区天然气水合物资源丰富,针对其分解方式的研究有助于资源的开采.对南海东北部天然气水合物钻探区GMGS08站位岩心沉积物开展沉积学、地球化学分析研究.结果表明:该站位自上而下分布11层含自生碳酸盐岩和双壳碎屑层(其中6层呈粥状沉积)以及2层自生碳酸盐岩灰岩层;各层自生碳酸盐岩除一个样品δ13C值稍高(-38.85×10-3)外,其他的δ13C值介于-41.36×10-3~-56.74×10-3,均低于-40.00×10-3,δ18O值介于2.94×10-3~5.37×10-3,明显偏重,表明其为天然气水合物分解的产物,形成于微生物对甲烷的缺氧氧化作用,甲烷主要源自生物成因;各层自生碳酸盐岩层中的有机质碳同位素负偏明显,最低达-82.44×10-3,可能与微生物活动有关;根据自生碳酸盐岩的分布推断该站位至少发生过6次天然气水合物分解释放,每期次自生碳酸盐岩的差异说明其甲烷通量强弱不同.      

中国南方灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩原始δ13C和δ18O组成及海水温度

中国南方灯影峡期(晚前寒武纪)是白云岩广泛发育的海洋碳酸盐沉积时期,在灯影组.中部发育从海水直接沉积、沉淀的原生白云岩,目前仍保留其原始组构特征。从40个原生白云石(岩)中测得:泥晶白云石的δ13C值为3.64‰,δ18O值为-1.17‰(n=6);藻白云岩的δ13C值为3.52‰,δ18O值为-1.86‰(n=15);海水纤状白云石胶结物δ13C值为2.90‰,δ18O值为-2.65‰(n=8);海水刃状白云石胶结物的δ13C值为2.96‰,δ18O值为-2.41‰(n=8);泥晶纹层和海水纤状白云石胶结物的δ13C值为2.79‰,δ18O值为-3.13‰。40个岩样的δ13C平均值为3.25‰±0.44‰,δ18O平均值为-2.12‰±0.98‰(均以PDB标准)。对于灯影峡期海相白云岩的原始δ13C和δ18O值,不采用所有样品的平均值,而是采用原生白云石沉积物与海水白云石胶结物δ13C值和δ18O值两个图示分布区重叠部分的最重同位素值,即：δ13C值为4.43‰(PDB标准),δ18O值为-0.62‰(PDB标准),将其作为灯影峡期海洋碳酸盐岩的原始同位素组成。对海水原生白云石胶结物包裹体盐度进行了测定,海水δ18O计算值为2.90‰(SMOW标准),用原始δ18O值计算的原生白云石形成时的海水温度为40.8 ℃。这说明中国南方灯影峡期的海洋为炎热的较高的海水温度环境。     

IODP 311航次底栖有孔虫碳稳定同位素对天然气水合物地质系统的指示

为了探索海洋天然气水合物背景下有孔虫特征的响应,对综合大洋钻探计划(IODP) 311航次岩芯沉积物中底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina和Bulimina mexicana进行了初步研究。通过对冷泉站位U1328和毗邻的非冷泉站位U1327沉积物中底栖有孔虫Uvigerina peregrina和Bulimina mexicana的显微形貌特征和碳、氧稳定同位素测试等,证实有孔虫壳体未受到后期成岩作用的改造和自生碳酸盐岩的交代影响,有孔虫壳体的碳稳定同位素呈现明显的负偏。其中U1327站位中U.peregrina δ¹³C为-0.67‰～-2.75‰（PDB）,B.mexicana δ¹³C为-0.51‰～-1.52‰（PDB）;U1328站位中U.peregrina δ¹³C为 -0.72‰～-2.71‰（PDB）,B.mexicanaδ¹³C为 -0.58‰～-1.45‰（PDB）。底栖有孔虫壳体的碳稳定同位素负偏成因可能与水合物不稳定分解释放的甲烷厌氧氧化作用和食物源有关,因而可较好地指示海底天然气水合物系统地质背景。     

南海表层沉积物与沉降颗粒物中有机碳的δ13C对比研究及其古环境再造意义

对南海表层沉积物与沉降颗粒物有机碳的δ13C进行了对比研究,从古环境再造方面探讨了陆源和海源对南海表层沉积物的贡献。南海表层沉积物有机碳的δ13C比沉降颗粒物中有机碳的δ13C偏重表明,Suess效应对南海现代过程的影响不可忽视,两者的δ13C差值反映了Suess效应对南海现代过程的影响程度。利用两者的δ13C差值,对现代陆源和海源有机碳的δ13C进行修正后,计算得到,在南海陆架周围表层沉积物的有机碳中,陆源的比例为48%,海源的比例为52%;在远离陆架的表层沉积物的有机碳中,陆源的比例为14%,海源的比例为86%。     

Oceanographic and climatic implications of the Palaeocene carbon isotope maximum

We have compared detailed planktonic and benthonic foraminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope records from the Palaeocene and early Eocene successions at DSDP Site 577 (Shatsky Rise, North Pacific), a composite section derived from DSDP Leg 74 sites (Walvis Ridge, South Atlantic) and a composite section from ODP Leg 113 sites (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea). The δ¹³C records of Palaeocene and early Eocene Foraminifera at Site 577 and the Leg 74 sites show that an increase in δ¹³C values in surface waters at 64 Ma (end of Zone P1) resulted in increased vertical carbon isotope gradients (δ¹³C) between surface and deeper dwelling planktonic foraminifera, and between surface-dwelling planktonics and benthonic foraminifera which became progressively steeper until the iniddle Late Palaeocene (Zone P4). This steepening also occurs in the latest Palaeocene of the composite Leg 113 section and can be explained by an increase in surface ocean productivity. This increase in productivity probably resulted in an expansion of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Benthonic δ¹³C values increased during the late Palaeocene in Site 577 and the composite Leg 74 section, suggesting that the Palaeocene carbon isotope maximum was composed of both within-ocean reservoir (increased surface water productivity) and between-reservoir (organic carbon burial) ftactionation effects. The benthonic δ¹³C increase lags the surface ocean δ¹³C increase in the early Palaeocene (63–64 Ma) suggesting that surface water productivity increase probably led an increase in the burial rate of organic carbon relative to carbonate sedimentation. Moreover, inter-site δ¹³C comparisons suggest that the locus of deep to intermediate water formation for the majority of the Palaeocene and the earliest Eocene was more likely to have been in the high southern latitudes than in the lower latitudes. Oxygen isotope data show a decline in deeper water temperatures in the early and early late Palaeocene, followed by a temperature increase in the late Palaeocene and across the PalaeoceneEocene boundary. We speculate that these changes in deeper water temperatures were related to the flux of CO₂ between the oceans and the atmosphere through a mechanism operating at the high southern latitudes.     

Tracing seafloor methane emissions with benthic foraminifera in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea

Changes in the concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases are an important part of the global climate forcing. The hypothesis that benthic foraminifera are useful proxies of local methane emission from the seafloor has been verified on sediment cores by numerous studies. The calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content and the high-resolution carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the benthic foraminifera from the core 08CF7, from the northeastern Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area in the Baiyun Sag of the northern South China Sea were analyzed, and the benthic foraminifera’s evidence for methane release from gas hydrate decomposition are presented here for the first time. Two rapid obvious carbon isotope negative excursions were observed in the oxygen isotope stage boundaries 5d/5c and 6/5e (penultimate deglaciation, about 130 ka) of the cold-to-warm climatic transition period. The largest negative value of δ¹³C is about ?2.95 ‰, and the whole change of carbon and oxygen isotope is strikingly similar and is in consonance with the atmospheric methane concentration recorded by the Vostok ice core and the carbon isotopic record from Lake Baikal. Combining these results with the analysis of the geological conditions of the study area and the fact that gas hydrate exists in the surrounding area, it can be concluded that the carbon isotope negative excursions of the benthic foraminifera in the northern South China Sea are associated with methane release from gas hydrate decomposition due to deglacial climate warming. By recording the episodes of massive gas hydrate decomposition closely linked with the northern hemisphere temperatures during major warming periods, the new δ¹³C record from the Baiyun Sag provides further evidence for the potential impact of gas hydrate reservoir on rapid deglacial rises of atmospheric methane levels.     

浮游有孔虫个体大小对硼同位素分析的影响

对比分析了太平洋(Site 806)、大西洋(Site 664)和加勒比海地区(Site 999)末次冰期最盛期和全新世钻孔顶部不同尺寸大小的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer(500～600μm和300～355μm)和Globi-gerinoides ruber(300～355μm和250～300μm)的硼同位素组分变化,发现个体相对较小的有孔虫样品由于受到样品量以及样品前处理过程的影响,其硼同位素在末次冰期最盛期出现异常,浮游有孔虫硼同位素分析,尤其是冰期-间冰期时间尺度上的硼同位素分析,适合用个体相对较大的有孔虫。末次冰期最盛期太平洋和加勒比海地区溶解作用可能加强,其G.sacculifer的硼同位素偏低,但G.ruber的硼同位素不受溶解作用的影响,能够反映末次冰期海水pH值的变化。三个钻孔末次冰期最盛期G.ruber的硼同位素比全新世的硼同位素平均高(1.3±1.2)‰(2s.e.),与理论预测值1.6‰一致。     

晚上新世以来南海北部深部水团演化

对南海北部大洋钻探184航次1146站晚上新世以来底栖有孔虫属种组合的Q型因子分析, 发现底栖有孔虫组合以2.1Ma, 1.5Ma和0.7Ma为界, 分为Stilostomella-Globocassidulina subglobosa-Nodogenerina, Bulimina alazanensis, Uvigerina perigrina和Melonis barleeanus-Globobulimina affinis-Bulimina aculeata4个组合.结合底层水溶解氧含量和浮游、底栖有孔虫碳同位素分析, 认为底栖有孔虫组合的变化是南海底层水影响所致, 以及南海北部表层和底层海水营养盐含量变化的共同结果.      

Isotopic evidence for the incorporation of methane-derived carbon into foraminifera from modern methane seeps, Hydrate Ridge, Northeast Pacific

The presence of modern methane seeps at Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon, provide an opportunity to study the influence of methane seeps on the ecology and geochemistry of living foraminifera. A series of cores were collected from the southern summit of Hydrate Ridge in 2002. Samples were preserved and stained to determine the δ¹³C composition of three species of live (stained) and dead benthic foraminifera: Uvigerina peregrina, Cibicidoides mckannai, and Globobulimina auriculata. Specimens were examined under light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and exhibit no evidence of diagenesis or authigenic carbonate precipitation. Individual living foraminifera from seep sites recorded δ¹³C values from −0.4‰ to −21.2‰, indicating the isotopic influence of high methane concentrations. Average δ¹³C values (calculated from single specimens) range from −1.28 to −5.64‰ at seep sites, and −0.81 to −0.85‰ at a control (off seep) site.Two distinct seep environments, distinguished by the presence of microbial mats or clam fields, were studied to determine environmental influences on δ¹³C values. Individual foraminifera from microbial mat sites exhibited more depleted δ¹³C values than those from clam field sites. We interpret these differences as an effect of food source and/or symbiotic microbes on foraminiferal carbon isotopic values, acting to magnify the negative δ¹³C values recorded via the DIC pool. No statistical difference was found between δ¹³C values of live vs. dead specimens. This suggests that authigenic carbonate precipitation did not play a dominant role in the observed isotopic compositions. However, a few dead specimens with extremely negative δ¹³C composition (<-12‰) do indicate potential evidence for an authigenic influence on the recorded δ¹³C composition.     

Oxygen isotopic compositions of DSDP Site 480 diatoms: Implications and applications

The oxygen isotope composition of marine diatoms from hydraulic piston-cored samples of DSDP Site 480 vary widely, reflecting the great temperature variations and large isotopic changes of surface water in the Gulf of California. Nevertheless, the results can be correlated with standard oxygen isotope records for the late Quaternary based on carbonates (such as the record of core V19-29). The diatom-based results also parallel oxygen isotope data on benthic foraminifera from Site 480, thus confirming that signals of environmental changes have been retained in the diatom oxygen isotope record throughout the section. The data therefore allow us to assign an oxygen isotope stratigraphy and to define the chronology of Site 480.